quic/crypto/strike_register.h

// Copyright (c) 2013 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

#ifndef NET_QUIC_CRYPTO_STRIKE_REGISTER_H_
#define NET_QUIC_CRYPTO_STRIKE_REGISTER_H_

#include <set>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include "base/basictypes.h"
#include "base/memory/scoped_ptr.h"
#include "net/base/net_export.h"

namespace net {

// InsertStatus enum values cannot be changed, they need to be stable.
enum InsertStatus {
  NONCE_OK = 0,
  // The default error value for nonce verification failures from strike
  // register (covers old strike registers and unknown failures).
  NONCE_UNKNOWN_FAILURE = 1,
  // Decrypted nonce had incorrect length.
  NONCE_INVALID_FAILURE = 2,
  // Nonce is not unique.
  NONCE_NOT_UNIQUE_FAILURE = 3,
  // Nonce's orbit is invalid or incorrect.
  NONCE_INVALID_ORBIT_FAILURE = 4,
  // Nonce's timestamp is not in the strike register's valid time range.
  NONCE_INVALID_TIME_FAILURE = 5,
  // Strike register's RPC call timed out, nonce couldn't be verified.
  STRIKE_REGISTER_TIMEOUT = 6,
  // Strike register is down, nonce couldn't be verified.
  STRIKE_REGISTER_FAILURE = 7,
};

// A StrikeRegister is critbit tree which stores a set of observed nonces.
// We use a critbit tree because:
//   1) It's immune to algorithmic complexity attacks. If we had used a hash
//      tree, an attacker could send us a series of values which stretch out one
//      of the hash chains, causing us to do much more work than normal.
//   2) We can write it to use a fixed block of memory: avoiding fragmentation
//      issues and so forth. (We might be able to do that with the STL
//      algorithms and a custom allocator, but I don't want to go there.)
//   3) It's simple (compared to balanced binary trees) and doesn't involve
//      bouncing nearly as many cache lines around.
//   4) It allows us to query for the oldest element in log(n) time.
//
// This code is based on djb's public domain critbit tree from qhasm.
//
// A critbit tree has external and internal nodes. External nodes are just the
// nonce values (which are stored with internal times, see below, and without
// the orbit values included). Internal nodes contain the bit number at which
// the tree is branching and exactly two children. The critical bit is stored
// as a byte number and a byte (|otherbits|) which has all the bits set
// /except/ the one in question.
//
// Internal nodes have exactly two children: an internal node with only a
// single child would be useless.
//
// The branching bit number (considering the MSB to be the 1st bit) is
// monotonically increasing as you go down the tree.
//
// There are two distinct time representations used. External times are those
// which are exposed to the users of this class. They are expected to be a
// count of the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch. Internal times are a
// count of the number of seconds since a point in time a couple of years
// before the creation time given to the constructor. (See
// |ExternalTimeToInternal|) This avoids having to worry about overflow since
// we assume that no process will run for 130 years.
class NET_EXPORT_PRIVATE StrikeRegister {
 public:
  enum StartupType {
    // DENY_REQUESTS_AT_STARTUP is the typical mode for a strike register.
    // Because servers can crash and the strike-register memory-based, the
    // state of the strike-register may be lost at any time. Thus the previous
    // instance of the server may have accepted an nonce with time
    // now+window_secs, which was forgotten in the crash. Therefore
    // DENY_REQUESTS_AT_STARTUP causes the strike-register to reject all
    // requests timestampped before window_secs + the creation time (the
    // quiescent period).
    DENY_REQUESTS_AT_STARTUP,
    // NO_STARTUP_PERIOD_NEEDED indicates that no quiescent period is required.
    // This may be because the strike-register is using an orbit randomly
    // generated at startup and therefore nonces accepted by the previous
    // instance of the strike-register are invalid for that reason.
    NO_STARTUP_PERIOD_NEEDED,
  };

  // An external node takes 24 bytes as we don't record the orbit.
  static const uint32 kExternalNodeSize;

  // We address the nodes by their index in the array. This means that 0 is a
  // valid index. Therefore this is our invalid index. It also has a one bit
  // in the LSB position because we tend to store indexes shifted up 8 bits
  // and this distinguishes kNil from (kExternalFlag | 0) << 8.
  static const uint32 kNil;

  // Our pointers from internal nodes can either point to an internal or
  // external node. We flag the 24th bit to mark a pointer as external.
  static const uint32 kExternalFlag;

  // Allows early validation before a strike register is created.
  static void ValidateStrikeRegisterConfig(unsigned max_entries);

  // Construct a new set which can hold, at most, |max_entries| (which must be
  // less than 2**23). See the comments around StartupType about initial
  // behaviour. Otherwise, all nonces that are outside +/- |window_secs| from
  // the current time will be rejected. Additionally, all nonces that have an
  // orbit value other than |orbit| will be rejected.
  //
  // (Note that this code is independent of the actual units of time used, but
  // you should use seconds.)
  StrikeRegister(unsigned max_entries,
                 uint32 current_time_external,
                 uint32 window_secs,
                 const uint8 orbit[8],
                 StartupType startup);

  ~StrikeRegister();

  void Reset();

  // |Insert| queries to see if |nonce| is
  //   a) for the wrong orbit
  //   b) before the current horizon
  //   c) outside of the valid time window
  //   d) already in the set of observed nonces
  // and returns the failure reason if any of these are true. It is also free to
  // return failure reason for other reasons as it's always safe to reject an
  // nonce.
  //
  // nonces are:
  //   4 bytes of timestamp (UNIX epoch seconds)
  //   8 bytes of orbit value (a cluster id)
  //   20 bytes of random data
  //
  // Otherwise, it inserts |nonce| into the observed set and returns NONCE_OK.
  InsertStatus Insert(const uint8 nonce[32], uint32 current_time);

  // orbit returns a pointer to the 8-byte orbit value for this
  // strike-register.
  const uint8* orbit() const;

  // Time window for which the strike register has complete information.
  uint32 GetCurrentValidWindowSecs(uint32 current_time_external) const;

  // This is a debugging aid which checks the tree for sanity.
  void Validate();

 private:
  class InternalNode;

  // TimeFromBytes returns a big-endian uint32 from |d|.
  static uint32 TimeFromBytes(const uint8 d[4]);

  // Range of internal times for which the strike register has
  // complete information.  A nonce is within the valid range of the
  // strike register if:
  //   valid_range.first <= nonce_time_internal <= valid_range.second
  std::pair<uint32, uint32> GetValidRange(uint32 current_time_internal) const;

  // ExternalTimeToInternal converts an external time value into an internal
  // time value using |internal_epoch_|.
  uint32 ExternalTimeToInternal(uint32 external_time) const;

  // BestMatch returns either kNil, or an external node index which could
  // possibly match |v|.
  uint32 BestMatch(const uint8 v[24]) const;

  // external_node_next_ptr returns the 'next' pointer embedded in external
  // node |i|. This is used to thread a free list through the external nodes.
  uint32& external_node_next_ptr(unsigned i);

  uint8* external_node(unsigned i);

  uint32 GetFreeExternalNode();

  uint32 GetFreeInternalNode();

  // DropOldestNode removes the oldest node in the tree and updates |horizon_|
  // accordingly.
  void DropOldestNode();

  void FreeExternalNode(uint32 index);

  void FreeInternalNode(uint32 index);

  void ValidateTree(uint32 internal_node,
                    int last_bit,
                    const std::vector<std::pair<unsigned, bool> >& bits,
                    const std::set<uint32>& free_internal_nodes,
                    const std::set<uint32>& free_external_nodes,
                    std::set<uint32>* used_internal_nodes,
                    std::set<uint32>* used_external_nodes);

  const uint32 max_entries_;
  const uint32 window_secs_;
  // internal_epoch_ contains the external time value of the start of internal
  // time.
  const uint32 internal_epoch_;
  uint8 orbit_[8];
  // The strike register will reject nonces with internal times < |horizon_| .
  uint32 horizon_;

  uint32 internal_node_free_head_;
  uint32 external_node_free_head_;
  uint32 internal_node_head_;
  // internal_nodes_ can't be a scoped_ptr because the type isn't defined in
  // this header.
  InternalNode* internal_nodes_;
  scoped_ptr<uint8[]> external_nodes_;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(StrikeRegister);
};

}  // namespace net

#endif  // NET_QUIC_CRYPTO_STRIKE_REGISTER_H_