fontTools/ttLib/__init__.py

"""fontTools.ttLib -- a package for dealing with TrueType fonts.

This package offers translators to convert TrueType fonts to Python
objects and vice versa, and additionally from Python to TTX (an XML-based
text format) and vice versa.

Example interactive session:

Python 1.5.2c1 (#43, Mar  9 1999, 13:06:43)  [CW PPC w/GUSI w/MSL]
Copyright 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam
>>> from fontTools import ttLib
>>> tt = ttLib.TTFont("afont.ttf")
>>> tt['maxp'].numGlyphs
242
>>> tt['OS/2'].achVendID
'B&H\000'
>>> tt['head'].unitsPerEm
2048
>>> tt.saveXML("afont.ttx")
Dumping 'LTSH' table...
Dumping 'OS/2' table...
Dumping 'VDMX' table...
Dumping 'cmap' table...
Dumping 'cvt ' table...
Dumping 'fpgm' table...
Dumping 'glyf' table...
Dumping 'hdmx' table...
Dumping 'head' table...
Dumping 'hhea' table...
Dumping 'hmtx' table...
Dumping 'loca' table...
Dumping 'maxp' table...
Dumping 'name' table...
Dumping 'post' table...
Dumping 'prep' table...
>>> tt2 = ttLib.TTFont()
>>> tt2.importXML("afont.ttx")
>>> tt2['maxp'].numGlyphs
242
>>>

"""

#
# $Id: __init__.py,v 1.46 2005-01-24 10:06:45 jvr Exp $
#

import sys
import os
import string

haveMacSupport = 0
if sys.platform == "mac":
	haveMacSupport = 1
elif sys.platform == "darwin" and sys.version_info[:3] != (2, 2, 0):
	# Python 2.2's Mac support is broken, so don't enable it there.
	haveMacSupport = 1


class TTLibError(Exception): pass


class TTFont:

	"""The main font object. It manages file input and output, and offers
	a convenient way of accessing tables.
	Tables will be only decompiled when neccesary, ie. when they're actually
	accessed. This means that simple operations can be extremely fast.
	"""

	def __init__(self, file=None, res_name_or_index=None,
			sfntVersion="\000\001\000\000", checkChecksums=0,
			verbose=0, recalcBBoxes=1):

		"""The constructor can be called with a few different arguments.
		When reading a font from disk, 'file' should be either a pathname
		pointing to a file, or a readable file object.

		It we're running on a Macintosh, 'res_name_or_index' maybe an sfnt
		resource name or an sfnt resource index number or zero. The latter
		case will cause TTLib to autodetect whether the file is a flat file
		or a suitcase. (If it's a suitcase, only the first 'sfnt' resource
		will be read!)

		The 'checkChecksums' argument is used to specify how sfnt
		checksums are treated upon reading a file from disk:
			0: don't check (default)
			1: check, print warnings if a wrong checksum is found
			2: check, raise an exception if a wrong checksum is found.

		The TTFont constructor can also be called without a 'file'
		argument: this is the way to create a new empty font.
		In this case you can optionally supply the 'sfntVersion' argument.

		If the recalcBBoxes argument is false, a number of things will *not*
		be recalculated upon save/compile:
			1) glyph bounding boxes
			2) maxp font bounding box
			3) hhea min/max values
		(1) is needed for certain kinds of CJK fonts (ask Werner Lemberg ;-).
		Additionally, upon importing an TTX file, this option cause glyphs
		to be compiled right away. This should reduce memory consumption
		greatly, and therefore should have some impact on the time needed
		to parse/compile large fonts.
		"""

		import sfnt
		self.verbose = verbose
		self.recalcBBoxes = recalcBBoxes
		self.tables = {}
		self.reader = None
		if not file:
			self.sfntVersion = sfntVersion
			return
		if not hasattr(file, "read"):
			# assume file is a string
			if haveMacSupport and res_name_or_index is not None:
				# on the mac, we deal with sfnt resources as well as flat files
				import macUtils
				if res_name_or_index == 0:
					if macUtils.getSFNTResIndices(file):
						# get the first available sfnt font.
						file = macUtils.SFNTResourceReader(file, 1)
					else:
						file = open(file, "rb")
				else:
					file = macUtils.SFNTResourceReader(file, res_name_or_index)
			else:
				file = open(file, "rb")
		else:
			pass # assume "file" is a readable file object
		self.reader = sfnt.SFNTReader(file, checkChecksums)
		self.sfntVersion = self.reader.sfntVersion

	def close(self):
		"""If we still have a reader object, close it."""
		if self.reader is not None:
			self.reader.close()

	def save(self, file, makeSuitcase=0, reorderTables=1):
		"""Save the font to disk. Similarly to the constructor,
		the 'file' argument can be either a pathname or a writable
		file object.

		On the Mac, if makeSuitcase is true, a suitcase (resource fork)
		file will we made instead of a flat .ttf file.
		"""
		from fontTools.ttLib import sfnt
		if not hasattr(file, "write"):
			closeStream = 1
			if os.name == "mac" and makeSuitcase:
				import macUtils
				file = macUtils.SFNTResourceWriter(file, self)
			else:
				file = open(file, "wb")
				if os.name == "mac":
					import macfs
					fss = macfs.FSSpec(file.name)
					fss.SetCreatorType('mdos', 'BINA')
		else:
			# assume "file" is a writable file object
			closeStream = 0

		tags = self.keys()
		if "GlyphOrder" in tags:
			tags.remove("GlyphOrder")
		numTables = len(tags)
		if reorderTables:
			import tempfile
			tmp = tempfile.TemporaryFile(prefix="ttx-fonttools")
		else:
			tmp = file
		writer = sfnt.SFNTWriter(tmp, numTables, self.sfntVersion)

		done = []
		for tag in tags:
			self._writeTable(tag, writer, done)

		writer.close()

		if reorderTables:
			tmp.flush()
			tmp.seek(0)
			reorderFontTables(tmp, file)
			tmp.close()

		if closeStream:
			file.close()

	def saveXML(self, fileOrPath, progress=None,
			tables=None, skipTables=None, splitTables=0, disassembleInstructions=1):
		"""Export the font as TTX (an XML-based text file), or as a series of text
		files when splitTables is true. In the latter case, the 'fileOrPath'
		argument should be a path to a directory.
		The 'tables' argument must either be false (dump all tables) or a
		list of tables to dump. The 'skipTables' argument may be a list of tables
		to skip, but only when the 'tables' argument is false.
		"""
		from fontTools import version
		import xmlWriter

		self.disassembleInstructions = disassembleInstructions
		if not tables:
			tables = self.keys()
			if "GlyphOrder" not in tables:
				tables = ["GlyphOrder"] + tables
			if skipTables:
				for tag in skipTables:
					if tag in tables:
						tables.remove(tag)
		numTables = len(tables)
		if progress:
			progress.set(0, numTables)
			idlefunc = getattr(progress, "idle", None)
		else:
			idlefunc = None

		writer = xmlWriter.XMLWriter(fileOrPath, idlefunc=idlefunc)
		writer.begintag("ttFont", sfntVersion=`self.sfntVersion`[1:-1],
				ttLibVersion=version)
		writer.newline()

		if not splitTables:
			writer.newline()
		else:
			# 'fileOrPath' must now be a path
			path, ext = os.path.splitext(fileOrPath)
			fileNameTemplate = path + ".%s" + ext

		for i in range(numTables):
			if progress:
				progress.set(i)
			tag = tables[i]
			if splitTables:
				tablePath = fileNameTemplate % tagToIdentifier(tag)
				tableWriter = xmlWriter.XMLWriter(tablePath, idlefunc=idlefunc)
				tableWriter.begintag("ttFont", ttLibVersion=version)
				tableWriter.newline()
				tableWriter.newline()
				writer.simpletag(tagToXML(tag), src=os.path.basename(tablePath))
				writer.newline()
			else:
				tableWriter = writer
			self._tableToXML(tableWriter, tag, progress)
			if splitTables:
				tableWriter.endtag("ttFont")
				tableWriter.newline()
				tableWriter.close()
		if progress:
			progress.set((i + 1))
		writer.endtag("ttFont")
		writer.newline()
		writer.close()
		if self.verbose:
			debugmsg("Done dumping TTX")

	def _tableToXML(self, writer, tag, progress):
		if self.has_key(tag):
			table = self[tag]
			report = "Dumping '%s' table..." % tag
		else:
			report = "No '%s' table found." % tag
		if progress:
			progress.setLabel(report)
		elif self.verbose:
			debugmsg(report)
		else:
			print report
		if not self.has_key(tag):
			return
		xmlTag = tagToXML(tag)
		if hasattr(table, "ERROR"):
			writer.begintag(xmlTag, ERROR="decompilation error")
		else:
			writer.begintag(xmlTag)
		writer.newline()
		if tag in ("glyf", "CFF "):
			table.toXML(writer, self, progress)
		else:
			table.toXML(writer, self)
		writer.endtag(xmlTag)
		writer.newline()
		writer.newline()

	def importXML(self, file, progress=None):
		"""Import a TTX file (an XML-based text format), so as to recreate
		a font object.
		"""
		if self.has_key("maxp") and self.has_key("post"):
			# Make sure the glyph order is loaded, as it otherwise gets
			# lost if the XML doesn't contain the glyph order, yet does
			# contain the table which was originally used to extract the
			# glyph names from (ie. 'post', 'cmap' or 'CFF ').
			self.getGlyphOrder()
		import xmlImport
		xmlImport.importXML(self, file, progress)

	def isLoaded(self, tag):
		"""Return true if the table identified by 'tag' has been
		decompiled and loaded into memory."""
		return self.tables.has_key(tag)

	def has_key(self, tag):
		if self.isLoaded(tag):
			return 1
		elif self.reader and self.reader.has_key(tag):
			return 1
		elif tag == "GlyphOrder":
			return 1
		else:
			return 0

	__contains__ = has_key

	def keys(self):
		keys = self.tables.keys()
		if self.reader:
			for key in self.reader.keys():
				if key not in keys:
					keys.append(key)

		if "GlyphOrder" in keys:
			keys.remove("GlyphOrder")
		keys = sortedTagList(keys)
		return ["GlyphOrder"] + keys

	def __len__(self):
		return len(self.keys())

	def __getitem__(self, tag):
		try:
			return self.tables[tag]
		except KeyError:
			if tag == "GlyphOrder":
				table = GlyphOrder(tag)
				self.tables[tag] = table
				return table
			if self.reader is not None:
				import traceback
				if self.verbose:
					debugmsg("Reading '%s' table from disk" % tag)
				data = self.reader[tag]
				tableClass = getTableClass(tag)
				table = tableClass(tag)
				self.tables[tag] = table
				if self.verbose:
					debugmsg("Decompiling '%s' table" % tag)
				try:
					table.decompile(data, self)
				except "_ _ F O O _ _": # dummy exception to disable exception catching
					print "An exception occurred during the decompilation of the '%s' table" % tag
					from tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
					import StringIO
					file = StringIO.StringIO()
					traceback.print_exc(file=file)
					table = DefaultTable(tag)
					table.ERROR = file.getvalue()
					self.tables[tag] = table
					table.decompile(data, self)
				return table
			else:
				raise KeyError, "'%s' table not found" % tag

	def __setitem__(self, tag, table):
		self.tables[tag] = table

	def __delitem__(self, tag):
		if not self.has_key(tag):
			raise KeyError, "'%s' table not found" % tag
		if self.tables.has_key(tag):
			del self.tables[tag]
		if self.reader and self.reader.has_key(tag):
			del self.reader[tag]

	def setGlyphOrder(self, glyphOrder):
		self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder

	def getGlyphOrder(self):
		try:
			return self.glyphOrder
		except AttributeError:
			pass
		if self.has_key('CFF '):
			cff = self['CFF ']
			self.glyphOrder = cff.getGlyphOrder()
		elif self.has_key('post'):
			# TrueType font
			glyphOrder = self['post'].getGlyphOrder()
			if glyphOrder is None:
				#
				# No names found in the 'post' table.
				# Try to create glyph names from the unicode cmap (if available)
				# in combination with the Adobe Glyph List (AGL).
				#
				self._getGlyphNamesFromCmap()
			else:
				self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder
		else:
			self._getGlyphNamesFromCmap()
		return self.glyphOrder

	def _getGlyphNamesFromCmap(self):
		#
		# This is rather convoluted, but then again, it's an interesting problem:
		# - we need to use the unicode values found in the cmap table to
		#   build glyph names (eg. because there is only a minimal post table,
		#   or none at all).
		# - but the cmap parser also needs glyph names to work with...
		# So here's what we do:
		# - make up glyph names based on glyphID
		# - load a temporary cmap table based on those names
		# - extract the unicode values, build the "real" glyph names
		# - unload the temporary cmap table
		#
		if self.isLoaded("cmap"):
			# Bootstrapping: we're getting called by the cmap parser
			# itself. This means self.tables['cmap'] contains a partially
			# loaded cmap, making it impossible to get at a unicode
			# subtable here. We remove the partially loaded cmap and
			# restore it later.
			# This only happens if the cmap table is loaded before any
			# other table that does f.getGlyphOrder()  or f.getGlyphName().
			cmapLoading = self.tables['cmap']
			del self.tables['cmap']
		else:
			cmapLoading = None
		# Make up glyph names based on glyphID, which will be used by the
		# temporary cmap and by the real cmap in case we don't find a unicode
		# cmap.
		numGlyphs = int(self['maxp'].numGlyphs)
		glyphOrder = [None] * numGlyphs
		glyphOrder[0] = ".notdef"
		for i in range(1, numGlyphs):
			glyphOrder[i] = "glyph%.5d" % i
		# Set the glyph order, so the cmap parser has something
		# to work with (so we don't get called recursively).
		self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder
		# Get a (new) temporary cmap (based on the just invented names)
		tempcmap = self['cmap'].getcmap(3, 1)
		if tempcmap is not None:
			# we have a unicode cmap
			from fontTools import agl
			cmap = tempcmap.cmap
			# create a reverse cmap dict
			reversecmap = {}
			for unicode, name in cmap.items():
				reversecmap[name] = unicode
			allNames = {}
			for i in range(numGlyphs):
				tempName = glyphOrder[i]
				if reversecmap.has_key(tempName):
					unicode = reversecmap[tempName]
					if agl.UV2AGL.has_key(unicode):
						# get name from the Adobe Glyph List
						glyphName = agl.UV2AGL[unicode]
					else:
						# create uni<CODE> name
						glyphName = "uni" + string.upper(string.zfill(
								hex(unicode)[2:], 4))
					tempName = glyphName
					n = 1
					while allNames.has_key(tempName):
						tempName = glyphName + "#" + `n`
						n = n + 1
					glyphOrder[i] = tempName
					allNames[tempName] = 1
			# Delete the temporary cmap table from the cache, so it can
			# be parsed again with the right names.
			del self.tables['cmap']
		else:
			pass # no unicode cmap available, stick with the invented names
		self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder
		if cmapLoading:
			# restore partially loaded cmap, so it can continue loading
			# using the proper names.
			self.tables['cmap'] = cmapLoading

	def getGlyphNames(self):
		"""Get a list of glyph names, sorted alphabetically."""
		glyphNames = self.getGlyphOrder()[:]
		glyphNames.sort()
		return glyphNames

	def getGlyphNames2(self):
		"""Get a list of glyph names, sorted alphabetically,
		but not case sensitive.
		"""
		from fontTools.misc import textTools
		return textTools.caselessSort(self.getGlyphOrder())

	def getGlyphName(self, glyphID):
		try:
			return self.getGlyphOrder()[glyphID]
		except IndexError:
			# XXX The ??.W8.otf font that ships with OSX uses higher glyphIDs in
			# the cmap table than there are glyphs. I don't think it's legal...
			return "glyph%.5d" % glyphID

	def getGlyphID(self, glyphName):
		if not hasattr(self, "_reverseGlyphOrderDict"):
			self._buildReverseGlyphOrderDict()
		glyphOrder = self.getGlyphOrder()
		d = self._reverseGlyphOrderDict
		if not d.has_key(glyphName):
			if glyphName in glyphOrder:
				self._buildReverseGlyphOrderDict()
				return self.getGlyphID(glyphName)
			else:
				raise KeyError, glyphName
		glyphID = d[glyphName]
		if glyphName <> glyphOrder[glyphID]:
			self._buildReverseGlyphOrderDict()
			return self.getGlyphID(glyphName)
		return glyphID

	def _buildReverseGlyphOrderDict(self):
		self._reverseGlyphOrderDict = d = {}
		glyphOrder = self.getGlyphOrder()
		for glyphID in range(len(glyphOrder)):
			d[glyphOrder[glyphID]] = glyphID

	def _writeTable(self, tag, writer, done):
		"""Internal helper function for self.save(). Keeps track of
		inter-table dependencies.
		"""
		if tag in done:
			return
		tableClass = getTableClass(tag)
		for masterTable in tableClass.dependencies:
			if masterTable not in done:
				if self.has_key(masterTable):
					self._writeTable(masterTable, writer, done)
				else:
					done.append(masterTable)
		tabledata = self.getTableData(tag)
		if self.verbose:
			debugmsg("writing '%s' table to disk" % tag)
		writer[tag] = tabledata
		done.append(tag)

	def getTableData(self, tag):
		"""Returns raw table data, whether compiled or directly read from disk.
		"""
		if self.isLoaded(tag):
			if self.verbose:
				debugmsg("compiling '%s' table" % tag)
			return self.tables[tag].compile(self)
		elif self.reader and self.reader.has_key(tag):
			if self.verbose:
				debugmsg("Reading '%s' table from disk" % tag)
			return self.reader[tag]
		else:
			raise KeyError, tag

	def getGlyphSet(self, preferCFF=1):
		"""Return a generic GlyphSet, which is a dict-like object
		mapping glyph names to glyph objects. The returned glyph objects
		have a .draw() method that supports the Pen protocol, and will
		have an attribute named 'width', but only *after* the .draw() method
		has been called.

		If the font is CFF-based, the outlines will be taken from the 'CFF '
		table. Otherwise the outlines will be taken from the 'glyf' table.
		If the font contains both a 'CFF ' and a 'glyf' table, you can use
		the 'preferCFF' argument to specify which one should be taken.
		"""
		if preferCFF and self.has_key("CFF "):
			return self["CFF "].cff.values()[0].CharStrings
		if self.has_key("glyf"):
			return _TTGlyphSet(self)
		if self.has_key("CFF "):
			return self["CFF "].cff.values()[0].CharStrings
		raise TTLibError, "Font contains no outlines"


class _TTGlyphSet:

	"""Generic dict-like GlyphSet class, meant as a TrueType counterpart
	to CFF's CharString dict. See TTFont.getGlyphSet().
	"""

	# This class is distinct from the 'glyf' table itself because we need
	# access to the 'hmtx' table, which could cause a dependency problem
	# there when reading from XML.

	def __init__(self, ttFont):
		self._ttFont = ttFont

	def keys(self):
		return self._ttFont["glyf"].keys()

	def has_key(self, glyphName):
		return self._ttFont["glyf"].has_key(glyphName)

	__contains__ = has_key

	def __getitem__(self, glyphName):
		return _TTGlyph(glyphName, self._ttFont)


class _TTGlyph:

	"""Wrapper for a TrueType glyph that supports the Pen protocol, meaning
	that it has a .draw() method that takes a pen object as its only
	argument. Additionally there is a 'width' attribute.
	"""

	def __init__(self, glyphName, ttFont):
		self._glyphName = glyphName
		self._ttFont = ttFont
		self.width, self.lsb = self._ttFont['hmtx'][self._glyphName]

	def draw(self, pen):
		"""Draw the glyph onto Pen. See fontTools.pens.basePen for details
		how that works.
		"""
		glyfTable = self._ttFont['glyf']
		glyph = glyfTable[self._glyphName]
		if hasattr(glyph, "xMin"):
			offset = self.lsb - glyph.xMin
		else:
			offset = 0
		if glyph.isComposite():
			for component in glyph:
				glyphName, transform = component.getComponentInfo()
				pen.addComponent(glyphName, transform)
		else:
			coordinates, endPts, flags = glyph.getCoordinates(glyfTable)
			if offset:
				coordinates = coordinates + (offset, 0)
			start = 0
			for end in endPts:
				end = end + 1
				contour = coordinates[start:end].tolist()
				cFlags = flags[start:end].tolist()
				start = end
				if 1 not in cFlags:
					# There is not a single on-curve point on the curve,
					# use pen.qCurveTo's special case by specifying None
					# as the on-curve point.
					contour.append(None)
					pen.qCurveTo(*contour)
				else:
					# Shuffle the points so that contour the is guaranteed
					# to *end* in an on-curve point, which we'll use for
					# the moveTo.
					firstOnCurve = cFlags.index(1) + 1
					contour = contour[firstOnCurve:] + contour[:firstOnCurve]
					cFlags = cFlags[firstOnCurve:] + cFlags[:firstOnCurve]
					pen.moveTo(contour[-1])
					while contour:
						nextOnCurve = cFlags.index(1) + 1
						if nextOnCurve == 1:
							pen.lineTo(contour[0])
						else:
							pen.qCurveTo(*contour[:nextOnCurve])
						contour = contour[nextOnCurve:]
						cFlags = cFlags[nextOnCurve:]
				pen.closePath()


class GlyphOrder:

	"""A pseudo table. The glyph order isn't in the font as a separate
	table, but it's nice to present it as such in the TTX format.
	"""

	def __init__(self, tag):
		pass

	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
		glyphOrder = ttFont.getGlyphOrder()
		writer.comment("The 'id' attribute is only for humans; "
				"it is ignored when parsed.")
		writer.newline()
		for i in range(len(glyphOrder)):
			glyphName = glyphOrder[i]
			writer.simpletag("GlyphID", id=i, name=glyphName)
			writer.newline()

	def fromXML(self, (name, attrs, content), ttFont):
		if not hasattr(self, "glyphOrder"):
			self.glyphOrder = []
			ttFont.setGlyphOrder(self.glyphOrder)
		if name == "GlyphID":
			self.glyphOrder.append(attrs["name"])


def _test_endianness():
	"""Test the endianness of the machine. This is crucial to know
	since TrueType data is always big endian, even on little endian
	machines. There are quite a few situations where we explicitly
	need to swap some bytes.
	"""
	import struct
	data = struct.pack("h", 0x01)
	if data == "\000\001":
		return "big"
	elif data == "\001\000":
		return "little"
	else:
		assert 0, "endian confusion!"

endian = _test_endianness()


def getTableModule(tag):
	"""Fetch the packer/unpacker module for a table.
	Return None when no module is found.
	"""
	import tables
	pyTag = tagToIdentifier(tag)
	try:
		__import__("fontTools.ttLib.tables." + pyTag)
	except ImportError:
		return None
	else:
		return getattr(tables, pyTag)


def getTableClass(tag):
	"""Fetch the packer/unpacker class for a table.
	Return None when no class is found.
	"""
	module = getTableModule(tag)
	if module is None:
		from tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
		return DefaultTable
	pyTag = tagToIdentifier(tag)
	tableClass = getattr(module, "table_" + pyTag)
	return tableClass


def newTable(tag):
	"""Return a new instance of a table."""
	tableClass = getTableClass(tag)
	return tableClass(tag)


def _escapechar(c):
	"""Helper function for tagToIdentifier()"""
	import re
	if re.match("[a-z0-9]", c):
		return "_" + c
	elif re.match("[A-Z]", c):
		return c + "_"
	else:
		return hex(ord(c))[2:]


def tagToIdentifier(tag):
	"""Convert a table tag to a valid (but UGLY) python identifier,
	as well as a filename that's guaranteed to be unique even on a
	caseless file system. Each character is mapped to two characters.
	Lowercase letters get an underscore before the letter, uppercase
	letters get an underscore after the letter. Trailing spaces are
	trimmed. Illegal characters are escaped as two hex bytes. If the
	result starts with a number (as the result of a hex escape), an
	extra underscore is prepended. Examples:
		'glyf' -> '_g_l_y_f'
		'cvt ' -> '_c_v_t'
		'OS/2' -> 'O_S_2f_2'
	"""
	import re
	if tag == "GlyphOrder":
		return tag
	assert len(tag) == 4, "tag should be 4 characters long"
	while len(tag) > 1 and tag[-1] == ' ':
		tag = tag[:-1]
	ident = ""
	for c in tag:
		ident = ident + _escapechar(c)
	if re.match("[0-9]", ident):
		ident = "_" + ident
	return ident


def identifierToTag(ident):
	"""the opposite of tagToIdentifier()"""
	if ident == "GlyphOrder":
		return ident
	if len(ident) % 2 and ident[0] == "_":
		ident = ident[1:]
	assert not (len(ident) % 2)
	tag = ""
	for i in range(0, len(ident), 2):
		if ident[i] == "_":
			tag = tag + ident[i+1]
		elif ident[i+1] == "_":
			tag = tag + ident[i]
		else:
			# assume hex
			tag = tag + chr(int(ident[i:i+2], 16))
	# append trailing spaces
	tag = tag + (4 - len(tag)) * ' '
	return tag


def tagToXML(tag):
	"""Similarly to tagToIdentifier(), this converts a TT tag
	to a valid XML element name. Since XML element names are
	case sensitive, this is a fairly simple/readable translation.
	"""
	import re
	if tag == "OS/2":
		return "OS_2"
	elif tag == "GlyphOrder":
		return tag
	if re.match("[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]* *$", tag):
		return string.strip(tag)
	else:
		return tagToIdentifier(tag)


def xmlToTag(tag):
	"""The opposite of tagToXML()"""
	if tag == "OS_2":
		return "OS/2"
	if len(tag) == 8:
		return identifierToTag(tag)
	else:
		return tag + " " * (4 - len(tag))
	return tag


def debugmsg(msg):
	import time
	print msg + time.strftime("  (%H:%M:%S)", time.localtime(time.time()))


# Table order as recommended in the OpenType specification 1.4
TTFTableOrder = ["head", "hhea", "maxp", "OS/2", "hmtx", "LTSH", "VDMX",
                  "hdmx", "cmap", "fpgm", "prep", "cvt ", "loca", "glyf",
                  "kern", "name", "post", "gasp", "PCLT"]

OTFTableOrder = ["head", "hhea", "maxp", "OS/2", "name", "cmap", "post",
                  "CFF "]

def sortedTagList(tagList, tableOrder=None):
	"""Return a sorted copy of tagList, sorted according to the OpenType
	specification, or according to a custom tableOrder. If given and not
	None, tableOrder needs to be a list of tag names.
	"""
	tagList = list(tagList)
	tagList.sort()
	if tableOrder is None:
		if "DSIG" in tagList:
			# DSIG should be last (XXX spec reference?)
			tagList.remove("DSIG")
			tagList.append("DSIG")
		if "CFF " in tagList:
			tableOrder = OTFTableOrder
		else:
			tableOrder = TTFTableOrder
	orderedTables = []
	for tag in tableOrder:
		if tag in tagList:
			orderedTables.append(tag)
			tagList.remove(tag)
	orderedTables.extend(tagList)
	return orderedTables


def reorderFontTables(inFile, outFile, tableOrder=None, checkChecksums=0):
	"""Rewrite a font file, ordering the tables as recommended by the
	OpenType specification 1.4.
	"""
	from fontTools.ttLib.sfnt import SFNTReader, SFNTWriter
	reader = SFNTReader(inFile, checkChecksums=checkChecksums)
	writer = SFNTWriter(outFile, reader.numTables, reader.sfntVersion)
	tables = reader.keys()
	for tag in sortedTagList(tables, tableOrder):
		writer[tag] = reader[tag]
	writer.close()