1// Copyright 2005, Google Inc.
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17//
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28// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
29//
30// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan), vladl@google.com (Vlad Losev)
31//
32// This file implements death tests.
33
34#include "gtest/gtest-death-test.h"
35#include "gtest/internal/gtest-port.h"
36
37#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
38
39# if GTEST_OS_MAC
40#  include <crt_externs.h>
41# endif  // GTEST_OS_MAC
42
43# include <errno.h>
44# include <fcntl.h>
45# include <limits.h>
46# include <stdarg.h>
47
48# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
49#  include <windows.h>
50# else
51#  include <sys/mman.h>
52#  include <sys/wait.h>
53# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
54
55#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
56
57#include "gtest/gtest-message.h"
58#include "gtest/internal/gtest-string.h"
59
60// Indicates that this translation unit is part of Google Test's
61// implementation.  It must come before gtest-internal-inl.h is
62// included, or there will be a compiler error.  This trick is to
63// prevent a user from accidentally including gtest-internal-inl.h in
64// his code.
65#define GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_ 1
66#include "src/gtest-internal-inl.h"
67#undef GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_
68
69namespace testing {
70
71// Constants.
72
73// The default death test style.
74static const char kDefaultDeathTestStyle[] = "fast";
75
76GTEST_DEFINE_string_(
77    death_test_style,
78    internal::StringFromGTestEnv("death_test_style", kDefaultDeathTestStyle),
79    "Indicates how to run a death test in a forked child process: "
80    "\"threadsafe\" (child process re-executes the test binary "
81    "from the beginning, running only the specific death test) or "
82    "\"fast\" (child process runs the death test immediately "
83    "after forking).");
84
85GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(
86    death_test_use_fork,
87    internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("death_test_use_fork", false),
88    "Instructs to use fork()/_exit() instead of clone() in death tests. "
89    "Ignored and always uses fork() on POSIX systems where clone() is not "
90    "implemented. Useful when running under valgrind or similar tools if "
91    "those do not support clone(). Valgrind 3.3.1 will just fail if "
92    "it sees an unsupported combination of clone() flags. "
93    "It is not recommended to use this flag w/o valgrind though it will "
94    "work in 99% of the cases. Once valgrind is fixed, this flag will "
95    "most likely be removed.");
96
97namespace internal {
98GTEST_DEFINE_string_(
99    internal_run_death_test, "",
100    "Indicates the file, line number, temporal index of "
101    "the single death test to run, and a file descriptor to "
102    "which a success code may be sent, all separated by "
103    "colons.  This flag is specified if and only if the current "
104    "process is a sub-process launched for running a thread-safe "
105    "death test.  FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY.");
106}  // namespace internal
107
108#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
109
110// ExitedWithCode constructor.
111ExitedWithCode::ExitedWithCode(int exit_code) : exit_code_(exit_code) {
112}
113
114// ExitedWithCode function-call operator.
115bool ExitedWithCode::operator()(int exit_status) const {
116# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
117
118  return exit_status == exit_code_;
119
120# else
121
122  return WIFEXITED(exit_status) && WEXITSTATUS(exit_status) == exit_code_;
123
124# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
125}
126
127# if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
128// KilledBySignal constructor.
129KilledBySignal::KilledBySignal(int signum) : signum_(signum) {
130}
131
132// KilledBySignal function-call operator.
133bool KilledBySignal::operator()(int exit_status) const {
134  return WIFSIGNALED(exit_status) && WTERMSIG(exit_status) == signum_;
135}
136# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
137
138namespace internal {
139
140// Utilities needed for death tests.
141
142// Generates a textual description of a given exit code, in the format
143// specified by wait(2).
144static String ExitSummary(int exit_code) {
145  Message m;
146
147# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
148
149  m << "Exited with exit status " << exit_code;
150
151# else
152
153  if (WIFEXITED(exit_code)) {
154    m << "Exited with exit status " << WEXITSTATUS(exit_code);
155  } else if (WIFSIGNALED(exit_code)) {
156    m << "Terminated by signal " << WTERMSIG(exit_code);
157  }
158#  ifdef WCOREDUMP
159  if (WCOREDUMP(exit_code)) {
160    m << " (core dumped)";
161  }
162#  endif
163# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
164
165  return m.GetString();
166}
167
168// Returns true if exit_status describes a process that was terminated
169// by a signal, or exited normally with a nonzero exit code.
170bool ExitedUnsuccessfully(int exit_status) {
171  return !ExitedWithCode(0)(exit_status);
172}
173
174# if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
175// Generates a textual failure message when a death test finds more than
176// one thread running, or cannot determine the number of threads, prior
177// to executing the given statement.  It is the responsibility of the
178// caller not to pass a thread_count of 1.
179static String DeathTestThreadWarning(size_t thread_count) {
180  Message msg;
181  msg << "Death tests use fork(), which is unsafe particularly"
182      << " in a threaded context. For this test, " << GTEST_NAME_ << " ";
183  if (thread_count == 0)
184    msg << "couldn't detect the number of threads.";
185  else
186    msg << "detected " << thread_count << " threads.";
187  return msg.GetString();
188}
189# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
190
191// Flag characters for reporting a death test that did not die.
192static const char kDeathTestLived = 'L';
193static const char kDeathTestReturned = 'R';
194static const char kDeathTestThrew = 'T';
195static const char kDeathTestInternalError = 'I';
196
197// An enumeration describing all of the possible ways that a death test can
198// conclude.  DIED means that the process died while executing the test
199// code; LIVED means that process lived beyond the end of the test code;
200// RETURNED means that the test statement attempted to execute a return
201// statement, which is not allowed; THREW means that the test statement
202// returned control by throwing an exception.  IN_PROGRESS means the test
203// has not yet concluded.
204// TODO(vladl@google.com): Unify names and possibly values for
205// AbortReason, DeathTestOutcome, and flag characters above.
206enum DeathTestOutcome { IN_PROGRESS, DIED, LIVED, RETURNED, THREW };
207
208// Routine for aborting the program which is safe to call from an
209// exec-style death test child process, in which case the error
210// message is propagated back to the parent process.  Otherwise, the
211// message is simply printed to stderr.  In either case, the program
212// then exits with status 1.
213void DeathTestAbort(const String& message) {
214  // On a POSIX system, this function may be called from a threadsafe-style
215  // death test child process, which operates on a very small stack.  Use
216  // the heap for any additional non-minuscule memory requirements.
217  const InternalRunDeathTestFlag* const flag =
218      GetUnitTestImpl()->internal_run_death_test_flag();
219  if (flag != NULL) {
220    FILE* parent = posix::FDOpen(flag->write_fd(), "w");
221    fputc(kDeathTestInternalError, parent);
222    fprintf(parent, "%s", message.c_str());
223    fflush(parent);
224    _exit(1);
225  } else {
226    fprintf(stderr, "%s", message.c_str());
227    fflush(stderr);
228    posix::Abort();
229  }
230}
231
232// A replacement for CHECK that calls DeathTestAbort if the assertion
233// fails.
234# define GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(expression) \
235  do { \
236    if (!::testing::internal::IsTrue(expression)) { \
237      DeathTestAbort(::testing::internal::String::Format( \
238          "CHECK failed: File %s, line %d: %s", \
239          __FILE__, __LINE__, #expression)); \
240    } \
241  } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
242
243// This macro is similar to GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_, but it is meant for
244// evaluating any system call that fulfills two conditions: it must return
245// -1 on failure, and set errno to EINTR when it is interrupted and
246// should be tried again.  The macro expands to a loop that repeatedly
247// evaluates the expression as long as it evaluates to -1 and sets
248// errno to EINTR.  If the expression evaluates to -1 but errno is
249// something other than EINTR, DeathTestAbort is called.
250# define GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(expression) \
251  do { \
252    int gtest_retval; \
253    do { \
254      gtest_retval = (expression); \
255    } while (gtest_retval == -1 && errno == EINTR); \
256    if (gtest_retval == -1) { \
257      DeathTestAbort(::testing::internal::String::Format( \
258          "CHECK failed: File %s, line %d: %s != -1", \
259          __FILE__, __LINE__, #expression)); \
260    } \
261  } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
262
263// Returns the message describing the last system error in errno.
264String GetLastErrnoDescription() {
265    return String(errno == 0 ? "" : posix::StrError(errno));
266}
267
268// This is called from a death test parent process to read a failure
269// message from the death test child process and log it with the FATAL
270// severity. On Windows, the message is read from a pipe handle. On other
271// platforms, it is read from a file descriptor.
272static void FailFromInternalError(int fd) {
273  Message error;
274  char buffer[256];
275  int num_read;
276
277  do {
278    while ((num_read = posix::Read(fd, buffer, 255)) > 0) {
279      buffer[num_read] = '\0';
280      error << buffer;
281    }
282  } while (num_read == -1 && errno == EINTR);
283
284  if (num_read == 0) {
285    GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << error.GetString();
286  } else {
287    const int last_error = errno;
288    GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Error while reading death test internal: "
289                      << GetLastErrnoDescription() << " [" << last_error << "]";
290  }
291}
292
293// Death test constructor.  Increments the running death test count
294// for the current test.
295DeathTest::DeathTest() {
296  TestInfo* const info = GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_info();
297  if (info == NULL) {
298    DeathTestAbort("Cannot run a death test outside of a TEST or "
299                   "TEST_F construct");
300  }
301}
302
303// Creates and returns a death test by dispatching to the current
304// death test factory.
305bool DeathTest::Create(const char* statement, const RE* regex,
306                       const char* file, int line, DeathTest** test) {
307  return GetUnitTestImpl()->death_test_factory()->Create(
308      statement, regex, file, line, test);
309}
310
311const char* DeathTest::LastMessage() {
312  return last_death_test_message_.c_str();
313}
314
315void DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(const String& message) {
316  last_death_test_message_ = message;
317}
318
319String DeathTest::last_death_test_message_;
320
321// Provides cross platform implementation for some death functionality.
322class DeathTestImpl : public DeathTest {
323 protected:
324  DeathTestImpl(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex)
325      : statement_(a_statement),
326        regex_(a_regex),
327        spawned_(false),
328        status_(-1),
329        outcome_(IN_PROGRESS),
330        read_fd_(-1),
331        write_fd_(-1) {}
332
333  // read_fd_ is expected to be closed and cleared by a derived class.
334  ~DeathTestImpl() { GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(read_fd_ == -1); }
335
336  void Abort(AbortReason reason);
337  virtual bool Passed(bool status_ok);
338
339  const char* statement() const { return statement_; }
340  const RE* regex() const { return regex_; }
341  bool spawned() const { return spawned_; }
342  void set_spawned(bool is_spawned) { spawned_ = is_spawned; }
343  int status() const { return status_; }
344  void set_status(int a_status) { status_ = a_status; }
345  DeathTestOutcome outcome() const { return outcome_; }
346  void set_outcome(DeathTestOutcome an_outcome) { outcome_ = an_outcome; }
347  int read_fd() const { return read_fd_; }
348  void set_read_fd(int fd) { read_fd_ = fd; }
349  int write_fd() const { return write_fd_; }
350  void set_write_fd(int fd) { write_fd_ = fd; }
351
352  // Called in the parent process only. Reads the result code of the death
353  // test child process via a pipe, interprets it to set the outcome_
354  // member, and closes read_fd_.  Outputs diagnostics and terminates in
355  // case of unexpected codes.
356  void ReadAndInterpretStatusByte();
357
358 private:
359  // The textual content of the code this object is testing.  This class
360  // doesn't own this string and should not attempt to delete it.
361  const char* const statement_;
362  // The regular expression which test output must match.  DeathTestImpl
363  // doesn't own this object and should not attempt to delete it.
364  const RE* const regex_;
365  // True if the death test child process has been successfully spawned.
366  bool spawned_;
367  // The exit status of the child process.
368  int status_;
369  // How the death test concluded.
370  DeathTestOutcome outcome_;
371  // Descriptor to the read end of the pipe to the child process.  It is
372  // always -1 in the child process.  The child keeps its write end of the
373  // pipe in write_fd_.
374  int read_fd_;
375  // Descriptor to the child's write end of the pipe to the parent process.
376  // It is always -1 in the parent process.  The parent keeps its end of the
377  // pipe in read_fd_.
378  int write_fd_;
379};
380
381// Called in the parent process only. Reads the result code of the death
382// test child process via a pipe, interprets it to set the outcome_
383// member, and closes read_fd_.  Outputs diagnostics and terminates in
384// case of unexpected codes.
385void DeathTestImpl::ReadAndInterpretStatusByte() {
386  char flag;
387  int bytes_read;
388
389  // The read() here blocks until data is available (signifying the
390  // failure of the death test) or until the pipe is closed (signifying
391  // its success), so it's okay to call this in the parent before
392  // the child process has exited.
393  do {
394    bytes_read = posix::Read(read_fd(), &flag, 1);
395  } while (bytes_read == -1 && errno == EINTR);
396
397  if (bytes_read == 0) {
398    set_outcome(DIED);
399  } else if (bytes_read == 1) {
400    switch (flag) {
401      case kDeathTestReturned:
402        set_outcome(RETURNED);
403        break;
404      case kDeathTestThrew:
405        set_outcome(THREW);
406        break;
407      case kDeathTestLived:
408        set_outcome(LIVED);
409        break;
410      case kDeathTestInternalError:
411        FailFromInternalError(read_fd());  // Does not return.
412        break;
413      default:
414        GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Death test child process reported "
415                          << "unexpected status byte ("
416                          << static_cast<unsigned int>(flag) << ")";
417    }
418  } else {
419    GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Read from death test child process failed: "
420                      << GetLastErrnoDescription();
421  }
422  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(posix::Close(read_fd()));
423  set_read_fd(-1);
424}
425
426// Signals that the death test code which should have exited, didn't.
427// Should be called only in a death test child process.
428// Writes a status byte to the child's status file descriptor, then
429// calls _exit(1).
430void DeathTestImpl::Abort(AbortReason reason) {
431  // The parent process considers the death test to be a failure if
432  // it finds any data in our pipe.  So, here we write a single flag byte
433  // to the pipe, then exit.
434  const char status_ch =
435      reason == TEST_DID_NOT_DIE ? kDeathTestLived :
436      reason == TEST_THREW_EXCEPTION ? kDeathTestThrew : kDeathTestReturned;
437
438  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(posix::Write(write_fd(), &status_ch, 1));
439  // We are leaking the descriptor here because on some platforms (i.e.,
440  // when built as Windows DLL), destructors of global objects will still
441  // run after calling _exit(). On such systems, write_fd_ will be
442  // indirectly closed from the destructor of UnitTestImpl, causing double
443  // close if it is also closed here. On debug configurations, double close
444  // may assert. As there are no in-process buffers to flush here, we are
445  // relying on the OS to close the descriptor after the process terminates
446  // when the destructors are not run.
447  _exit(1);  // Exits w/o any normal exit hooks (we were supposed to crash)
448}
449
450// Returns an indented copy of stderr output for a death test.
451// This makes distinguishing death test output lines from regular log lines
452// much easier.
453static ::std::string FormatDeathTestOutput(const ::std::string& output) {
454  ::std::string ret;
455  for (size_t at = 0; ; ) {
456    const size_t line_end = output.find('\n', at);
457    ret += "[  DEATH   ] ";
458    if (line_end == ::std::string::npos) {
459      ret += output.substr(at);
460      break;
461    }
462    ret += output.substr(at, line_end + 1 - at);
463    at = line_end + 1;
464  }
465  return ret;
466}
467
468// Assesses the success or failure of a death test, using both private
469// members which have previously been set, and one argument:
470//
471// Private data members:
472//   outcome:  An enumeration describing how the death test
473//             concluded: DIED, LIVED, THREW, or RETURNED.  The death test
474//             fails in the latter three cases.
475//   status:   The exit status of the child process. On *nix, it is in the
476//             in the format specified by wait(2). On Windows, this is the
477//             value supplied to the ExitProcess() API or a numeric code
478//             of the exception that terminated the program.
479//   regex:    A regular expression object to be applied to
480//             the test's captured standard error output; the death test
481//             fails if it does not match.
482//
483// Argument:
484//   status_ok: true if exit_status is acceptable in the context of
485//              this particular death test, which fails if it is false
486//
487// Returns true iff all of the above conditions are met.  Otherwise, the
488// first failing condition, in the order given above, is the one that is
489// reported. Also sets the last death test message string.
490bool DeathTestImpl::Passed(bool status_ok) {
491  if (!spawned())
492    return false;
493
494  const String error_message = GetCapturedStderr();
495
496  bool success = false;
497  Message buffer;
498
499  buffer << "Death test: " << statement() << "\n";
500  switch (outcome()) {
501    case LIVED:
502      buffer << "    Result: failed to die.\n"
503             << " Error msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
504      break;
505    case THREW:
506      buffer << "    Result: threw an exception.\n"
507             << " Error msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
508      break;
509    case RETURNED:
510      buffer << "    Result: illegal return in test statement.\n"
511             << " Error msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
512      break;
513    case DIED:
514      if (status_ok) {
515        const bool matched = RE::PartialMatch(error_message.c_str(), *regex());
516        if (matched) {
517          success = true;
518        } else {
519          buffer << "    Result: died but not with expected error.\n"
520                 << "  Expected: " << regex()->pattern() << "\n"
521                 << "Actual msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
522        }
523      } else {
524        buffer << "    Result: died but not with expected exit code:\n"
525               << "            " << ExitSummary(status()) << "\n"
526               << "Actual msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
527      }
528      break;
529    case IN_PROGRESS:
530    default:
531      GTEST_LOG_(FATAL)
532          << "DeathTest::Passed somehow called before conclusion of test";
533  }
534
535  DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(buffer.GetString());
536  return success;
537}
538
539# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
540// WindowsDeathTest implements death tests on Windows. Due to the
541// specifics of starting new processes on Windows, death tests there are
542// always threadsafe, and Google Test considers the
543// --gtest_death_test_style=fast setting to be equivalent to
544// --gtest_death_test_style=threadsafe there.
545//
546// A few implementation notes:  Like the Linux version, the Windows
547// implementation uses pipes for child-to-parent communication. But due to
548// the specifics of pipes on Windows, some extra steps are required:
549//
550// 1. The parent creates a communication pipe and stores handles to both
551//    ends of it.
552// 2. The parent starts the child and provides it with the information
553//    necessary to acquire the handle to the write end of the pipe.
554// 3. The child acquires the write end of the pipe and signals the parent
555//    using a Windows event.
556// 4. Now the parent can release the write end of the pipe on its side. If
557//    this is done before step 3, the object's reference count goes down to
558//    0 and it is destroyed, preventing the child from acquiring it. The
559//    parent now has to release it, or read operations on the read end of
560//    the pipe will not return when the child terminates.
561// 5. The parent reads child's output through the pipe (outcome code and
562//    any possible error messages) from the pipe, and its stderr and then
563//    determines whether to fail the test.
564//
565// Note: to distinguish Win32 API calls from the local method and function
566// calls, the former are explicitly resolved in the global namespace.
567//
568class WindowsDeathTest : public DeathTestImpl {
569 public:
570  WindowsDeathTest(const char* a_statement,
571                   const RE* a_regex,
572                   const char* file,
573                   int line)
574      : DeathTestImpl(a_statement, a_regex), file_(file), line_(line) {}
575
576  // All of these virtual functions are inherited from DeathTest.
577  virtual int Wait();
578  virtual TestRole AssumeRole();
579
580 private:
581  // The name of the file in which the death test is located.
582  const char* const file_;
583  // The line number on which the death test is located.
584  const int line_;
585  // Handle to the write end of the pipe to the child process.
586  AutoHandle write_handle_;
587  // Child process handle.
588  AutoHandle child_handle_;
589  // Event the child process uses to signal the parent that it has
590  // acquired the handle to the write end of the pipe. After seeing this
591  // event the parent can release its own handles to make sure its
592  // ReadFile() calls return when the child terminates.
593  AutoHandle event_handle_;
594};
595
596// Waits for the child in a death test to exit, returning its exit
597// status, or 0 if no child process exists.  As a side effect, sets the
598// outcome data member.
599int WindowsDeathTest::Wait() {
600  if (!spawned())
601    return 0;
602
603  // Wait until the child either signals that it has acquired the write end
604  // of the pipe or it dies.
605  const HANDLE wait_handles[2] = { child_handle_.Get(), event_handle_.Get() };
606  switch (::WaitForMultipleObjects(2,
607                                   wait_handles,
608                                   FALSE,  // Waits for any of the handles.
609                                   INFINITE)) {
610    case WAIT_OBJECT_0:
611    case WAIT_OBJECT_0 + 1:
612      break;
613    default:
614      GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(false);  // Should not get here.
615  }
616
617  // The child has acquired the write end of the pipe or exited.
618  // We release the handle on our side and continue.
619  write_handle_.Reset();
620  event_handle_.Reset();
621
622  ReadAndInterpretStatusByte();
623
624  // Waits for the child process to exit if it haven't already. This
625  // returns immediately if the child has already exited, regardless of
626  // whether previous calls to WaitForMultipleObjects synchronized on this
627  // handle or not.
628  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
629      WAIT_OBJECT_0 == ::WaitForSingleObject(child_handle_.Get(),
630                                             INFINITE));
631  DWORD status_code;
632  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
633      ::GetExitCodeProcess(child_handle_.Get(), &status_code) != FALSE);
634  child_handle_.Reset();
635  set_status(static_cast<int>(status_code));
636  return status();
637}
638
639// The AssumeRole process for a Windows death test.  It creates a child
640// process with the same executable as the current process to run the
641// death test.  The child process is given the --gtest_filter and
642// --gtest_internal_run_death_test flags such that it knows to run the
643// current death test only.
644DeathTest::TestRole WindowsDeathTest::AssumeRole() {
645  const UnitTestImpl* const impl = GetUnitTestImpl();
646  const InternalRunDeathTestFlag* const flag =
647      impl->internal_run_death_test_flag();
648  const TestInfo* const info = impl->current_test_info();
649  const int death_test_index = info->result()->death_test_count();
650
651  if (flag != NULL) {
652    // ParseInternalRunDeathTestFlag() has performed all the necessary
653    // processing.
654    set_write_fd(flag->write_fd());
655    return EXECUTE_TEST;
656  }
657
658  // WindowsDeathTest uses an anonymous pipe to communicate results of
659  // a death test.
660  SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES handles_are_inheritable = {
661    sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES), NULL, TRUE };
662  HANDLE read_handle, write_handle;
663  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
664      ::CreatePipe(&read_handle, &write_handle, &handles_are_inheritable,
665                   0)  // Default buffer size.
666      != FALSE);
667  set_read_fd(::_open_osfhandle(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(read_handle),
668                                O_RDONLY));
669  write_handle_.Reset(write_handle);
670  event_handle_.Reset(::CreateEvent(
671      &handles_are_inheritable,
672      TRUE,    // The event will automatically reset to non-signaled state.
673      FALSE,   // The initial state is non-signalled.
674      NULL));  // The even is unnamed.
675  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(event_handle_.Get() != NULL);
676  const String filter_flag = String::Format("--%s%s=%s.%s",
677                                            GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_, kFilterFlag,
678                                            info->test_case_name(),
679                                            info->name());
680  const String internal_flag = String::Format(
681    "--%s%s=%s|%d|%d|%u|%Iu|%Iu",
682      GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_,
683      kInternalRunDeathTestFlag,
684      file_, line_,
685      death_test_index,
686      static_cast<unsigned int>(::GetCurrentProcessId()),
687      // size_t has the same with as pointers on both 32-bit and 64-bit
688      // Windows platforms.
689      // See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tcxf1dw6.aspx.
690      reinterpret_cast<size_t>(write_handle),
691      reinterpret_cast<size_t>(event_handle_.Get()));
692
693  char executable_path[_MAX_PATH + 1];  // NOLINT
694  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
695      _MAX_PATH + 1 != ::GetModuleFileNameA(NULL,
696                                            executable_path,
697                                            _MAX_PATH));
698
699  String command_line = String::Format("%s %s \"%s\"",
700                                       ::GetCommandLineA(),
701                                       filter_flag.c_str(),
702                                       internal_flag.c_str());
703
704  DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message("");
705
706  CaptureStderr();
707  // Flush the log buffers since the log streams are shared with the child.
708  FlushInfoLog();
709
710  // The child process will share the standard handles with the parent.
711  STARTUPINFOA startup_info;
712  memset(&startup_info, 0, sizeof(STARTUPINFO));
713  startup_info.dwFlags = STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
714  startup_info.hStdInput = ::GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE);
715  startup_info.hStdOutput = ::GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
716  startup_info.hStdError = ::GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
717
718  PROCESS_INFORMATION process_info;
719  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(::CreateProcessA(
720      executable_path,
721      const_cast<char*>(command_line.c_str()),
722      NULL,   // Retuned process handle is not inheritable.
723      NULL,   // Retuned thread handle is not inheritable.
724      TRUE,   // Child inherits all inheritable handles (for write_handle_).
725      0x0,    // Default creation flags.
726      NULL,   // Inherit the parent's environment.
727      UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir(),
728      &startup_info,
729      &process_info) != FALSE);
730  child_handle_.Reset(process_info.hProcess);
731  ::CloseHandle(process_info.hThread);
732  set_spawned(true);
733  return OVERSEE_TEST;
734}
735# else  // We are not on Windows.
736
737// ForkingDeathTest provides implementations for most of the abstract
738// methods of the DeathTest interface.  Only the AssumeRole method is
739// left undefined.
740class ForkingDeathTest : public DeathTestImpl {
741 public:
742  ForkingDeathTest(const char* statement, const RE* regex);
743
744  // All of these virtual functions are inherited from DeathTest.
745  virtual int Wait();
746
747 protected:
748  void set_child_pid(pid_t child_pid) { child_pid_ = child_pid; }
749
750 private:
751  // PID of child process during death test; 0 in the child process itself.
752  pid_t child_pid_;
753};
754
755// Constructs a ForkingDeathTest.
756ForkingDeathTest::ForkingDeathTest(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex)
757    : DeathTestImpl(a_statement, a_regex),
758      child_pid_(-1) {}
759
760// Waits for the child in a death test to exit, returning its exit
761// status, or 0 if no child process exists.  As a side effect, sets the
762// outcome data member.
763int ForkingDeathTest::Wait() {
764  if (!spawned())
765    return 0;
766
767  ReadAndInterpretStatusByte();
768
769  int status_value;
770  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(waitpid(child_pid_, &status_value, 0));
771  set_status(status_value);
772  return status_value;
773}
774
775// A concrete death test class that forks, then immediately runs the test
776// in the child process.
777class NoExecDeathTest : public ForkingDeathTest {
778 public:
779  NoExecDeathTest(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex) :
780      ForkingDeathTest(a_statement, a_regex) { }
781  virtual TestRole AssumeRole();
782};
783
784// The AssumeRole process for a fork-and-run death test.  It implements a
785// straightforward fork, with a simple pipe to transmit the status byte.
786DeathTest::TestRole NoExecDeathTest::AssumeRole() {
787  const size_t thread_count = GetThreadCount();
788  if (thread_count != 1) {
789    GTEST_LOG_(WARNING) << DeathTestThreadWarning(thread_count);
790  }
791
792  int pipe_fd[2];
793  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(pipe(pipe_fd) != -1);
794
795  DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message("");
796  CaptureStderr();
797  // When we fork the process below, the log file buffers are copied, but the
798  // file descriptors are shared.  We flush all log files here so that closing
799  // the file descriptors in the child process doesn't throw off the
800  // synchronization between descriptors and buffers in the parent process.
801  // This is as close to the fork as possible to avoid a race condition in case
802  // there are multiple threads running before the death test, and another
803  // thread writes to the log file.
804  FlushInfoLog();
805
806  const pid_t child_pid = fork();
807  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(child_pid != -1);
808  set_child_pid(child_pid);
809  if (child_pid == 0) {
810    GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(pipe_fd[0]));
811    set_write_fd(pipe_fd[1]);
812    // Redirects all logging to stderr in the child process to prevent
813    // concurrent writes to the log files.  We capture stderr in the parent
814    // process and append the child process' output to a log.
815    LogToStderr();
816    // Event forwarding to the listeners of event listener API mush be shut
817    // down in death test subprocesses.
818    GetUnitTestImpl()->listeners()->SuppressEventForwarding();
819    return EXECUTE_TEST;
820  } else {
821    GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(pipe_fd[1]));
822    set_read_fd(pipe_fd[0]);
823    set_spawned(true);
824    return OVERSEE_TEST;
825  }
826}
827
828// A concrete death test class that forks and re-executes the main
829// program from the beginning, with command-line flags set that cause
830// only this specific death test to be run.
831class ExecDeathTest : public ForkingDeathTest {
832 public:
833  ExecDeathTest(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex,
834                const char* file, int line) :
835      ForkingDeathTest(a_statement, a_regex), file_(file), line_(line) { }
836  virtual TestRole AssumeRole();
837 private:
838  // The name of the file in which the death test is located.
839  const char* const file_;
840  // The line number on which the death test is located.
841  const int line_;
842};
843
844// Utility class for accumulating command-line arguments.
845class Arguments {
846 public:
847  Arguments() {
848    args_.push_back(NULL);
849  }
850
851  ~Arguments() {
852    for (std::vector<char*>::iterator i = args_.begin(); i != args_.end();
853         ++i) {
854      free(*i);
855    }
856  }
857  void AddArgument(const char* argument) {
858    args_.insert(args_.end() - 1, posix::StrDup(argument));
859  }
860
861  template <typename Str>
862  void AddArguments(const ::std::vector<Str>& arguments) {
863    for (typename ::std::vector<Str>::const_iterator i = arguments.begin();
864         i != arguments.end();
865         ++i) {
866      args_.insert(args_.end() - 1, posix::StrDup(i->c_str()));
867    }
868  }
869  char* const* Argv() {
870    return &args_[0];
871  }
872 private:
873  std::vector<char*> args_;
874};
875
876// A struct that encompasses the arguments to the child process of a
877// threadsafe-style death test process.
878struct ExecDeathTestArgs {
879  char* const* argv;  // Command-line arguments for the child's call to exec
880  int close_fd;       // File descriptor to close; the read end of a pipe
881};
882
883#  if GTEST_OS_MAC
884inline char** GetEnviron() {
885  // When Google Test is built as a framework on MacOS X, the environ variable
886  // is unavailable. Apple's documentation (man environ) recommends using
887  // _NSGetEnviron() instead.
888  return *_NSGetEnviron();
889}
890#  else
891// Some POSIX platforms expect you to declare environ. extern "C" makes
892// it reside in the global namespace.
893extern "C" char** environ;
894inline char** GetEnviron() { return environ; }
895#  endif  // GTEST_OS_MAC
896
897// The main function for a threadsafe-style death test child process.
898// This function is called in a clone()-ed process and thus must avoid
899// any potentially unsafe operations like malloc or libc functions.
900static int ExecDeathTestChildMain(void* child_arg) {
901  ExecDeathTestArgs* const args = static_cast<ExecDeathTestArgs*>(child_arg);
902  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(args->close_fd));
903
904  // We need to execute the test program in the same environment where
905  // it was originally invoked.  Therefore we change to the original
906  // working directory first.
907  const char* const original_dir =
908      UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir();
909  // We can safely call chdir() as it's a direct system call.
910  if (chdir(original_dir) != 0) {
911    DeathTestAbort(String::Format("chdir(\"%s\") failed: %s",
912                                  original_dir,
913                                  GetLastErrnoDescription().c_str()));
914    return EXIT_FAILURE;
915  }
916
917  // We can safely call execve() as it's a direct system call.  We
918  // cannot use execvp() as it's a libc function and thus potentially
919  // unsafe.  Since execve() doesn't search the PATH, the user must
920  // invoke the test program via a valid path that contains at least
921  // one path separator.
922  execve(args->argv[0], args->argv, GetEnviron());
923  DeathTestAbort(String::Format("execve(%s, ...) in %s failed: %s",
924                                args->argv[0],
925                                original_dir,
926                                GetLastErrnoDescription().c_str()));
927  return EXIT_FAILURE;
928}
929
930// Two utility routines that together determine the direction the stack
931// grows.
932// This could be accomplished more elegantly by a single recursive
933// function, but we want to guard against the unlikely possibility of
934// a smart compiler optimizing the recursion away.
935//
936// GTEST_NO_INLINE_ is required to prevent GCC 4.6 from inlining
937// StackLowerThanAddress into StackGrowsDown, which then doesn't give
938// correct answer.
939bool StackLowerThanAddress(const void* ptr) GTEST_NO_INLINE_;
940bool StackLowerThanAddress(const void* ptr) {
941  int dummy;
942  return &dummy < ptr;
943}
944
945bool StackGrowsDown() {
946  int dummy;
947  return StackLowerThanAddress(&dummy);
948}
949
950// A threadsafe implementation of fork(2) for threadsafe-style death tests
951// that uses clone(2).  It dies with an error message if anything goes
952// wrong.
953static pid_t ExecDeathTestFork(char* const* argv, int close_fd) {
954  ExecDeathTestArgs args = { argv, close_fd };
955  pid_t child_pid = -1;
956
957#  if GTEST_HAS_CLONE
958  const bool use_fork = GTEST_FLAG(death_test_use_fork);
959
960  if (!use_fork) {
961    static const bool stack_grows_down = StackGrowsDown();
962    const size_t stack_size = getpagesize();
963    // MMAP_ANONYMOUS is not defined on Mac, so we use MAP_ANON instead.
964    void* const stack = mmap(NULL, stack_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
965                             MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
966    GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(stack != MAP_FAILED);
967    void* const stack_top =
968        static_cast<char*>(stack) + (stack_grows_down ? stack_size : 0);
969
970    child_pid = clone(&ExecDeathTestChildMain, stack_top, SIGCHLD, &args);
971
972    GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(munmap(stack, stack_size) != -1);
973  }
974#  else
975  const bool use_fork = true;
976#  endif  // GTEST_HAS_CLONE
977
978  if (use_fork && (child_pid = fork()) == 0) {
979      ExecDeathTestChildMain(&args);
980      _exit(0);
981  }
982
983  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(child_pid != -1);
984  return child_pid;
985}
986
987// The AssumeRole process for a fork-and-exec death test.  It re-executes the
988// main program from the beginning, setting the --gtest_filter
989// and --gtest_internal_run_death_test flags to cause only the current
990// death test to be re-run.
991DeathTest::TestRole ExecDeathTest::AssumeRole() {
992  const UnitTestImpl* const impl = GetUnitTestImpl();
993  const InternalRunDeathTestFlag* const flag =
994      impl->internal_run_death_test_flag();
995  const TestInfo* const info = impl->current_test_info();
996  const int death_test_index = info->result()->death_test_count();
997
998  if (flag != NULL) {
999    set_write_fd(flag->write_fd());
1000    return EXECUTE_TEST;
1001  }
1002
1003  int pipe_fd[2];
1004  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(pipe(pipe_fd) != -1);
1005  // Clear the close-on-exec flag on the write end of the pipe, lest
1006  // it be closed when the child process does an exec:
1007  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(fcntl(pipe_fd[1], F_SETFD, 0) != -1);
1008
1009  const String filter_flag =
1010      String::Format("--%s%s=%s.%s",
1011                     GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_, kFilterFlag,
1012                     info->test_case_name(), info->name());
1013  const String internal_flag =
1014      String::Format("--%s%s=%s|%d|%d|%d",
1015                     GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_, kInternalRunDeathTestFlag,
1016                     file_, line_, death_test_index, pipe_fd[1]);
1017  Arguments args;
1018  args.AddArguments(GetArgvs());
1019  args.AddArgument(filter_flag.c_str());
1020  args.AddArgument(internal_flag.c_str());
1021
1022  DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message("");
1023
1024  CaptureStderr();
1025  // See the comment in NoExecDeathTest::AssumeRole for why the next line
1026  // is necessary.
1027  FlushInfoLog();
1028
1029  const pid_t child_pid = ExecDeathTestFork(args.Argv(), pipe_fd[0]);
1030  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(pipe_fd[1]));
1031  set_child_pid(child_pid);
1032  set_read_fd(pipe_fd[0]);
1033  set_spawned(true);
1034  return OVERSEE_TEST;
1035}
1036
1037# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
1038
1039// Creates a concrete DeathTest-derived class that depends on the
1040// --gtest_death_test_style flag, and sets the pointer pointed to
1041// by the "test" argument to its address.  If the test should be
1042// skipped, sets that pointer to NULL.  Returns true, unless the
1043// flag is set to an invalid value.
1044bool DefaultDeathTestFactory::Create(const char* statement, const RE* regex,
1045                                     const char* file, int line,
1046                                     DeathTest** test) {
1047  UnitTestImpl* const impl = GetUnitTestImpl();
1048  const InternalRunDeathTestFlag* const flag =
1049      impl->internal_run_death_test_flag();
1050  const int death_test_index = impl->current_test_info()
1051      ->increment_death_test_count();
1052
1053  if (flag != NULL) {
1054    if (death_test_index > flag->index()) {
1055      DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(String::Format(
1056          "Death test count (%d) somehow exceeded expected maximum (%d)",
1057          death_test_index, flag->index()));
1058      return false;
1059    }
1060
1061    if (!(flag->file() == file && flag->line() == line &&
1062          flag->index() == death_test_index)) {
1063      *test = NULL;
1064      return true;
1065    }
1066  }
1067
1068# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
1069
1070  if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "threadsafe" ||
1071      GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "fast") {
1072    *test = new WindowsDeathTest(statement, regex, file, line);
1073  }
1074
1075# else
1076
1077  if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "threadsafe") {
1078    *test = new ExecDeathTest(statement, regex, file, line);
1079  } else if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "fast") {
1080    *test = new NoExecDeathTest(statement, regex);
1081  }
1082
1083# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
1084
1085  else {  // NOLINT - this is more readable than unbalanced brackets inside #if.
1086    DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(String::Format(
1087        "Unknown death test style \"%s\" encountered",
1088        GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style).c_str()));
1089    return false;
1090  }
1091
1092  return true;
1093}
1094
1095// Splits a given string on a given delimiter, populating a given
1096// vector with the fields.  GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST implies that we have
1097// ::std::string, so we can use it here.
1098static void SplitString(const ::std::string& str, char delimiter,
1099                        ::std::vector< ::std::string>* dest) {
1100  ::std::vector< ::std::string> parsed;
1101  ::std::string::size_type pos = 0;
1102  while (::testing::internal::AlwaysTrue()) {
1103    const ::std::string::size_type colon = str.find(delimiter, pos);
1104    if (colon == ::std::string::npos) {
1105      parsed.push_back(str.substr(pos));
1106      break;
1107    } else {
1108      parsed.push_back(str.substr(pos, colon - pos));
1109      pos = colon + 1;
1110    }
1111  }
1112  dest->swap(parsed);
1113}
1114
1115# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
1116// Recreates the pipe and event handles from the provided parameters,
1117// signals the event, and returns a file descriptor wrapped around the pipe
1118// handle. This function is called in the child process only.
1119int GetStatusFileDescriptor(unsigned int parent_process_id,
1120                            size_t write_handle_as_size_t,
1121                            size_t event_handle_as_size_t) {
1122  AutoHandle parent_process_handle(::OpenProcess(PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE,
1123                                                   FALSE,  // Non-inheritable.
1124                                                   parent_process_id));
1125  if (parent_process_handle.Get() == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
1126    DeathTestAbort(String::Format("Unable to open parent process %u",
1127                                  parent_process_id));
1128  }
1129
1130  // TODO(vladl@google.com): Replace the following check with a
1131  // compile-time assertion when available.
1132  GTEST_CHECK_(sizeof(HANDLE) <= sizeof(size_t));
1133
1134  const HANDLE write_handle =
1135      reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(write_handle_as_size_t);
1136  HANDLE dup_write_handle;
1137
1138  // The newly initialized handle is accessible only in in the parent
1139  // process. To obtain one accessible within the child, we need to use
1140  // DuplicateHandle.
1141  if (!::DuplicateHandle(parent_process_handle.Get(), write_handle,
1142                         ::GetCurrentProcess(), &dup_write_handle,
1143                         0x0,    // Requested privileges ignored since
1144                                 // DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS is used.
1145                         FALSE,  // Request non-inheritable handler.
1146                         DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)) {
1147    DeathTestAbort(String::Format(
1148        "Unable to duplicate the pipe handle %Iu from the parent process %u",
1149        write_handle_as_size_t, parent_process_id));
1150  }
1151
1152  const HANDLE event_handle = reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(event_handle_as_size_t);
1153  HANDLE dup_event_handle;
1154
1155  if (!::DuplicateHandle(parent_process_handle.Get(), event_handle,
1156                         ::GetCurrentProcess(), &dup_event_handle,
1157                         0x0,
1158                         FALSE,
1159                         DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)) {
1160    DeathTestAbort(String::Format(
1161        "Unable to duplicate the event handle %Iu from the parent process %u",
1162        event_handle_as_size_t, parent_process_id));
1163  }
1164
1165  const int write_fd =
1166      ::_open_osfhandle(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(dup_write_handle), O_APPEND);
1167  if (write_fd == -1) {
1168    DeathTestAbort(String::Format(
1169        "Unable to convert pipe handle %Iu to a file descriptor",
1170        write_handle_as_size_t));
1171  }
1172
1173  // Signals the parent that the write end of the pipe has been acquired
1174  // so the parent can release its own write end.
1175  ::SetEvent(dup_event_handle);
1176
1177  return write_fd;
1178}
1179# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
1180
1181// Returns a newly created InternalRunDeathTestFlag object with fields
1182// initialized from the GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test) flag if
1183// the flag is specified; otherwise returns NULL.
1184InternalRunDeathTestFlag* ParseInternalRunDeathTestFlag() {
1185  if (GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test) == "") return NULL;
1186
1187  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST implies that we have ::std::string, so we
1188  // can use it here.
1189  int line = -1;
1190  int index = -1;
1191  ::std::vector< ::std::string> fields;
1192  SplitString(GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test).c_str(), '|', &fields);
1193  int write_fd = -1;
1194
1195# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
1196
1197  unsigned int parent_process_id = 0;
1198  size_t write_handle_as_size_t = 0;
1199  size_t event_handle_as_size_t = 0;
1200
1201  if (fields.size() != 6
1202      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[1], &line)
1203      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[2], &index)
1204      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[3], &parent_process_id)
1205      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[4], &write_handle_as_size_t)
1206      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[5], &event_handle_as_size_t)) {
1207    DeathTestAbort(String::Format(
1208        "Bad --gtest_internal_run_death_test flag: %s",
1209        GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test).c_str()));
1210  }
1211  write_fd = GetStatusFileDescriptor(parent_process_id,
1212                                     write_handle_as_size_t,
1213                                     event_handle_as_size_t);
1214# else
1215
1216  if (fields.size() != 4
1217      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[1], &line)
1218      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[2], &index)
1219      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[3], &write_fd)) {
1220    DeathTestAbort(String::Format(
1221        "Bad --gtest_internal_run_death_test flag: %s",
1222        GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test).c_str()));
1223  }
1224
1225# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
1226
1227  return new InternalRunDeathTestFlag(fields[0], line, index, write_fd);
1228}
1229
1230}  // namespace internal
1231
1232#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
1233
1234}  // namespace testing
1235