xref: /external/eigen/unsupported/test/mpreal/mpreal.h

/*
	Multi-precision real number class. C++ interface for MPFR library.
	Project homepage: http://www.holoborodko.com/pavel/
	Contact e-mail:   pavel@holoborodko.com

	Copyright (c) 2008-2012 Pavel Holoborodko

	Core Developers:
	Pavel Holoborodko, Dmitriy Gubanov, Konstantin Holoborodko.

	Contributors:
	Brian Gladman, Helmut Jarausch, Fokko Beekhof, Ulrich Mutze,
	Heinz van Saanen, Pere Constans, Peter van Hoof, Gael Guennebaud,
	Tsai Chia Cheng, Alexei Zubanov.

	****************************************************************************
	This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
	modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
	License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
	version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

	This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
	but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
	MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
	Lesser General Public License for more details.

	You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
	License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
	Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA

	****************************************************************************
	Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
	modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
	are met:

	1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
	notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

	2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
	notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
	documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

	3. The name of the author may be used to endorse or promote products
	derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

	THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
	ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
	IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
	ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
	FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
	DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
	OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
	HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
	LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
	OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
	SUCH DAMAGE.
*/

#ifndef __MPREAL_H__
#define __MPREAL_H__

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <cfloat>
#include <cmath>

// Options
#define MPREAL_HAVE_INT64_SUPPORT							// int64_t support: available only for MSVC 2010 & GCC
#define MPREAL_HAVE_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW							// Enable Debugger Visualizer (valid only for MSVC in "Debug" builds)

// Detect compiler using signatures from http://predef.sourceforge.net/
#if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
	#define IsInf(x) isinf(x)								// Intel ICC compiler on Linux

#elif defined(_MSC_VER)										// Microsoft Visual C++
	#define IsInf(x) (!_finite(x))

#elif defined(__GNUC__)
	#define IsInf(x) std::isinf(x)							// GNU C/C++

#else
	#define IsInf(x) std::isinf(x)							// Unknown compiler, just hope for C99 conformance
#endif

#if defined(MPREAL_HAVE_INT64_SUPPORT)

	#define MPFR_USE_INTMAX_T								// should be defined before mpfr.h

	#if defined(_MSC_VER) 									// <stdint.h> is available only in msvc2010!
		#if (_MSC_VER >= 1600)
			#include <stdint.h>
		#else												// MPFR relies on intmax_t which is available only in msvc2010
			#undef MPREAL_HAVE_INT64_SUPPORT				// Besides, MPFR - MPIR have to be compiled with msvc2010
			#undef MPFR_USE_INTMAX_T						// Since we cannot detect this, disable x64 by default
															// Someone should change this manually if needed.
		#endif
	#endif

	#if defined (__MINGW32__) || defined(__MINGW64__)
			#include <stdint.h>								// equivalent to msvc2010
	#elif defined (__GNUC__)
		#if defined(__amd64__) || defined(__amd64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__x86_64)
			#undef MPREAL_HAVE_INT64_SUPPORT				// remove all shaman dances for x64 builds since
			#undef MPFR_USE_INTMAX_T						// GCC already support x64 as of "long int" is 64-bit integer, nothing left to do
		#else
			#include <stdint.h>								// use int64_t, uint64_t otherwise.
		#endif
	#endif

#endif

#if defined(MPREAL_HAVE_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW) && defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_DEBUG)
#define MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE 		DebugView = toString()
	#define MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_DATA 	std::string DebugView
#else
	#define MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE
	#define MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_DATA
#endif

#include <mpfr.h>

#if (MPFR_VERSION < MPFR_VERSION_NUM(3,0,0))
	#include <cstdlib>										// needed for random()
#endif

namespace mpfr {

class mpreal {
private:
	mpfr_t mp;

public:
	static mp_rnd_t			default_rnd;
	static mp_prec_t		default_prec;
	static int				default_base;
	static int				double_bits;

public:
	// Constructors && type conversion
	mpreal();
	mpreal(const mpreal& u);
	mpreal(const mpfr_t u);
	mpreal(const mpf_t u);
	mpreal(const mpz_t u, mp_prec_t prec = default_prec, mp_rnd_t mode = default_rnd);
	mpreal(const mpq_t u, mp_prec_t prec = default_prec, mp_rnd_t mode = default_rnd);
	mpreal(const double u, mp_prec_t prec = default_prec, mp_rnd_t mode = default_rnd);
	mpreal(const long double u, mp_prec_t prec = default_prec, mp_rnd_t mode = default_rnd);
	mpreal(const unsigned long int u, mp_prec_t prec = default_prec, mp_rnd_t mode = default_rnd);
	mpreal(const unsigned int u, mp_prec_t prec = default_prec, mp_rnd_t mode = default_rnd);
	mpreal(const long int u, mp_prec_t prec = default_prec, mp_rnd_t mode = default_rnd);
	mpreal(const int u, mp_prec_t prec = default_prec, mp_rnd_t mode = default_rnd);

#if defined (MPREAL_HAVE_INT64_SUPPORT)
	mpreal(const uint64_t u, mp_prec_t prec = default_prec,  mp_rnd_t mode = default_rnd);
	mpreal(const int64_t u, mp_prec_t prec = default_prec,  mp_rnd_t mode = default_rnd);
#endif

	mpreal(const char* s, mp_prec_t prec = default_prec, int base = default_base, mp_rnd_t mode = default_rnd);
	mpreal(const std::string& s, mp_prec_t prec = default_prec, int base = default_base, mp_rnd_t mode = default_rnd);

	~mpreal();

	// Operations
	// =
	// +, -, *, /, ++, --, <<, >>
	// *=, +=, -=, /=,
	// <, >, ==, <=, >=

	// =
	mpreal& operator=(const mpreal& v);
	mpreal& operator=(const mpf_t v);
	mpreal& operator=(const mpz_t v);
	mpreal& operator=(const mpq_t v);
	mpreal& operator=(const long double v);
	mpreal& operator=(const double v);
	mpreal& operator=(const unsigned long int v);
	mpreal& operator=(const unsigned int v);
	mpreal& operator=(const long int v);
	mpreal& operator=(const int v);
	mpreal& operator=(const char* s);

	// +
	mpreal& operator+=(const mpreal& v);
	mpreal& operator+=(const mpf_t v);
	mpreal& operator+=(const mpz_t v);
	mpreal& operator+=(const mpq_t v);
	mpreal& operator+=(const long double u);
	mpreal& operator+=(const double u);
	mpreal& operator+=(const unsigned long int u);
	mpreal& operator+=(const unsigned int u);
	mpreal& operator+=(const long int u);
	mpreal& operator+=(const int u);

#if defined (MPREAL_HAVE_INT64_SUPPORT)
	mpreal& operator+=(const int64_t  u);
	mpreal& operator+=(const uint64_t u);
	mpreal& operator-=(const int64_t  u);
	mpreal& operator-=(const uint64_t u);
	mpreal& operator*=(const int64_t  u);
	mpreal& operator*=(const uint64_t u);
	mpreal& operator/=(const int64_t  u);
	mpreal& operator/=(const uint64_t u);
#endif

	const mpreal operator+() const;
	mpreal& operator++ ();
	const mpreal  operator++ (int);

	// -
	mpreal& operator-=(const mpreal& v);
	mpreal& operator-=(const mpz_t v);
	mpreal& operator-=(const mpq_t v);
	mpreal& operator-=(const long double u);
	mpreal& operator-=(const double u);
	mpreal& operator-=(const unsigned long int u);
	mpreal& operator-=(const unsigned int u);
	mpreal& operator-=(const long int u);
	mpreal& operator-=(const int u);
	const mpreal operator-() const;
	friend const mpreal operator-(const unsigned long int b, const mpreal& a);
	friend const mpreal operator-(const unsigned int b, const mpreal& a);
	friend const mpreal operator-(const long int b, const mpreal& a);
	friend const mpreal operator-(const int b, const mpreal& a);
	friend const mpreal operator-(const double b, const mpreal& a);
	mpreal& operator-- ();
	const mpreal  operator-- (int);

	// *
	mpreal& operator*=(const mpreal& v);
	mpreal& operator*=(const mpz_t v);
	mpreal& operator*=(const mpq_t v);
	mpreal& operator*=(const long double v);
	mpreal& operator*=(const double v);
	mpreal& operator*=(const unsigned long int v);
	mpreal& operator*=(const unsigned int v);
	mpreal& operator*=(const long int v);
	mpreal& operator*=(const int v);

	// /
	mpreal& operator/=(const mpreal& v);
	mpreal& operator/=(const mpz_t v);
	mpreal& operator/=(const mpq_t v);
	mpreal& operator/=(const long double v);
	mpreal& operator/=(const double v);
	mpreal& operator/=(const unsigned long int v);
	mpreal& operator/=(const unsigned int v);
	mpreal& operator/=(const long int v);
	mpreal& operator/=(const int v);
	friend const mpreal operator/(const unsigned long int b, const mpreal& a);
	friend const mpreal operator/(const unsigned int b, const mpreal& a);
	friend const mpreal operator/(const long int b, const mpreal& a);
	friend const mpreal operator/(const int b, const mpreal& a);
	friend const mpreal operator/(const double b, const mpreal& a);

	//<<= Fast Multiplication by 2^u
	mpreal& operator<<=(const unsigned long int u);
	mpreal& operator<<=(const unsigned int u);
	mpreal& operator<<=(const long int u);
	mpreal& operator<<=(const int u);

	//>>= Fast Division by 2^u
	mpreal& operator>>=(const unsigned long int u);
	mpreal& operator>>=(const unsigned int u);
	mpreal& operator>>=(const long int u);
	mpreal& operator>>=(const int u);

	// Boolean Operators
	friend bool operator >  (const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b);
	friend bool operator >= (const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b);
	friend bool operator <  (const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b);
	friend bool operator <= (const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b);
	friend bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b);
	friend bool operator != (const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b);

	// Optimized specializations for boolean operators
	friend bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const unsigned long int b);
	friend bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const unsigned int b);
	friend bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const long int b);
	friend bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const int b);
	friend bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const long double b);
	friend bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const double b);

	// Type Conversion operators
	long			toLong()	const;
	unsigned long	toULong()	const;
	double			toDouble()	const;
	long double		toLDouble()	const;

#if defined (MPREAL_HAVE_INT64_SUPPORT)
	int64_t			toInt64()	const;
	uint64_t		toUInt64()	const;
#endif

	// Get raw pointers
	::mpfr_ptr mpfr_ptr();
	::mpfr_srcptr mpfr_srcptr() const;

	// Convert mpreal to string with n significant digits in base b
	// n = 0 -> convert with the maximum available digits
	std::string		toString(int n = 0, int b = default_base, mp_rnd_t mode = default_rnd) const;

#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(2,4,0))
	std::string		toString(const std::string& format) const;
#endif

	// Math Functions
	friend const mpreal sqr	(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal sqrt(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal sqrt(const unsigned long int v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal cbrt(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal root(const mpreal& v, unsigned long int k, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal pow	(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal pow	(const mpreal& a, const mpz_t b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal pow	(const mpreal& a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal pow	(const mpreal& a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal pow	(const unsigned long int a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal pow	(const unsigned long int a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal fabs(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

	friend const mpreal abs(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal dim(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend inline const mpreal mul_2ui(const mpreal& v, unsigned long int k, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend inline const mpreal mul_2si(const mpreal& v, long int k, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend inline const mpreal div_2ui(const mpreal& v, unsigned long int k, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend inline const mpreal div_2si(const mpreal& v, long int k, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend int cmpabs(const mpreal& a,const mpreal& b);

	friend const mpreal log  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal log2 (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal log10(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal exp  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal exp2 (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal exp10(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal log1p(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal expm1(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

	friend const mpreal cos(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal sin(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal tan(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal sec(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal csc(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal cot(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend int sin_cos(mpreal& s, mpreal& c, const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

	friend const mpreal acos  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal asin  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal atan  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal atan2 (const mpreal& y, const mpreal& x, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal acot  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal asec  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal acsc  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

	friend const mpreal cosh  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal sinh  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal tanh  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal sech  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal csch  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal coth  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal acosh (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal asinh (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal atanh (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal acoth (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal asech (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal acsch (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

	friend const mpreal hypot (const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

	friend const mpreal fac_ui (unsigned long int v,  mp_prec_t prec = mpreal::default_prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal eint   (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

	friend const mpreal gamma (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal lngamma (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal lgamma (const mpreal& v, int *signp = 0, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal zeta (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal erf (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal erfc (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal besselj0 (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal besselj1 (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal besseljn (long n, const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal bessely0 (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal bessely1 (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal besselyn (long n, const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal fma (const mpreal& v1, const mpreal& v2, const mpreal& v3, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal fms (const mpreal& v1, const mpreal& v2, const mpreal& v3, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal agm (const mpreal& v1, const mpreal& v2, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal sum (const mpreal tab[], unsigned long int n, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend int sgn(const mpreal& v); // -1 or +1

// MPFR 2.4.0 Specifics
#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(2,4,0))
	friend int sinh_cosh(mpreal& s, mpreal& c, const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal li2(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal fmod (const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal rec_sqrt(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
#endif

// MPFR 3.0.0 Specifics
#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(3,0,0))
	friend const mpreal digamma(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal ai(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
    friend const mpreal urandom (gmp_randstate_t& state,mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd); 	// use gmp_randinit_default() to init state, gmp_randclear() to clear
	friend bool isregular(const mpreal& v);
#endif

	// Uniformly distributed random number generation in [0,1] using
	// Mersenne-Twister algorithm by default.
	// Use parameter to setup seed, e.g.: random((unsigned)time(NULL))
	// Check urandom() for more precise control.
	friend const mpreal random(unsigned int seed = 0);

	// Exponent and mantissa manipulation
	friend const mpreal frexp(const mpreal& v, mp_exp_t* exp);
	friend const mpreal ldexp(const mpreal& v, mp_exp_t exp);

	// Splits mpreal value into fractional and integer parts.
	// Returns fractional part and stores integer part in n.
	friend const mpreal modf(const mpreal& v, mpreal& n);

	// Constants
	// don't forget to call mpfr_free_cache() for every thread where you are using const-functions
	friend const mpreal const_log2 (mp_prec_t prec = mpreal::default_prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal const_pi (mp_prec_t prec = mpreal::default_prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal const_euler (mp_prec_t prec = mpreal::default_prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal const_catalan (mp_prec_t prec = mpreal::default_prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	// returns +inf iff sign>=0 otherwise -inf
	friend const mpreal const_infinity(int sign = 1, mp_prec_t prec = mpreal::default_prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

	// Output/ Input
	friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const mpreal& v);
    friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, mpreal& v);

	// Integer Related Functions
	friend const mpreal rint (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal ceil (const mpreal& v);
	friend const mpreal floor(const mpreal& v);
	friend const mpreal round(const mpreal& v);
	friend const mpreal trunc(const mpreal& v);
	friend const mpreal rint_ceil (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal rint_floor(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal rint_round(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal rint_trunc(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal frac (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal remainder (const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal remquo (long* q, const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

	// Miscellaneous Functions
	friend const mpreal nexttoward (const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y);
	friend const mpreal nextabove  (const mpreal& x);
	friend const mpreal nextbelow  (const mpreal& x);

	// use gmp_randinit_default() to init state, gmp_randclear() to clear
	friend const mpreal urandomb (gmp_randstate_t& state);

// MPFR < 2.4.2 Specifics
#if (MPFR_VERSION <= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(2,4,2))
	friend const mpreal random2 (mp_size_t size, mp_exp_t exp);
#endif

	// Instance Checkers
	friend bool isnan	(const mpreal& v);
	friend bool isinf	(const mpreal& v);
	friend bool isfinite(const mpreal& v);

	friend bool isnum(const mpreal& v);
	friend bool	iszero(const mpreal& v);
	friend bool isint(const mpreal& v);

	// Set/Get instance properties
	inline mp_prec_t	get_prec() const;
	inline void			set_prec(mp_prec_t prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = default_rnd);	// Change precision with rounding mode

	// Aliases for get_prec(), set_prec() - needed for compatibility with std::complex<mpreal> interface
	inline mpreal&		setPrecision(int Precision, mp_rnd_t RoundingMode = (mpfr_get_default_rounding_mode)());
	inline int			getPrecision() const;

	// Set mpreal to +/- inf, NaN, +/-0
	mpreal&		setInf	(int Sign = +1);
	mpreal&		setNan	();
	mpreal&		setZero	(int Sign = +1);
	mpreal&		setSign	(int Sign, mp_rnd_t RoundingMode = (mpfr_get_default_rounding_mode)());

	//Exponent
	mp_exp_t get_exp();
	int set_exp(mp_exp_t e);
	int check_range (int t, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = default_rnd);
	int subnormalize (int t,mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = default_rnd);

	// Inexact conversion from float
	inline bool fits_in_bits(double x, int n);

	// Set/Get global properties
	static void			set_default_prec(mp_prec_t prec);
	static mp_prec_t	get_default_prec();
	static void			set_default_base(int base);
	static int			get_default_base();
	static void			set_double_bits(int dbits);
	static int			get_double_bits();
	static void			set_default_rnd(mp_rnd_t rnd_mode);
	static mp_rnd_t		get_default_rnd();
	static mp_exp_t		get_emin (void);
	static mp_exp_t		get_emax (void);
	static mp_exp_t		get_emin_min (void);
	static mp_exp_t		get_emin_max (void);
	static mp_exp_t		get_emax_min (void);
	static mp_exp_t		get_emax_max (void);
	static int			set_emin (mp_exp_t exp);
	static int			set_emax (mp_exp_t exp);

	// Efficient swapping of two mpreal values
	friend void swap(mpreal& x, mpreal& y);

	//Min Max - macros is evil. Needed for systems which defines max and min globally as macros (e.g. Windows)
	//Hope that globally defined macros use > < operations only
	friend const mpreal fmax(const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = default_rnd);
	friend const mpreal fmin(const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = default_rnd);

#if defined (MPREAL_HAVE_CUSTOM_MPFR_MALLOC)

private:
	// Optimized dynamic memory allocation/(re-)deallocation.
	static bool is_custom_malloc;
	static void *mpreal_allocate			(size_t alloc_size);
	static void *mpreal_reallocate			(void *ptr, size_t old_size, size_t new_size);
	static void mpreal_free					(void *ptr, size_t size);
	inline static void set_custom_malloc	(void);

#endif


private:
	// Human friendly Debug Preview in Visual Studio.
	// Put one of these lines:
	//
	// mpfr::mpreal=<DebugView>								; Show value only
	// mpfr::mpreal=<DebugView>, <mp[0]._mpfr_prec,u>bits	; Show value & precision
	//
	// at the beginning of
	// [Visual Studio Installation Folder]\Common7\Packages\Debugger\autoexp.dat
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_DATA
};

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Exceptions
class conversion_overflow : public std::exception {
public:
	std::string why() { return "inexact conversion from floating point"; }
};

namespace internal{

	// Use SFINAE to restrict arithmetic operations instantiation only for numeric types
	// This is needed for smooth integration with libraries based on expression templates
	template <typename ArgumentType> struct result_type {};

	template <> struct result_type<mpreal>				{typedef mpreal type;};
	template <> struct result_type<mpz_t>				{typedef mpreal type;};
	template <> struct result_type<mpq_t>				{typedef mpreal type;};
	template <> struct result_type<long double>			{typedef mpreal type;};
	template <> struct result_type<double>				{typedef mpreal type;};
	template <> struct result_type<unsigned long int>	{typedef mpreal type;};
	template <> struct result_type<unsigned int>		{typedef mpreal type;};
	template <> struct result_type<long int>			{typedef mpreal type;};
	template <> struct result_type<int>					{typedef mpreal type;};

#if defined (MPREAL_HAVE_INT64_SUPPORT)
	template <> struct result_type<int64_t  >			{typedef mpreal type;};
	template <> struct result_type<uint64_t >			{typedef mpreal type;};
#endif
}

// + Addition
template <typename Rhs>
inline const typename internal::result_type<Rhs>::type
	operator+(const mpreal& lhs, const Rhs& rhs){ return mpreal(lhs) += rhs;	}

template <typename Lhs>
inline const typename internal::result_type<Lhs>::type
	operator+(const Lhs& lhs, const mpreal& rhs){ return mpreal(rhs) += lhs;	}

// - Subtraction
template <typename Rhs>
inline const typename internal::result_type<Rhs>::type
	operator-(const mpreal& lhs, const Rhs& rhs){ return mpreal(lhs) -= rhs;	}

template <typename Lhs>
inline const typename internal::result_type<Lhs>::type
	operator-(const Lhs& lhs, const mpreal& rhs){ return mpreal(lhs) -= rhs;	}

// * Multiplication
template <typename Rhs>
inline const typename internal::result_type<Rhs>::type
	operator*(const mpreal& lhs, const Rhs& rhs){ return mpreal(lhs) *= rhs;	}

template <typename Lhs>
inline const typename internal::result_type<Lhs>::type
	operator*(const Lhs& lhs, const mpreal& rhs){ return mpreal(rhs) *= lhs;	}

// / Division
template <typename Rhs>
inline const typename internal::result_type<Rhs>::type
	operator/(const mpreal& lhs, const Rhs& rhs){ return mpreal(lhs) /= rhs;	}

template <typename Lhs>
inline const typename internal::result_type<Lhs>::type
	operator/(const Lhs& lhs, const mpreal& rhs){ return mpreal(lhs) /= rhs;	}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// sqrt
const mpreal sqrt(const unsigned int v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal sqrt(const long int v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal sqrt(const int v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal sqrt(const long double v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal sqrt(const double v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// pow
const mpreal pow(const mpreal& a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const mpreal& a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const mpreal& a, const long double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const mpreal& a, const double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const long int a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const int a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const long double a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const double a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

const mpreal pow(const unsigned long int a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const unsigned long int a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const unsigned long int a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const unsigned long int a, const long double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const unsigned long int a, const double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const long double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

const mpreal pow(const long int a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const long int a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const long int a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const long int a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const long int a, const long double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const long int a, const double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

const mpreal pow(const int a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const int a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const int a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const int a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const int a, const long double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const int a, const double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

const mpreal pow(const long double a, const long double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const long double a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const long double a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const long double a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const long double a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

const mpreal pow(const double a, const double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const double a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const double a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const double a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);
const mpreal pow(const double a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode = mpreal::default_rnd);

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Estimate machine epsilon for the given precision
// Returns smallest eps such that 1.0 + eps != 1.0
inline const mpreal machine_epsilon(mp_prec_t prec = mpreal::get_default_prec());

//  Returns the positive distance from abs(x) to the next larger in magnitude floating point number of the same precision as x
inline const mpreal machine_epsilon(const mpreal& x);

inline const mpreal mpreal_min(mp_prec_t prec = mpreal::get_default_prec());
inline const mpreal mpreal_max(mp_prec_t prec = mpreal::get_default_prec());
inline bool isEqualFuzzy(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b, const mpreal& eps);
inline bool isEqualUlps(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b, int maxUlps);

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// 	Bits - decimal digits relation
//		bits   = ceil(digits*log[2](10))
//		digits = floor(bits*log[10](2))

inline mp_prec_t digits2bits(int d);
inline int bits2digits(mp_prec_t b);

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// min, max
const mpreal (max)(const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y);
const mpreal (min)(const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y);

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Implementation
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Operators - Assignment
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator=(const mpreal& v)
{
	if (this != &v)
	{
		mpfr_clear(mp);
		mpfr_init2(mp,mpfr_get_prec(v.mp));
		mpfr_set(mp,v.mp,default_rnd);

		MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	}
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator=(const mpf_t v)
{
	mpfr_set_f(mp,v,default_rnd);

	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator=(const mpz_t v)
{
	mpfr_set_z(mp,v,default_rnd);

	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator=(const mpq_t v)
{
	mpfr_set_q(mp,v,default_rnd);

	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator=(const long double v)
{
    mpfr_set_ld(mp,v,default_rnd);

	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator=(const double v)
{
    if(double_bits == -1 || fits_in_bits(v, double_bits))
    {
    	mpfr_set_d(mp,v,default_rnd);

		MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
    }
    else
        throw conversion_overflow();

	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator=(const unsigned long int v)
{
	mpfr_set_ui(mp,v,default_rnd);

	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator=(const unsigned int v)
{
	mpfr_set_ui(mp,v,default_rnd);

	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator=(const long int v)
{
	mpfr_set_si(mp,v,default_rnd);

	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator=(const int v)
{
	mpfr_set_si(mp,v,default_rnd);

	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// + Addition
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator+=(const mpreal& v)
{
	mpfr_add(mp,mp,v.mp,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator+=(const mpf_t u)
{
	*this += mpreal(u);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator+=(const mpz_t u)
{
	mpfr_add_z(mp,mp,u,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator+=(const mpq_t u)
{
	mpfr_add_q(mp,mp,u,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator+= (const long double u)
{
	*this += mpreal(u);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator+= (const double u)
{
#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(2,4,0))
	mpfr_add_d(mp,mp,u,default_rnd);
#else
	*this += mpreal(u);
#endif

	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator+=(const unsigned long int u)
{
	mpfr_add_ui(mp,mp,u,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator+=(const unsigned int u)
{
	mpfr_add_ui(mp,mp,u,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator+=(const long int u)
{
	mpfr_add_si(mp,mp,u,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator+=(const int u)
{
	mpfr_add_si(mp,mp,u,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

#if defined (MPREAL_HAVE_INT64_SUPPORT)
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator+=(const int64_t  u){	*this += mpreal(u); MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE; return *this;	}
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator+=(const uint64_t u){	*this += mpreal(u); MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE; return *this;	}
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator-=(const int64_t  u){	*this -= mpreal(u); MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE; return *this;	}
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator-=(const uint64_t u){	*this -= mpreal(u); MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE; return *this;	}
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator*=(const int64_t  u){	*this *= mpreal(u); MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE; return *this;	}
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator*=(const uint64_t u){	*this *= mpreal(u); MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE; return *this;	}
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator/=(const int64_t  u){	*this /= mpreal(u); MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE; return *this;	}
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator/=(const uint64_t u){	*this /= mpreal(u); MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE; return *this;	}
#endif

inline const mpreal mpreal::operator+()const	{	return mpreal(*this); }

inline const mpreal operator+(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b)
{
	// prec(a+b) = max(prec(a),prec(b))
	if(a.get_prec()>b.get_prec()) return mpreal(a) += b;
	else						  return mpreal(b) += a;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator++()
{
	return *this += 1;
}

inline const mpreal mpreal::operator++ (int)
{
	mpreal x(*this);
	*this += 1;
	return x;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator--()
{
	return *this -= 1;
}

inline const mpreal mpreal::operator-- (int)
{
	mpreal x(*this);
	*this -= 1;
	return x;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// - Subtraction
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator-= (const mpreal& v)
{
	mpfr_sub(mp,mp,v.mp,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator-=(const mpz_t v)
{
	mpfr_sub_z(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator-=(const mpq_t v)
{
	mpfr_sub_q(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator-=(const long double v)
{
	*this -= mpreal(v);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator-=(const double v)
{
#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(2,4,0))
	mpfr_sub_d(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
#else
	*this -= mpreal(v);
#endif

	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator-=(const unsigned long int v)
{
	mpfr_sub_ui(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator-=(const unsigned int v)
{
	mpfr_sub_ui(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator-=(const long int v)
{
	mpfr_sub_si(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator-=(const int v)
{
	mpfr_sub_si(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline const mpreal mpreal::operator-()const
{
	mpreal u(*this);
	mpfr_neg(u.mp,u.mp,default_rnd);
	return u;
}

inline const mpreal operator-(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b)
{
	// prec(a-b) = max(prec(a),prec(b))
	if(a.getPrecision() >= b.getPrecision())
	{
		return   mpreal(a) -= b;
	}else{
		mpreal x(a);
		x.setPrecision(b.getPrecision());
		return x -= b;
	}
}

inline const mpreal operator-(const double  b, const mpreal& a)
{
#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(2,4,0))
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_d_sub(x.mp,b,a.mp,mpreal::default_rnd);
	return x;
#else
	return mpreal(b) -= a;
#endif
}

inline const mpreal operator-(const unsigned long int b, const mpreal& a)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_ui_sub(x.mp,b,a.mp,mpreal::default_rnd);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal operator-(const unsigned int b, const mpreal& a)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_ui_sub(x.mp,b,a.mp,mpreal::default_rnd);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal operator-(const long int b, const mpreal& a)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_si_sub(x.mp,b,a.mp,mpreal::default_rnd);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal operator-(const int b, const mpreal& a)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_si_sub(x.mp,b,a.mp,mpreal::default_rnd);
	return x;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// * Multiplication
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator*= (const mpreal& v)
{
	mpfr_mul(mp,mp,v.mp,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator*=(const mpz_t v)
{
	mpfr_mul_z(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator*=(const mpq_t v)
{
	mpfr_mul_q(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator*=(const long double v)
{
	*this *= mpreal(v);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator*=(const double v)
{
#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(2,4,0))
	mpfr_mul_d(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
#else
	*this *= mpreal(v);
#endif

	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator*=(const unsigned long int v)
{
	mpfr_mul_ui(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator*=(const unsigned int v)
{
	mpfr_mul_ui(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator*=(const long int v)
{
	mpfr_mul_si(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator*=(const int v)
{
	mpfr_mul_si(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline const mpreal operator*(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b)
{
	// prec(a*b) = max(prec(a),prec(b))
	if(a.getPrecision() >= b.getPrecision())	return   mpreal(a) *= b;
	else										return   mpreal(b) *= a;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// / Division
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator/=(const mpreal& v)
{
	mpfr_div(mp,mp,v.mp,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator/=(const mpz_t v)
{
	mpfr_div_z(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator/=(const mpq_t v)
{
	mpfr_div_q(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator/=(const long double v)
{
	*this /= mpreal(v);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator/=(const double v)
{
#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(2,4,0))
	mpfr_div_d(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
#else
	*this /= mpreal(v);
#endif
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator/=(const unsigned long int v)
{
	mpfr_div_ui(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator/=(const unsigned int v)
{
	mpfr_div_ui(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator/=(const long int v)
{
	mpfr_div_si(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator/=(const int v)
{
	mpfr_div_si(mp,mp,v,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline const mpreal operator/(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b)
{
	// prec(a/b) = max(prec(a),prec(b))
	if(a.getPrecision() >= b.getPrecision())
	{
		return   mpreal(a) /= b;
	}else{

		mpreal x(a);
		x.setPrecision(b.getPrecision());
		return x /= b;
	}
}

inline const mpreal operator/(const unsigned long int b, const mpreal& a)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_ui_div(x.mp,b,a.mp,mpreal::default_rnd);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal operator/(const unsigned int b, const mpreal& a)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_ui_div(x.mp,b,a.mp,mpreal::default_rnd);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal operator/(const long int b, const mpreal& a)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_si_div(x.mp,b,a.mp,mpreal::default_rnd);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal operator/(const int b, const mpreal& a)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_si_div(x.mp,b,a.mp,mpreal::default_rnd);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal operator/(const double  b, const mpreal& a)
{
#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(2,4,0))
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_d_div(x.mp,b,a.mp,mpreal::default_rnd);
	return x;
#else
	return mpreal(b) /= a;
#endif
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Shifts operators - Multiplication/Division by power of 2
inline mpreal& mpreal::operator<<=(const unsigned long int u)
{
	mpfr_mul_2ui(mp,mp,u,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator<<=(const unsigned int u)
{
	mpfr_mul_2ui(mp,mp,static_cast<unsigned long int>(u),default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator<<=(const long int u)
{
	mpfr_mul_2si(mp,mp,u,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator<<=(const int u)
{
	mpfr_mul_2si(mp,mp,static_cast<long int>(u),default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator>>=(const unsigned long int u)
{
	mpfr_div_2ui(mp,mp,u,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator>>=(const unsigned int u)
{
	mpfr_div_2ui(mp,mp,static_cast<unsigned long int>(u),default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator>>=(const long int u)
{
	mpfr_div_2si(mp,mp,u,default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::operator>>=(const int u)
{
	mpfr_div_2si(mp,mp,static_cast<long int>(u),default_rnd);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline const mpreal operator<<(const mpreal& v, const unsigned long int k)
{
	return mul_2ui(v,k);
}

inline const mpreal operator<<(const mpreal& v, const unsigned int k)
{
	return mul_2ui(v,static_cast<unsigned long int>(k));
}

inline const mpreal operator<<(const mpreal& v, const long int k)
{
	return mul_2si(v,k);
}

inline const mpreal operator<<(const mpreal& v, const int k)
{
	return mul_2si(v,static_cast<long int>(k));
}

inline const mpreal operator>>(const mpreal& v, const unsigned long int k)
{
	return div_2ui(v,k);
}

inline const mpreal operator>>(const mpreal& v, const long int k)
{
	return div_2si(v,k);
}

inline const mpreal operator>>(const mpreal& v, const unsigned int k)
{
	return div_2ui(v,static_cast<unsigned long int>(k));
}

inline const mpreal operator>>(const mpreal& v, const int k)
{
	return div_2si(v,static_cast<long int>(k));
}

// mul_2ui
inline const mpreal mul_2ui(const mpreal& v, unsigned long int k, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_mul_2ui(x.mp,v.mp,k,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

// mul_2si
inline const mpreal mul_2si(const mpreal& v, long int k, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_mul_2si(x.mp,v.mp,k,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal div_2ui(const mpreal& v, unsigned long int k, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_div_2ui(x.mp,v.mp,k,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal div_2si(const mpreal& v, long int k, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_div_2si(x.mp,v.mp,k,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//Boolean operators
inline bool operator >	(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b){	return (mpfr_greater_p(a.mp,b.mp)		!=0);	}
inline bool operator >= (const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b){	return (mpfr_greaterequal_p(a.mp,b.mp)	!=0);	}
inline bool operator <  (const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b){	return (mpfr_less_p(a.mp,b.mp)			!=0);	}
inline bool operator <= (const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b){	return (mpfr_lessequal_p(a.mp,b.mp)		!=0);	}
inline bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b){	return (mpfr_equal_p(a.mp,b.mp)			!=0);	}
inline bool operator != (const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b){	return (mpfr_lessgreater_p(a.mp,b.mp)	!=0);	}

inline bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const unsigned long int b	){	return (mpfr_cmp_ui(a.mp,b) == 0);	}
inline bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const unsigned int b		){	return (mpfr_cmp_ui(a.mp,b) == 0);	}
inline bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const long int b			){	return (mpfr_cmp_si(a.mp,b) == 0);	}
inline bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const int b				){	return (mpfr_cmp_si(a.mp,b) == 0);	}
inline bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const long double b		){	return (mpfr_cmp_ld(a.mp,b) == 0);	}
inline bool operator == (const mpreal& a, const double b			){	return (mpfr_cmp_d(a.mp,b)  == 0);	}


inline bool isnan	(const mpreal& v){	return (mpfr_nan_p(v.mp)		!= 0);	}
inline bool isinf	(const mpreal& v){	return (mpfr_inf_p(v.mp)		!= 0);	}
inline bool isfinite(const mpreal& v){	return (mpfr_number_p(v.mp)		!= 0);	}
inline bool iszero	(const mpreal& v){	return (mpfr_zero_p(v.mp)		!= 0);	}
inline bool isint	(const mpreal& v){	return (mpfr_integer_p(v.mp)	!= 0);	}

#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(3,0,0))
inline bool isregular(const mpreal& v){	return (mpfr_regular_p(v.mp));}
#endif

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Type Converters
inline long				mpreal::toLong()	const	{	return mpfr_get_si(mp,GMP_RNDZ);	}
inline unsigned long	mpreal::toULong()	const	{	return mpfr_get_ui(mp,GMP_RNDZ);	}
inline double			mpreal::toDouble()	const	{	return mpfr_get_d(mp,default_rnd);	}
inline long double		mpreal::toLDouble()	const	{	return mpfr_get_ld(mp,default_rnd);	}

#if defined (MPREAL_HAVE_INT64_SUPPORT)
inline int64_t	 mpreal::toInt64()	const{	return mpfr_get_sj(mp,GMP_RNDZ);	}
inline uint64_t	 mpreal::toUInt64()	const{	return mpfr_get_uj(mp,GMP_RNDZ);	}
#endif

inline ::mpfr_ptr		mpreal::mpfr_ptr()			{	return mp;	}
inline ::mpfr_srcptr	mpreal::mpfr_srcptr() const	{	return const_cast< ::mpfr_srcptr >(mp);	}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// 	Bits - decimal digits relation
//		bits   = ceil(digits*log[2](10))
//		digits = floor(bits*log[10](2))

inline mp_prec_t digits2bits(int d)
{
	const double LOG2_10 = 3.3219280948873624;

	d = 10>d?10:d;

	return (mp_prec_t)std::ceil((d)*LOG2_10);
}

inline int bits2digits(mp_prec_t b)
{
	const double LOG10_2 = 0.30102999566398119;

	b = 34>b?34:b;

	return (int)std::floor((b)*LOG10_2);
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Set/Get number properties
inline int sgn(const mpreal& v)
{
	int r = mpfr_signbit(v.mp);
	return (r>0?-1:1);
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::setSign(int sign, mp_rnd_t RoundingMode)
{
	mpfr_setsign(mp,mp,(sign<0?1:0),RoundingMode);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline int mpreal::getPrecision() const
{
	return mpfr_get_prec(mp);
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::setPrecision(int Precision, mp_rnd_t RoundingMode)
{
	mpfr_prec_round(mp,Precision, RoundingMode);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::setInf(int sign)
{
	mpfr_set_inf(mp,sign);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal& mpreal::setNan()
{
	mpfr_set_nan(mp);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mpreal&	mpreal::setZero(int sign)
{
	mpfr_set_zero(mp,sign);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return *this;
}

inline mp_prec_t mpreal::get_prec() const
{
	return mpfr_get_prec(mp);
}

inline void mpreal::set_prec(mp_prec_t prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpfr_prec_round(mp,prec,rnd_mode);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
}

inline mp_exp_t mpreal::get_exp ()
{
	return mpfr_get_exp(mp);
}

inline int mpreal::set_exp (mp_exp_t e)
{
	int x = mpfr_set_exp(mp, e);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal frexp(const mpreal& v, mp_exp_t* exp)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	*exp = x.get_exp();
	x.set_exp(0);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal ldexp(const mpreal& v, mp_exp_t exp)
{
	mpreal x(v);

	// rounding is not important since we just increasing the exponent
	mpfr_mul_2si(x.mp,x.mp,exp,mpreal::default_rnd);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal machine_epsilon(mp_prec_t prec)
{
	// the smallest eps such that 1.0+eps != 1.0
	// depends (of cause) on the precision
	return machine_epsilon(mpreal(1,prec));
}

inline const mpreal machine_epsilon(const mpreal& x)
{
	if( x < 0)
	{
		return nextabove(-x)+x;
	}else{
		return nextabove(x)-x;
	}
}

inline const mpreal mpreal_min(mp_prec_t prec)
{
	// min = 1/2*2^emin = 2^(emin-1)

	return mpreal(1,prec) << mpreal::get_emin()-1;
}

inline const mpreal mpreal_max(mp_prec_t prec)
{
	// max = (1-eps)*2^emax, assume eps = 0?,
	// and use emax-1 to prevent value to be +inf
	// max = 2^(emax-1)

	return mpreal(1,prec) << mpreal::get_emax()-1;
}

inline bool isEqualUlps(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b, int maxUlps)
{
  /*
   maxUlps - a and b can be apart by maxUlps binary numbers.
  */
  return abs(a - b) <= machine_epsilon((max)(abs(a), abs(b))) * maxUlps;
}

inline bool isEqualFuzzy(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b, const mpreal& eps)
{
	return abs(a - b) <= (min)(abs(a), abs(b)) * eps;
}

inline bool isEqualFuzzy(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b)
{
	return isEqualFuzzy(a,b,machine_epsilon((std::min)(abs(a), abs(b))));
}

inline const mpreal modf(const mpreal& v, mpreal& n)
{
	mpreal frac(v);

	// rounding is not important since we are using the same number
	mpfr_frac(frac.mp,frac.mp,mpreal::default_rnd);
	mpfr_trunc(n.mp,v.mp);
	return frac;
}

inline int mpreal::check_range (int t, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return mpfr_check_range(mp,t,rnd_mode);
}

inline int mpreal::subnormalize (int t,mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	int r = mpfr_subnormalize(mp,t,rnd_mode);
	MPREAL_MSVC_DEBUGVIEW_CODE;
	return r;
}

inline mp_exp_t mpreal::get_emin (void)
{
	return mpfr_get_emin();
}

inline int mpreal::set_emin (mp_exp_t exp)
{
	return mpfr_set_emin(exp);
}

inline mp_exp_t mpreal::get_emax (void)
{
	return mpfr_get_emax();
}

inline int mpreal::set_emax (mp_exp_t exp)
{
	return mpfr_set_emax(exp);
}

inline mp_exp_t mpreal::get_emin_min (void)
{
	return mpfr_get_emin_min();
}

inline mp_exp_t mpreal::get_emin_max (void)
{
	return mpfr_get_emin_max();
}

inline mp_exp_t mpreal::get_emax_min (void)
{
	return mpfr_get_emax_min();
}

inline mp_exp_t mpreal::get_emax_max (void)
{
	return mpfr_get_emax_max();
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Mathematical Functions
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
inline const mpreal sqr(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_sqr(x.mp,x.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal sqrt(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_sqrt(x.mp,x.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal sqrt(const unsigned long int v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x;
	mpfr_sqrt_ui(x.mp,v,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal sqrt(const unsigned int v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return sqrt(static_cast<unsigned long int>(v),rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal sqrt(const long int v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (v>=0)	return sqrt(static_cast<unsigned long int>(v),rnd_mode);
	else		return mpreal().setNan(); // NaN
}

inline const mpreal sqrt(const int v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (v>=0)	return sqrt(static_cast<unsigned long int>(v),rnd_mode);
	else		return mpreal().setNan(); // NaN
}

inline const mpreal sqrt(const long double v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return sqrt(mpreal(v),rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal sqrt(const double v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return sqrt(mpreal(v),rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal cbrt(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_cbrt(x.mp,x.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal root(const mpreal& v, unsigned long int k, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_root(x.mp,x.mp,k,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal fabs(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_abs(x.mp,x.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal abs(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_abs(x.mp,x.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal dim(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_dim(x.mp,a.mp,b.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline int cmpabs(const mpreal& a,const mpreal& b)
{
	return mpfr_cmpabs(a.mp,b.mp);
}

inline const mpreal log  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_log(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal log2(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_log2(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal log10(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_log10(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal exp(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_exp(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal exp2(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_exp2(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal exp10(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_exp10(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal cos(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_cos(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal sin(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_sin(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal tan(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_tan(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal sec(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_sec(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal csc(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_csc(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal cot(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_cot(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline int sin_cos(mpreal& s, mpreal& c, const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return mpfr_sin_cos(s.mp,c.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal acos (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_acos(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal asin (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_asin(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal atan (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_atan(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal acot (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return atan(1/v, rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal asec (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return acos(1/v, rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal acsc (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return asin(1/v, rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal acoth (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return atanh(1/v, rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal asech (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return acosh(1/v, rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal acsch (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return asinh(1/v, rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal atan2 (const mpreal& y, const mpreal& x, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal a;
	mp_prec_t yp, xp;

	yp = y.get_prec();
	xp = x.get_prec();

	a.set_prec(yp>xp?yp:xp);

	mpfr_atan2(a.mp, y.mp, x.mp, rnd_mode);

	return a;
}

inline const mpreal cosh (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_cosh(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal sinh (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_sinh(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal tanh (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_tanh(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal sech (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_sech(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal csch (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_csch(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal coth (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_coth(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal acosh  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_acosh(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal asinh  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_asinh(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal atanh  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_atanh(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal hypot (const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal a;
	mp_prec_t yp, xp;

	yp = y.get_prec();
	xp = x.get_prec();

	a.set_prec(yp>xp?yp:xp);

	mpfr_hypot(a.mp, x.mp, y.mp, rnd_mode);

	return a;
}

inline const mpreal remainder (const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal a;
	mp_prec_t yp, xp;

	yp = y.get_prec();
	xp = x.get_prec();

	a.set_prec(yp>xp?yp:xp);

	mpfr_remainder(a.mp, x.mp, y.mp, rnd_mode);

	return a;
}

inline const mpreal fac_ui (unsigned long int v, mp_prec_t prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(0,prec);
	mpfr_fac_ui(x.mp,v,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal log1p  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_log1p(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal expm1  (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_expm1(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal eint   (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_eint(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal gamma (const mpreal& x, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal FunctionValue(x);

	// x < 0: gamma(-x) = -pi/(x * gamma(x) * sin(pi*x))

	mpfr_gamma(FunctionValue.mp, x.mp, rnd_mode);

	return FunctionValue;
}

inline const mpreal lngamma (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_lngamma(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal lgamma (const mpreal& v, int *signp, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	int tsignp;

	if(signp)
		mpfr_lgamma(x.mp,signp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	else
		mpfr_lgamma(x.mp,&tsignp,v.mp,rnd_mode);

	return x;
}

inline const mpreal zeta (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_zeta(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal erf (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_erf(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal erfc (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_erfc(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal besselj0 (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_j0(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal besselj1 (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_j1(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal besseljn (long n, const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_jn(x.mp,n,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal bessely0 (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_y0(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal bessely1 (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_y1(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal besselyn (long n, const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_yn(x.mp,n,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// MPFR 2.4.0 Specifics
#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(2,4,0))

inline int sinh_cosh(mpreal& s, mpreal& c, const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return mpfr_sinh_cosh(s.mp,c.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal li2(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_li2(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal fmod (const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal a;
	mp_prec_t yp, xp;

	yp = y.get_prec();
	xp = x.get_prec();

	a.set_prec(yp>xp?yp:xp);

	mpfr_fmod(a.mp, x.mp, y.mp, rnd_mode);

	return a;
}

inline const mpreal rec_sqrt(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_rec_sqrt(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}
#endif //  MPFR 2.4.0 Specifics

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// MPFR 3.0.0 Specifics
#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(3,0,0))

inline const mpreal digamma(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_digamma(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal ai(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_ai(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

#endif // MPFR 3.0.0 Specifics

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Constants
inline const mpreal const_log2 (mp_prec_t prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x;
	x.set_prec(prec);
	mpfr_const_log2(x.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal const_pi (mp_prec_t prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x;
	x.set_prec(prec);
	mpfr_const_pi(x.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal const_euler (mp_prec_t prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x;
	x.set_prec(prec);
	mpfr_const_euler(x.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal const_catalan (mp_prec_t prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x;
	x.set_prec(prec);
	mpfr_const_catalan(x.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal const_infinity (int sign, mp_prec_t prec, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x;
	x.set_prec(prec,rnd_mode);
	mpfr_set_inf(x.mp, sign);
	return x;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Integer Related Functions
inline const mpreal rint(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_rint(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal ceil(const mpreal& v)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_ceil(x.mp,v.mp);
	return x;

}

inline const mpreal floor(const mpreal& v)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_floor(x.mp,v.mp);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal round(const mpreal& v)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_round(x.mp,v.mp);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal trunc(const mpreal& v)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_trunc(x.mp,v.mp);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal rint_ceil (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_rint_ceil(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal rint_floor(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_rint_floor(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal rint_round(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_rint_round(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal rint_trunc(const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_rint_trunc(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal frac (const mpreal& v, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(v);
	mpfr_frac(x.mp,v.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Miscellaneous Functions
inline void swap(mpreal& a, mpreal& b)
{
	mpfr_swap(a.mp,b.mp);
}

inline const mpreal (max)(const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y)
{
	return (x>y?x:y);
}

inline const mpreal (min)(const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y)
{
	return (x<y?x:y);
}

inline const mpreal fmax(const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal a;
	mpfr_max(a.mp,x.mp,y.mp,rnd_mode);
	return a;
}

inline const mpreal fmin(const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y,  mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal a;
	mpfr_min(a.mp,x.mp,y.mp,rnd_mode);
	return a;
}

inline const mpreal nexttoward (const mpreal& x, const mpreal& y)
{
	mpreal a(x);
	mpfr_nexttoward(a.mp,y.mp);
	return a;
}

inline const mpreal nextabove  (const mpreal& x)
{
	mpreal a(x);
	mpfr_nextabove(a.mp);
	return a;
}

inline const mpreal nextbelow  (const mpreal& x)
{
	mpreal a(x);
	mpfr_nextbelow(a.mp);
	return a;
}

inline const mpreal urandomb (gmp_randstate_t& state)
{
	mpreal x;
	mpfr_urandomb(x.mp,state);
	return x;
}

#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(3,0,0))
// use gmp_randinit_default() to init state, gmp_randclear() to clear
inline const mpreal urandom (gmp_randstate_t& state, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x;
	mpfr_urandom(x.mp,state,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}
#endif

#if (MPFR_VERSION <= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(2,4,2))
inline const mpreal random2 (mp_size_t size, mp_exp_t exp)
{
	mpreal x;
	mpfr_random2(x.mp,size,exp);
	return x;
}
#endif

// Uniformly distributed random number generation
// a = random(seed); <- initialization & first random number generation
// a = random();     <- next random numbers generation
// seed != 0
inline const mpreal random(unsigned int seed)
{

#if (MPFR_VERSION >= MPFR_VERSION_NUM(3,0,0))
	static gmp_randstate_t state;
	static bool isFirstTime = true;

	if(isFirstTime)
	{
		gmp_randinit_default(state);
		gmp_randseed_ui(state,0);
		isFirstTime = false;
	}

	if(seed != 0)	gmp_randseed_ui(state,seed);

	return mpfr::urandom(state);
#else
	if(seed != 0)	std::srand(seed);
	return mpfr::mpreal(std::rand()/(double)RAND_MAX);
#endif

}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Set/Get global properties
inline void mpreal::set_default_prec(mp_prec_t prec)
{
	default_prec = prec;
	mpfr_set_default_prec(prec);
}

inline mp_prec_t mpreal::get_default_prec()
{
	return (mpfr_get_default_prec)();
}

inline void mpreal::set_default_base(int base)
{
	default_base = base;
}

inline int mpreal::get_default_base()
{
	return default_base;
}

inline void mpreal::set_default_rnd(mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	default_rnd =  rnd_mode;
	mpfr_set_default_rounding_mode(rnd_mode);
}

inline mp_rnd_t mpreal::get_default_rnd()
{
	return static_cast<mp_rnd_t>((mpfr_get_default_rounding_mode)());
}

inline void mpreal::set_double_bits(int dbits)
{
	double_bits = dbits;
}

inline int mpreal::get_double_bits()
{
	return double_bits;
}

inline bool mpreal::fits_in_bits(double x, int n)
{
	int i;
	double t;
	return IsInf(x) || (std::modf ( std::ldexp ( std::frexp ( x, &i ), n ), &t ) == 0.0);
}

inline const mpreal pow(const mpreal& a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_pow(x.mp,x.mp,b.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal pow(const mpreal& a, const mpz_t b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_pow_z(x.mp,x.mp,b,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal pow(const mpreal& a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_pow_ui(x.mp,x.mp,b,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal pow(const mpreal& a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(a,static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal pow(const mpreal& a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_pow_si(x.mp,x.mp,b,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal pow(const mpreal& a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(a,static_cast<long int>(b),rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal pow(const mpreal& a, const long double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(a,mpreal(b),rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal pow(const mpreal& a, const double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(a,mpreal(b),rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned long int a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_ui_pow(x.mp,a,b.mp,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),b,rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal pow(const long int a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>=0) 	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),b,rnd_mode);
	else		return pow(mpreal(a),b,rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal pow(const int a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>=0) 	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),b,rnd_mode);
	else		return pow(mpreal(a),b,rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal pow(const long double a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(mpreal(a),b,rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal pow(const double a, const mpreal& b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(mpreal(a),b,rnd_mode);
}

// pow unsigned long int
inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned long int a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	mpreal x(a);
	mpfr_ui_pow_ui(x.mp,a,b,rnd_mode);
	return x;
}

inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned long int a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(a,static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
}

inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned long int a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if(b>0)	return pow(a,static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
	else	return pow(a,mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
}

inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned long int a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if(b>0)	return pow(a,static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
	else	return pow(a,mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
}

inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned long int a, const long double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(a,mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
}

inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned long int a, const double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(a,mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
}

// pow unsigned int
inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),b,rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
}

inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
}

inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if(b>0)	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
	else	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
}

inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if(b>0)	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
	else	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
}

inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const long double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
}

inline const mpreal pow(const unsigned int a, const double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
}

// pow long int
inline const mpreal pow(const long int a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>0) return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),b,rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
	else	 return pow(mpreal(a),b,rnd_mode); //mpfr_pow_ui
}

inline const mpreal pow(const long int a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>0) return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode);  //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
	else	 return pow(mpreal(a),static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_pow_ui
}

inline const mpreal pow(const long int a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>0)
	{
		if(b>0) return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
		else	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
	}else{
		return pow(mpreal(a),b,rnd_mode); // mpfr_pow_si
	}
}

inline const mpreal pow(const long int a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>0)
	{
		if(b>0) return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
		else	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
	}else{
		return pow(mpreal(a),static_cast<long int>(b),rnd_mode); // mpfr_pow_si
	}
}

inline const mpreal pow(const long int a, const long double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>=0) 	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
	else		return pow(mpreal(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_pow
}

inline const mpreal pow(const long int a, const double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>=0) 	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
	else		return pow(mpreal(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_pow
}

// pow int
inline const mpreal pow(const int a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>0) return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),b,rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
	else	 return pow(mpreal(a),b,rnd_mode); //mpfr_pow_ui
}

inline const mpreal pow(const int a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>0) return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode);  //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
	else	 return pow(mpreal(a),static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_pow_ui
}

inline const mpreal pow(const int a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>0)
	{
		if(b>0) return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
		else	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
	}else{
		return pow(mpreal(a),b,rnd_mode); // mpfr_pow_si
	}
}

inline const mpreal pow(const int a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>0)
	{
		if(b>0) return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow_ui
		else	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
	}else{
		return pow(mpreal(a),static_cast<long int>(b),rnd_mode); // mpfr_pow_si
	}
}

inline const mpreal pow(const int a, const long double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>=0) 	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
	else		return pow(mpreal(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_pow
}

inline const mpreal pow(const int a, const double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	if (a>=0) 	return pow(static_cast<unsigned long int>(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_ui_pow
	else		return pow(mpreal(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_pow
}

// pow long double
inline const mpreal pow(const long double a, const long double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(mpreal(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal pow(const long double a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(mpreal(a),b,rnd_mode); //mpfr_pow_ui
}

inline const mpreal pow(const long double a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(mpreal(a),static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); //mpfr_pow_ui
}

inline const mpreal pow(const long double a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(mpreal(a),b,rnd_mode); // mpfr_pow_si
}

inline const mpreal pow(const long double a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(mpreal(a),static_cast<long int>(b),rnd_mode); // mpfr_pow_si
}

inline const mpreal pow(const double a, const double b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(mpreal(a),mpreal(b),rnd_mode);
}

inline const mpreal pow(const double a, const unsigned long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(mpreal(a),b,rnd_mode); // mpfr_pow_ui
}

inline const mpreal pow(const double a, const unsigned int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(mpreal(a),static_cast<unsigned long int>(b),rnd_mode); // mpfr_pow_ui
}

inline const mpreal pow(const double a, const long int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(mpreal(a),b,rnd_mode); // mpfr_pow_si
}

inline const mpreal pow(const double a, const int b, mp_rnd_t rnd_mode)
{
	return pow(mpreal(a),static_cast<long int>(b),rnd_mode); // mpfr_pow_si
}
} // End of mpfr namespace

// Explicit specialization of std::swap for mpreal numbers
// Thus standard algorithms will use efficient version of swap (due to Koenig lookup)
// Non-throwing swap C++ idiom: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/More_C%2B%2B_Idioms/Non-throwing_swap
namespace std
{
	template <>
	inline void swap(mpfr::mpreal& x, mpfr::mpreal& y)
	{
		return mpfr::swap(x, y);
	}
}

#endif /* __MPREAL_H__ */