audio/win/audio_low_latency_input_win.cc

// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

#include "media/audio/win/audio_low_latency_input_win.h"

#include "base/logging.h"
#include "base/memory/scoped_ptr.h"
#include "base/strings/utf_string_conversions.h"
#include "media/audio/win/audio_manager_win.h"
#include "media/audio/win/avrt_wrapper_win.h"

using base::win::ScopedComPtr;
using base::win::ScopedCOMInitializer;

namespace media {
namespace {

// Returns true if |device| represents the default communication capture device.
bool IsDefaultCommunicationDevice(IMMDeviceEnumerator* enumerator,
                                  IMMDevice* device) {
  ScopedComPtr<IMMDevice> communications;
  if (FAILED(enumerator->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(eCapture, eCommunications,
                                                 communications.Receive()))) {
    return false;
  }

  base::win::ScopedCoMem<WCHAR> communications_id, device_id;
  device->GetId(&device_id);
  communications->GetId(&communications_id);
  return lstrcmpW(communications_id, device_id) == 0;
}

}  // namespace

WASAPIAudioInputStream::WASAPIAudioInputStream(
    AudioManagerWin* manager,
    const AudioParameters& params,
    const std::string& device_id)
    : manager_(manager),
      capture_thread_(NULL),
      opened_(false),
      started_(false),
      frame_size_(0),
      packet_size_frames_(0),
      packet_size_bytes_(0),
      endpoint_buffer_size_frames_(0),
      effects_(params.effects()),
      device_id_(device_id),
      perf_count_to_100ns_units_(0.0),
      ms_to_frame_count_(0.0),
      sink_(NULL) {
  DCHECK(manager_);

  // Load the Avrt DLL if not already loaded. Required to support MMCSS.
  bool avrt_init = avrt::Initialize();
  DCHECK(avrt_init) << "Failed to load the Avrt.dll";

  // Set up the desired capture format specified by the client.
  format_.nSamplesPerSec = params.sample_rate();
  format_.wFormatTag = WAVE_FORMAT_PCM;
  format_.wBitsPerSample = params.bits_per_sample();
  format_.nChannels = params.channels();
  format_.nBlockAlign = (format_.wBitsPerSample / 8) * format_.nChannels;
  format_.nAvgBytesPerSec = format_.nSamplesPerSec * format_.nBlockAlign;
  format_.cbSize = 0;

  // Size in bytes of each audio frame.
  frame_size_ = format_.nBlockAlign;
  // Store size of audio packets which we expect to get from the audio
  // endpoint device in each capture event.
  packet_size_frames_ = params.GetBytesPerBuffer() / format_.nBlockAlign;
  packet_size_bytes_ = params.GetBytesPerBuffer();
  DVLOG(1) << "Number of bytes per audio frame  : " << frame_size_;
  DVLOG(1) << "Number of audio frames per packet: " << packet_size_frames_;

  // All events are auto-reset events and non-signaled initially.

  // Create the event which the audio engine will signal each time
  // a buffer becomes ready to be processed by the client.
  audio_samples_ready_event_.Set(CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL));
  DCHECK(audio_samples_ready_event_.IsValid());

  // Create the event which will be set in Stop() when capturing shall stop.
  stop_capture_event_.Set(CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL));
  DCHECK(stop_capture_event_.IsValid());

  ms_to_frame_count_ = static_cast<double>(params.sample_rate()) / 1000.0;

  LARGE_INTEGER performance_frequency;
  if (QueryPerformanceFrequency(&performance_frequency)) {
    perf_count_to_100ns_units_ =
        (10000000.0 / static_cast<double>(performance_frequency.QuadPart));
  } else {
    DLOG(ERROR) << "High-resolution performance counters are not supported.";
  }
}

WASAPIAudioInputStream::~WASAPIAudioInputStream() {}

bool WASAPIAudioInputStream::Open() {
  DCHECK(CalledOnValidThread());
  // Verify that we are not already opened.
  if (opened_)
    return false;

  // Obtain a reference to the IMMDevice interface of the capturing
  // device with the specified unique identifier or role which was
  // set at construction.
  HRESULT hr = SetCaptureDevice();
  if (FAILED(hr))
    return false;

  // Obtain an IAudioClient interface which enables us to create and initialize
  // an audio stream between an audio application and the audio engine.
  hr = ActivateCaptureDevice();
  if (FAILED(hr))
    return false;

  // Retrieve the stream format which the audio engine uses for its internal
  // processing/mixing of shared-mode streams. This function call is for
  // diagnostic purposes only and only in debug mode.
#ifndef NDEBUG
  hr = GetAudioEngineStreamFormat();
#endif

  // Verify that the selected audio endpoint supports the specified format
  // set during construction.
  if (!DesiredFormatIsSupported())
    return false;

  // Initialize the audio stream between the client and the device using
  // shared mode and a lowest possible glitch-free latency.
  hr = InitializeAudioEngine();

  opened_ = SUCCEEDED(hr);
  return opened_;
}

void WASAPIAudioInputStream::Start(AudioInputCallback* callback) {
  DCHECK(CalledOnValidThread());
  DCHECK(callback);
  DLOG_IF(ERROR, !opened_) << "Open() has not been called successfully";
  if (!opened_)
    return;

  if (started_)
    return;

  DCHECK(!sink_);
  sink_ = callback;

  // Starts periodic AGC microphone measurements if the AGC has been enabled
  // using SetAutomaticGainControl().
  StartAgc();

  // Create and start the thread that will drive the capturing by waiting for
  // capture events.
  capture_thread_ =
      new base::DelegateSimpleThread(this, "wasapi_capture_thread");
  capture_thread_->Start();

  // Start streaming data between the endpoint buffer and the audio engine.
  HRESULT hr = audio_client_->Start();
  DLOG_IF(ERROR, FAILED(hr)) << "Failed to start input streaming.";

  if (SUCCEEDED(hr) && audio_render_client_for_loopback_)
    hr = audio_render_client_for_loopback_->Start();

  started_ = SUCCEEDED(hr);
}

void WASAPIAudioInputStream::Stop() {
  DCHECK(CalledOnValidThread());
  DVLOG(1) << "WASAPIAudioInputStream::Stop()";
  if (!started_)
    return;

  // Stops periodic AGC microphone measurements.
  StopAgc();

  // Shut down the capture thread.
  if (stop_capture_event_.IsValid()) {
    SetEvent(stop_capture_event_.Get());
  }

  // Stop the input audio streaming.
  HRESULT hr = audio_client_->Stop();
  if (FAILED(hr)) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to stop input streaming.";
  }

  // Wait until the thread completes and perform cleanup.
  if (capture_thread_) {
    SetEvent(stop_capture_event_.Get());
    capture_thread_->Join();
    capture_thread_ = NULL;
  }

  started_ = false;
  sink_ = NULL;
}

void WASAPIAudioInputStream::Close() {
  DVLOG(1) << "WASAPIAudioInputStream::Close()";
  // It is valid to call Close() before calling open or Start().
  // It is also valid to call Close() after Start() has been called.
  Stop();

  // Inform the audio manager that we have been closed. This will cause our
  // destruction.
  manager_->ReleaseInputStream(this);
}

double WASAPIAudioInputStream::GetMaxVolume() {
  // Verify that Open() has been called succesfully, to ensure that an audio
  // session exists and that an ISimpleAudioVolume interface has been created.
  DLOG_IF(ERROR, !opened_) << "Open() has not been called successfully";
  if (!opened_)
    return 0.0;

  // The effective volume value is always in the range 0.0 to 1.0, hence
  // we can return a fixed value (=1.0) here.
  return 1.0;
}

void WASAPIAudioInputStream::SetVolume(double volume) {
  DVLOG(1) << "SetVolume(volume=" << volume << ")";
  DCHECK(CalledOnValidThread());
  DCHECK_GE(volume, 0.0);
  DCHECK_LE(volume, 1.0);

  DLOG_IF(ERROR, !opened_) << "Open() has not been called successfully";
  if (!opened_)
    return;

  // Set a new master volume level. Valid volume levels are in the range
  // 0.0 to 1.0. Ignore volume-change events.
  HRESULT hr = simple_audio_volume_->SetMasterVolume(static_cast<float>(volume),
      NULL);
  DLOG_IF(WARNING, FAILED(hr)) << "Failed to set new input master volume.";

  // Update the AGC volume level based on the last setting above. Note that,
  // the volume-level resolution is not infinite and it is therefore not
  // possible to assume that the volume provided as input parameter can be
  // used directly. Instead, a new query to the audio hardware is required.
  // This method does nothing if AGC is disabled.
  UpdateAgcVolume();
}

double WASAPIAudioInputStream::GetVolume() {
  DLOG_IF(ERROR, !opened_) << "Open() has not been called successfully";
  if (!opened_)
    return 0.0;

  // Retrieve the current volume level. The value is in the range 0.0 to 1.0.
  float level = 0.0f;
  HRESULT hr = simple_audio_volume_->GetMasterVolume(&level);
  DLOG_IF(WARNING, FAILED(hr)) << "Failed to get input master volume.";

  return static_cast<double>(level);
}

// static
AudioParameters WASAPIAudioInputStream::GetInputStreamParameters(
    const std::string& device_id) {
  int sample_rate = 48000;
  ChannelLayout channel_layout = CHANNEL_LAYOUT_STEREO;

  base::win::ScopedCoMem<WAVEFORMATEX> audio_engine_mix_format;
  int effects = AudioParameters::NO_EFFECTS;
  if (SUCCEEDED(GetMixFormat(device_id, &audio_engine_mix_format, &effects))) {
    sample_rate = static_cast<int>(audio_engine_mix_format->nSamplesPerSec);
    channel_layout = audio_engine_mix_format->nChannels == 1 ?
        CHANNEL_LAYOUT_MONO : CHANNEL_LAYOUT_STEREO;
  }

  // Use 10ms frame size as default.
  int frames_per_buffer = sample_rate / 100;
  return AudioParameters(
      AudioParameters::AUDIO_PCM_LOW_LATENCY, channel_layout, 0, sample_rate,
      16, frames_per_buffer, effects);
}

// static
HRESULT WASAPIAudioInputStream::GetMixFormat(const std::string& device_id,
                                             WAVEFORMATEX** device_format,
                                             int* effects) {
  DCHECK(effects);

  // It is assumed that this static method is called from a COM thread, i.e.,
  // CoInitializeEx() is not called here to avoid STA/MTA conflicts.
  ScopedComPtr<IMMDeviceEnumerator> enumerator;
  HRESULT hr = enumerator.CreateInstance(__uuidof(MMDeviceEnumerator), NULL,
                                         CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER);
  if (FAILED(hr))
    return hr;

  ScopedComPtr<IMMDevice> endpoint_device;
  if (device_id == AudioManagerBase::kDefaultDeviceId) {
    // Retrieve the default capture audio endpoint.
    hr = enumerator->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(eCapture, eConsole,
                                             endpoint_device.Receive());
  } else if (device_id == AudioManagerBase::kLoopbackInputDeviceId) {
    // Get the mix format of the default playback stream.
    hr = enumerator->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(eRender, eConsole,
                                             endpoint_device.Receive());
  } else {
    // Retrieve a capture endpoint device that is specified by an endpoint
    // device-identification string.
    hr = enumerator->GetDevice(base::UTF8ToUTF16(device_id).c_str(),
                               endpoint_device.Receive());
  }

  if (FAILED(hr))
    return hr;

  *effects = IsDefaultCommunicationDevice(enumerator, endpoint_device) ?
      AudioParameters::DUCKING : AudioParameters::NO_EFFECTS;

  ScopedComPtr<IAudioClient> audio_client;
  hr = endpoint_device->Activate(__uuidof(IAudioClient),
                                 CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,
                                 NULL,
                                 audio_client.ReceiveVoid());
  return SUCCEEDED(hr) ? audio_client->GetMixFormat(device_format) : hr;
}

void WASAPIAudioInputStream::Run() {
  ScopedCOMInitializer com_init(ScopedCOMInitializer::kMTA);

  // Increase the thread priority.
  capture_thread_->SetThreadPriority(base::kThreadPriority_RealtimeAudio);

  // Enable MMCSS to ensure that this thread receives prioritized access to
  // CPU resources.
  DWORD task_index = 0;
  HANDLE mm_task = avrt::AvSetMmThreadCharacteristics(L"Pro Audio",
                                                      &task_index);
  bool mmcss_is_ok =
      (mm_task && avrt::AvSetMmThreadPriority(mm_task, AVRT_PRIORITY_CRITICAL));
  if (!mmcss_is_ok) {
    // Failed to enable MMCSS on this thread. It is not fatal but can lead
    // to reduced QoS at high load.
    DWORD err = GetLastError();
    LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to enable MMCSS (error code=" << err << ").";
  }

  // Allocate a buffer with a size that enables us to take care of cases like:
  // 1) The recorded buffer size is smaller, or does not match exactly with,
  //    the selected packet size used in each callback.
  // 2) The selected buffer size is larger than the recorded buffer size in
  //    each event.
  size_t buffer_frame_index = 0;
  size_t capture_buffer_size = std::max(
      2 * endpoint_buffer_size_frames_ * frame_size_,
      2 * packet_size_frames_ * frame_size_);
  scoped_ptr<uint8[]> capture_buffer(new uint8[capture_buffer_size]);

  LARGE_INTEGER now_count;
  bool recording = true;
  bool error = false;
  double volume = GetVolume();
  HANDLE wait_array[2] = {stop_capture_event_, audio_samples_ready_event_};

  while (recording && !error) {
    HRESULT hr = S_FALSE;

    // Wait for a close-down event or a new capture event.
    DWORD wait_result = WaitForMultipleObjects(2, wait_array, FALSE, INFINITE);
    switch (wait_result) {
      case WAIT_FAILED:
        error = true;
        break;
      case WAIT_OBJECT_0 + 0:
        // |stop_capture_event_| has been set.
        recording = false;
        break;
      case WAIT_OBJECT_0 + 1:
        {
          // |audio_samples_ready_event_| has been set.
          BYTE* data_ptr = NULL;
          UINT32 num_frames_to_read = 0;
          DWORD flags = 0;
          UINT64 device_position = 0;
          UINT64 first_audio_frame_timestamp = 0;

          // Retrieve the amount of data in the capture endpoint buffer,
          // replace it with silence if required, create callbacks for each
          // packet and store non-delivered data for the next event.
          hr = audio_capture_client_->GetBuffer(&data_ptr,
                                                &num_frames_to_read,
                                                &flags,
                                                &device_position,
                                                &first_audio_frame_timestamp);
          if (FAILED(hr)) {
            DLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get data from the capture buffer";
            continue;
          }

          if (num_frames_to_read != 0) {
            size_t pos = buffer_frame_index * frame_size_;
            size_t num_bytes = num_frames_to_read * frame_size_;
            DCHECK_GE(capture_buffer_size, pos + num_bytes);

            if (flags & AUDCLNT_BUFFERFLAGS_SILENT) {
              // Clear out the local buffer since silence is reported.
              memset(&capture_buffer[pos], 0, num_bytes);
            } else {
              // Copy captured data from audio engine buffer to local buffer.
              memcpy(&capture_buffer[pos], data_ptr, num_bytes);
            }

            buffer_frame_index += num_frames_to_read;
          }

          hr = audio_capture_client_->ReleaseBuffer(num_frames_to_read);
          DLOG_IF(ERROR, FAILED(hr)) << "Failed to release capture buffer";

          // Derive a delay estimate for the captured audio packet.
          // The value contains two parts (A+B), where A is the delay of the
          // first audio frame in the packet and B is the extra delay
          // contained in any stored data. Unit is in audio frames.
          QueryPerformanceCounter(&now_count);
          double audio_delay_frames =
              ((perf_count_to_100ns_units_ * now_count.QuadPart -
                first_audio_frame_timestamp) / 10000.0) * ms_to_frame_count_ +
                buffer_frame_index - num_frames_to_read;

          // Get a cached AGC volume level which is updated once every second
          // on the audio manager thread. Note that, |volume| is also updated
          // each time SetVolume() is called through IPC by the render-side AGC.
          GetAgcVolume(&volume);

          // Deliver captured data to the registered consumer using a packet
          // size which was specified at construction.
          uint32 delay_frames = static_cast<uint32>(audio_delay_frames + 0.5);
          while (buffer_frame_index >= packet_size_frames_) {
            uint8* audio_data =
                reinterpret_cast<uint8*>(capture_buffer.get());

            // Deliver data packet, delay estimation and volume level to
            // the user.
            sink_->OnData(this,
                          audio_data,
                          packet_size_bytes_,
                          delay_frames * frame_size_,
                          volume);

            // Store parts of the recorded data which can't be delivered
            // using the current packet size. The stored section will be used
            // either in the next while-loop iteration or in the next
            // capture event.
            memmove(&capture_buffer[0],
                    &capture_buffer[packet_size_bytes_],
                    (buffer_frame_index - packet_size_frames_) * frame_size_);

            buffer_frame_index -= packet_size_frames_;
            delay_frames -= packet_size_frames_;
          }
        }
        break;
      default:
        error = true;
        break;
    }
  }

  if (recording && error) {
    // TODO(henrika): perhaps it worth improving the cleanup here by e.g.
    // stopping the audio client, joining the thread etc.?
    NOTREACHED() << "WASAPI capturing failed with error code "
                 << GetLastError();
  }

  // Disable MMCSS.
  if (mm_task && !avrt::AvRevertMmThreadCharacteristics(mm_task)) {
    PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to disable MMCSS";
  }
}

void WASAPIAudioInputStream::HandleError(HRESULT err) {
  NOTREACHED() << "Error code: " << err;
  if (sink_)
    sink_->OnError(this);
}

HRESULT WASAPIAudioInputStream::SetCaptureDevice() {
  DCHECK(!endpoint_device_);

  ScopedComPtr<IMMDeviceEnumerator> enumerator;
  HRESULT hr = enumerator.CreateInstance(__uuidof(MMDeviceEnumerator),
                                         NULL, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER);
  if (FAILED(hr))
    return hr;

  // Retrieve the IMMDevice by using the specified role or the specified
  // unique endpoint device-identification string.

  if (effects_ & AudioParameters::DUCKING) {
    // Ducking has been requested and it is only supported for the default
    // communication device.  So, let's open up the communication device and
    // see if the ID of that device matches the requested ID.
    // We consider a kDefaultDeviceId as well as an explicit device id match,
    // to be valid matches.
    hr = enumerator->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(eCapture, eCommunications,
                                             endpoint_device_.Receive());
    if (endpoint_device_ && device_id_ != AudioManagerBase::kDefaultDeviceId) {
      base::win::ScopedCoMem<WCHAR> communications_id;
      endpoint_device_->GetId(&communications_id);
      if (device_id_ !=
          base::WideToUTF8(static_cast<WCHAR*>(communications_id))) {
        DLOG(WARNING) << "Ducking has been requested for a non-default device."
                         "Not supported.";
        endpoint_device_.Release();  // Fall back on code below.
      }
    }
  }

  if (!endpoint_device_) {
    if (device_id_ == AudioManagerBase::kDefaultDeviceId) {
      // Retrieve the default capture audio endpoint for the specified role.
      // Note that, in Windows Vista, the MMDevice API supports device roles
      // but the system-supplied user interface programs do not.
      hr = enumerator->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(eCapture, eConsole,
                                               endpoint_device_.Receive());
    } else if (device_id_ == AudioManagerBase::kLoopbackInputDeviceId) {
      // Capture the default playback stream.
      hr = enumerator->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(eRender, eConsole,
                                               endpoint_device_.Receive());
    } else {
      hr = enumerator->GetDevice(base::UTF8ToUTF16(device_id_).c_str(),
                                 endpoint_device_.Receive());
    }
  }

  if (FAILED(hr))
    return hr;

  // Verify that the audio endpoint device is active, i.e., the audio
  // adapter that connects to the endpoint device is present and enabled.
  DWORD state = DEVICE_STATE_DISABLED;
  hr = endpoint_device_->GetState(&state);
  if (FAILED(hr))
    return hr;

  if (!(state & DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE)) {
    DLOG(ERROR) << "Selected capture device is not active.";
    hr = E_ACCESSDENIED;
  }

  return hr;
}

HRESULT WASAPIAudioInputStream::ActivateCaptureDevice() {
  // Creates and activates an IAudioClient COM object given the selected
  // capture endpoint device.
  HRESULT hr = endpoint_device_->Activate(__uuidof(IAudioClient),
                                          CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,
                                          NULL,
                                          audio_client_.ReceiveVoid());
  return hr;
}

HRESULT WASAPIAudioInputStream::GetAudioEngineStreamFormat() {
  HRESULT hr = S_OK;
#ifndef NDEBUG
  // The GetMixFormat() method retrieves the stream format that the
  // audio engine uses for its internal processing of shared-mode streams.
  // The method always uses a WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE structure, instead
  // of a stand-alone WAVEFORMATEX structure, to specify the format.
  // An WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE structure can specify both the mapping of
  // channels to speakers and the number of bits of precision in each sample.
  base::win::ScopedCoMem<WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE> format_ex;
  hr = audio_client_->GetMixFormat(
      reinterpret_cast<WAVEFORMATEX**>(&format_ex));

  // See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/hardware/gg463006#EFH
  // for details on the WAVE file format.
  WAVEFORMATEX format = format_ex->Format;
  DVLOG(2) << "WAVEFORMATEX:";
  DVLOG(2) << "  wFormatTags    : 0x" << std::hex << format.wFormatTag;
  DVLOG(2) << "  nChannels      : " << format.nChannels;
  DVLOG(2) << "  nSamplesPerSec : " << format.nSamplesPerSec;
  DVLOG(2) << "  nAvgBytesPerSec: " << format.nAvgBytesPerSec;
  DVLOG(2) << "  nBlockAlign    : " << format.nBlockAlign;
  DVLOG(2) << "  wBitsPerSample : " << format.wBitsPerSample;
  DVLOG(2) << "  cbSize         : " << format.cbSize;

  DVLOG(2) << "WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE:";
  DVLOG(2) << " wValidBitsPerSample: " <<
      format_ex->Samples.wValidBitsPerSample;
  DVLOG(2) << " dwChannelMask      : 0x" << std::hex <<
      format_ex->dwChannelMask;
  if (format_ex->SubFormat == KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM)
    DVLOG(2) << " SubFormat          : KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM";
  else if (format_ex->SubFormat == KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT)
    DVLOG(2) << " SubFormat          : KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT";
  else if (format_ex->SubFormat == KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_WAVEFORMATEX)
    DVLOG(2) << " SubFormat          : KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_WAVEFORMATEX";
#endif
  return hr;
}

bool WASAPIAudioInputStream::DesiredFormatIsSupported() {
  // An application that uses WASAPI to manage shared-mode streams can rely
  // on the audio engine to perform only limited format conversions. The audio
  // engine can convert between a standard PCM sample size used by the
  // application and the floating-point samples that the engine uses for its
  // internal processing. However, the format for an application stream
  // typically must have the same number of channels and the same sample
  // rate as the stream format used by the device.
  // Many audio devices support both PCM and non-PCM stream formats. However,
  // the audio engine can mix only PCM streams.
  base::win::ScopedCoMem<WAVEFORMATEX> closest_match;
  HRESULT hr = audio_client_->IsFormatSupported(AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED,
                                                &format_,
                                                &closest_match);
  DLOG_IF(ERROR, hr == S_FALSE) << "Format is not supported "
                                << "but a closest match exists.";
  return (hr == S_OK);
}

HRESULT WASAPIAudioInputStream::InitializeAudioEngine() {
  DWORD flags;
  // Use event-driven mode only fo regular input devices. For loopback the
  // EVENTCALLBACK flag is specified when intializing
  // |audio_render_client_for_loopback_|.
  if (device_id_ == AudioManagerBase::kLoopbackInputDeviceId) {
    flags = AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_LOOPBACK | AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_NOPERSIST;
  } else {
    flags =
      AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK | AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_NOPERSIST;
  }

  // Initialize the audio stream between the client and the device.
  // We connect indirectly through the audio engine by using shared mode.
  // Note that, |hnsBufferDuration| is set of 0, which ensures that the
  // buffer is never smaller than the minimum buffer size needed to ensure
  // that glitches do not occur between the periodic processing passes.
  // This setting should lead to lowest possible latency.
  HRESULT hr = audio_client_->Initialize(AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED,
                                         flags,
                                         0,  // hnsBufferDuration
                                         0,
                                         &format_,
                                         NULL);
  if (FAILED(hr))
    return hr;

  // Retrieve the length of the endpoint buffer shared between the client
  // and the audio engine. The buffer length determines the maximum amount
  // of capture data that the audio engine can read from the endpoint buffer
  // during a single processing pass.
  // A typical value is 960 audio frames <=> 20ms @ 48kHz sample rate.
  hr = audio_client_->GetBufferSize(&endpoint_buffer_size_frames_);
  if (FAILED(hr))
    return hr;

  DVLOG(1) << "endpoint buffer size: " << endpoint_buffer_size_frames_
           << " [frames]";

#ifndef NDEBUG
  // The period between processing passes by the audio engine is fixed for a
  // particular audio endpoint device and represents the smallest processing
  // quantum for the audio engine. This period plus the stream latency between
  // the buffer and endpoint device represents the minimum possible latency
  // that an audio application can achieve.
  // TODO(henrika): possibly remove this section when all parts are ready.
  REFERENCE_TIME device_period_shared_mode = 0;
  REFERENCE_TIME device_period_exclusive_mode = 0;
  HRESULT hr_dbg = audio_client_->GetDevicePeriod(
      &device_period_shared_mode, &device_period_exclusive_mode);
  if (SUCCEEDED(hr_dbg)) {
    DVLOG(1) << "device period: "
             << static_cast<double>(device_period_shared_mode / 10000.0)
             << " [ms]";
  }

  REFERENCE_TIME latency = 0;
  hr_dbg = audio_client_->GetStreamLatency(&latency);
  if (SUCCEEDED(hr_dbg)) {
    DVLOG(1) << "stream latency: " << static_cast<double>(latency / 10000.0)
             << " [ms]";
  }
#endif

  // Set the event handle that the audio engine will signal each time a buffer
  // becomes ready to be processed by the client.
  //
  // In loopback case the capture device doesn't receive any events, so we
  // need to create a separate playback client to get notifications. According
  // to MSDN:
  //
  //   A pull-mode capture client does not receive any events when a stream is
  //   initialized with event-driven buffering and is loopback-enabled. To
  //   work around this, initialize a render stream in event-driven mode. Each
  //   time the client receives an event for the render stream, it must signal
  //   the capture client to run the capture thread that reads the next set of
  //   samples from the capture endpoint buffer.
  //
  // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd316551(v=vs.85).aspx
  if (device_id_ == AudioManagerBase::kLoopbackInputDeviceId) {
    hr = endpoint_device_->Activate(
        __uuidof(IAudioClient), CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, NULL,
        audio_render_client_for_loopback_.ReceiveVoid());
    if (FAILED(hr))
      return hr;

    hr = audio_render_client_for_loopback_->Initialize(
        AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED,
        AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK | AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_NOPERSIST,
        0, 0, &format_, NULL);
    if (FAILED(hr))
      return hr;

    hr = audio_render_client_for_loopback_->SetEventHandle(
        audio_samples_ready_event_.Get());
  } else {
    hr = audio_client_->SetEventHandle(audio_samples_ready_event_.Get());
  }

  if (FAILED(hr))
    return hr;

  // Get access to the IAudioCaptureClient interface. This interface
  // enables us to read input data from the capture endpoint buffer.
  hr = audio_client_->GetService(__uuidof(IAudioCaptureClient),
                                 audio_capture_client_.ReceiveVoid());
  if (FAILED(hr))
    return hr;

  // Obtain a reference to the ISimpleAudioVolume interface which enables
  // us to control the master volume level of an audio session.
  hr = audio_client_->GetService(__uuidof(ISimpleAudioVolume),
                                 simple_audio_volume_.ReceiveVoid());
  return hr;
}

}  // namespace media