1// Copyright 2014 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved. 2// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be 3// found in the LICENSE file. 4 5// This file contains macros and macro-like constructs (e.g., templates) that 6// are commonly used throughout Chromium source. (It may also contain things 7// that are closely related to things that are commonly used that belong in this 8// file.) 9 10#ifndef BASE_MACROS_H_ 11#define BASE_MACROS_H_ 12 13#include <stddef.h> // For size_t. 14#include <string.h> // For memcpy. 15 16#include "base/compiler_specific.h" // For ALLOW_UNUSED. 17 18// Put this in the private: declarations for a class to be uncopyable. 19#define DISALLOW_COPY(TypeName) \ 20 TypeName(const TypeName&) 21 22// Put this in the private: declarations for a class to be unassignable. 23#define DISALLOW_ASSIGN(TypeName) \ 24 void operator=(const TypeName&) 25 26// A macro to disallow the copy constructor and operator= functions 27// This should be used in the private: declarations for a class 28#define DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TypeName) \ 29 TypeName(const TypeName&); \ 30 void operator=(const TypeName&) 31 32// An older, deprecated, politically incorrect name for the above. 33// NOTE: The usage of this macro was banned from our code base, but some 34// third_party libraries are yet using it. 35// TODO(tfarina): Figure out how to fix the usage of this macro in the 36// third_party libraries and get rid of it. 37#define DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(TypeName) DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TypeName) 38 39// A macro to disallow all the implicit constructors, namely the 40// default constructor, copy constructor and operator= functions. 41// 42// This should be used in the private: declarations for a class 43// that wants to prevent anyone from instantiating it. This is 44// especially useful for classes containing only static methods. 45#define DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(TypeName) \ 46 TypeName(); \ 47 DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TypeName) 48 49// The arraysize(arr) macro returns the # of elements in an array arr. 50// The expression is a compile-time constant, and therefore can be 51// used in defining new arrays, for example. If you use arraysize on 52// a pointer by mistake, you will get a compile-time error. 53// 54// One caveat is that arraysize() doesn't accept any array of an 55// anonymous type or a type defined inside a function. In these rare 56// cases, you have to use the unsafe ARRAYSIZE_UNSAFE() macro below. This is 57// due to a limitation in C++'s template system. The limitation might 58// eventually be removed, but it hasn't happened yet. 59 60// This template function declaration is used in defining arraysize. 61// Note that the function doesn't need an implementation, as we only 62// use its type. 63template <typename T, size_t N> 64char (&ArraySizeHelper(T (&array)[N]))[N]; 65 66// That gcc wants both of these prototypes seems mysterious. VC, for 67// its part, can't decide which to use (another mystery). Matching of 68// template overloads: the final frontier. 69#ifndef _MSC_VER 70template <typename T, size_t N> 71char (&ArraySizeHelper(const T (&array)[N]))[N]; 72#endif 73 74#define arraysize(array) (sizeof(ArraySizeHelper(array))) 75 76// ARRAYSIZE_UNSAFE performs essentially the same calculation as arraysize, 77// but can be used on anonymous types or types defined inside 78// functions. It's less safe than arraysize as it accepts some 79// (although not all) pointers. Therefore, you should use arraysize 80// whenever possible. 81// 82// The expression ARRAYSIZE_UNSAFE(a) is a compile-time constant of type 83// size_t. 84// 85// ARRAYSIZE_UNSAFE catches a few type errors. If you see a compiler error 86// 87// "warning: division by zero in ..." 88// 89// when using ARRAYSIZE_UNSAFE, you are (wrongfully) giving it a pointer. 90// You should only use ARRAYSIZE_UNSAFE on statically allocated arrays. 91// 92// The following comments are on the implementation details, and can 93// be ignored by the users. 94// 95// ARRAYSIZE_UNSAFE(arr) works by inspecting sizeof(arr) (the # of bytes in 96// the array) and sizeof(*(arr)) (the # of bytes in one array 97// element). If the former is divisible by the latter, perhaps arr is 98// indeed an array, in which case the division result is the # of 99// elements in the array. Otherwise, arr cannot possibly be an array, 100// and we generate a compiler error to prevent the code from 101// compiling. 102// 103// Since the size of bool is implementation-defined, we need to cast 104// !(sizeof(a) & sizeof(*(a))) to size_t in order to ensure the final 105// result has type size_t. 106// 107// This macro is not perfect as it wrongfully accepts certain 108// pointers, namely where the pointer size is divisible by the pointee 109// size. Since all our code has to go through a 32-bit compiler, 110// where a pointer is 4 bytes, this means all pointers to a type whose 111// size is 3 or greater than 4 will be (righteously) rejected. 112 113#define ARRAYSIZE_UNSAFE(a) \ 114 ((sizeof(a) / sizeof(*(a))) / \ 115 static_cast<size_t>(!(sizeof(a) % sizeof(*(a))))) 116 117 118// Use implicit_cast as a safe version of static_cast or const_cast 119// for upcasting in the type hierarchy (i.e. casting a pointer to Foo 120// to a pointer to SuperclassOfFoo or casting a pointer to Foo to 121// a const pointer to Foo). 122// When you use implicit_cast, the compiler checks that the cast is safe. 123// Such explicit implicit_casts are necessary in surprisingly many 124// situations where C++ demands an exact type match instead of an 125// argument type convertible to a target type. 126// 127// The From type can be inferred, so the preferred syntax for using 128// implicit_cast is the same as for static_cast etc.: 129// 130// implicit_cast<ToType>(expr) 131// 132// implicit_cast would have been part of the C++ standard library, 133// but the proposal was submitted too late. It will probably make 134// its way into the language in the future. 135template<typename To, typename From> 136inline To implicit_cast(From const &f) { 137 return f; 138} 139 140// The COMPILE_ASSERT macro can be used to verify that a compile time 141// expression is true. For example, you could use it to verify the 142// size of a static array: 143// 144// COMPILE_ASSERT(ARRAYSIZE_UNSAFE(content_type_names) == CONTENT_NUM_TYPES, 145// content_type_names_incorrect_size); 146// 147// or to make sure a struct is smaller than a certain size: 148// 149// COMPILE_ASSERT(sizeof(foo) < 128, foo_too_large); 150// 151// The second argument to the macro is the name of the variable. If 152// the expression is false, most compilers will issue a warning/error 153// containing the name of the variable. 154 155#undef COMPILE_ASSERT 156#define COMPILE_ASSERT(expr, msg) static_assert(expr, #msg) 157 158// bit_cast<Dest,Source> is a template function that implements the 159// equivalent of "*reinterpret_cast<Dest*>(&source)". We need this in 160// very low-level functions like the protobuf library and fast math 161// support. 162// 163// float f = 3.14159265358979; 164// int i = bit_cast<int32>(f); 165// // i = 0x40490fdb 166// 167// The classical address-casting method is: 168// 169// // WRONG 170// float f = 3.14159265358979; // WRONG 171// int i = * reinterpret_cast<int*>(&f); // WRONG 172// 173// The address-casting method actually produces undefined behavior 174// according to ISO C++ specification section 3.10 -15 -. Roughly, this 175// section says: if an object in memory has one type, and a program 176// accesses it with a different type, then the result is undefined 177// behavior for most values of "different type". 178// 179// This is true for any cast syntax, either *(int*)&f or 180// *reinterpret_cast<int*>(&f). And it is particularly true for 181// conversions between integral lvalues and floating-point lvalues. 182// 183// The purpose of 3.10 -15- is to allow optimizing compilers to assume 184// that expressions with different types refer to different memory. gcc 185// 4.0.1 has an optimizer that takes advantage of this. So a 186// non-conforming program quietly produces wildly incorrect output. 187// 188// The problem is not the use of reinterpret_cast. The problem is type 189// punning: holding an object in memory of one type and reading its bits 190// back using a different type. 191// 192// The C++ standard is more subtle and complex than this, but that 193// is the basic idea. 194// 195// Anyways ... 196// 197// bit_cast<> calls memcpy() which is blessed by the standard, 198// especially by the example in section 3.9 . Also, of course, 199// bit_cast<> wraps up the nasty logic in one place. 200// 201// Fortunately memcpy() is very fast. In optimized mode, with a 202// constant size, gcc 2.95.3, gcc 4.0.1, and msvc 7.1 produce inline 203// code with the minimal amount of data movement. On a 32-bit system, 204// memcpy(d,s,4) compiles to one load and one store, and memcpy(d,s,8) 205// compiles to two loads and two stores. 206// 207// I tested this code with gcc 2.95.3, gcc 4.0.1, icc 8.1, and msvc 7.1. 208// 209// WARNING: if Dest or Source is a non-POD type, the result of the memcpy 210// is likely to surprise you. 211 212template <class Dest, class Source> 213inline Dest bit_cast(const Source& source) { 214 COMPILE_ASSERT(sizeof(Dest) == sizeof(Source), VerifySizesAreEqual); 215 216 Dest dest; 217 memcpy(&dest, &source, sizeof(dest)); 218 return dest; 219} 220 221// Used to explicitly mark the return value of a function as unused. If you are 222// really sure you don't want to do anything with the return value of a function 223// that has been marked WARN_UNUSED_RESULT, wrap it with this. Example: 224// 225// scoped_ptr<MyType> my_var = ...; 226// if (TakeOwnership(my_var.get()) == SUCCESS) 227// ignore_result(my_var.release()); 228// 229template<typename T> 230inline void ignore_result(const T&) { 231} 232 233// The following enum should be used only as a constructor argument to indicate 234// that the variable has static storage class, and that the constructor should 235// do nothing to its state. It indicates to the reader that it is legal to 236// declare a static instance of the class, provided the constructor is given 237// the base::LINKER_INITIALIZED argument. Normally, it is unsafe to declare a 238// static variable that has a constructor or a destructor because invocation 239// order is undefined. However, IF the type can be initialized by filling with 240// zeroes (which the loader does for static variables), AND the destructor also 241// does nothing to the storage, AND there are no virtual methods, then a 242// constructor declared as 243// explicit MyClass(base::LinkerInitialized x) {} 244// and invoked as 245// static MyClass my_variable_name(base::LINKER_INITIALIZED); 246namespace base { 247enum LinkerInitialized { LINKER_INITIALIZED }; 248 249// Use these to declare and define a static local variable (static T;) so that 250// it is leaked so that its destructors are not called at exit. If you need 251// thread-safe initialization, use base/lazy_instance.h instead. 252#define CR_DEFINE_STATIC_LOCAL(type, name, arguments) \ 253 static type& name = *new type arguments 254 255} // base 256 257#endif // BASE_MACROS_H_ 258