xref: /frameworks/base/docs/html/guide/topics/graphics/2d-graphics.jd

page.title=2D Graphics
parent.title=2D and 3D Graphics
parent.link=index.html
@jd:body


<div id="qv-wrapper">
  <div id="qv">
    <h2>In this document</h2>
    <ol>
      <li><a href="#drawables">Drawables</a>
        <ol>
          <li><a href="#drawable-images">Creating from resource images</a></li>
          <li><a href="#drawable-xml">Creating from resource XML</a></li>
        </ol>
      </li>
      <li><a href="#shape-drawable">ShapeDrawable</a></li>
   <!--   <li><a href="#state-list">StateListDrawable</a></li> -->
      <li><a href="#nine-patch">NinePatchDrawable</a></li>
      <li><a href="#tween-animation">Tween Animation</a></li>
      <li><a href="#frame-animation">Frame Animation</a></li>
    </ol>
  </div>
</div>

<p>Android offers a custom 2D graphics library for drawing and animating shapes and images.
The {@link android.graphics.drawable} and {@link android.view.animation}
packages are where you'll find the common classes used for drawing and animating in two-dimensions.
</p>

<p>This document offers an introduction to drawing graphics in your Android application.
We'll discuss the basics of using Drawable objects to draw
graphics, how to use a couple subclasses of the Drawable class, and how to
create animations that either tween (move, stretch, rotate) a single graphic
or animate a series of graphics (like a roll of film).</p>


<h2 id="drawables">Drawables</h2>

<p>A {@link android.graphics.drawable.Drawable} is a general abstraction for "something that can be drawn."
You'll discover that the Drawable class extends to define a variety of specific kinds of drawable graphics,
including {@link android.graphics.drawable.BitmapDrawable}, {@link android.graphics.drawable.ShapeDrawable},
{@link android.graphics.drawable.PictureDrawable}, {@link android.graphics.drawable.LayerDrawable}, and several more.
Of course, you can also extend these to define your own custom Drawable objects that behave in unique ways.</p>

<p>There are three ways to define and instantiate a Drawable: using an image saved in your project resouces;
using an XML file that defines the Drawable properties; or using the normal class constructors. Below, we'll discuss
each the first two techniques (using constructors is nothing new for an experienced developer).</p>


<h3 id="drawables-from-images">Creating from resource images</h3>

<p>A simple way to add graphics to your application is by referencing an image file from your project resources. 
Supported file types are PNG (preferred), JPG (acceptable) and GIF (discouraged). This technique would 
obviously be preferred for application icons, logos, or other graphics such as those used in a game.</p>

<p>To use an image resource, just add your file to the <code>res/drawable/</code> directory of your project.
From there, you can reference it from your code or your XML layout. 
Either way, it is referred using a resource ID, which is the file name without the file type
extension (E.g., <code>my_image.png</code> is referenced as <var>my_image</var>).</p>

<h4>Example code</h4>
<p>The following code snippet demonstrates how to build an {@link android.widget.ImageView} that uses an image
from drawable resources and add it to the layout.</p>
<pre>
LinearLayout mLinearLayout;

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

    // Create a LinearLayout in which to add the ImageView
    mLinearLayout = new LinearLayout(this);

    // Instantiate an ImageView and define its properties
    ImageView i = new ImageView(this);
    i.setImageResource(R.drawable.my_image);
    i.setAdjustViewBounds(true); // set the ImageView bounds to match the Drawable's dimensions
    i.setLayoutParams(new Gallery.LayoutParams(LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT, LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT));

    // Add the ImageView to the layout and set the layout as the content view
    mLinearLayout.addView(i);
    setContentView(mLinearLayout);
}
</pre>
<p>In other cases, you may want to handle your image resource as a 
{@link android.graphics.drawable.Drawable} object.
To do so, create a Drawable from the resource like so:
<pre>
Resources res = mContext.getResources();
Drawable myImage = res.getDrawable(R.drawable.my_image);
</pre>

<p class="caution"><strong>Caution:</strong> Each unique resource in your project can maintain only one
state, no matter how many different objects you may instantiate for it. For example, if you instantiate two
Drawable objects from the same image resource, then change a property (such as the alpha) for one of the 
Drawables, then it will also affect the other. So when dealing with multiple instances of an image resource, 
instead of directly transforming the Drawable, you should perform a <a href="#tween-animation">tween animation</a>.</p>


<h4>Example XML</h4>
<p>The XML snippet below shows how to add a resource Drawable to an 
{@link android.widget.ImageView} in the XML layout (with some red tint just for fun).
<pre>
&lt;ImageView   
  android:layout_width="wrap_content"
  android:layout_height="wrap_content"
  android:tint="#55ff0000"
  android:src="@drawable/my_image"/>
</pre>
<p>For more information on using project resources, read about
  <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/resources/index.html">Resources and Assets</a>.</p>


<h3 id="drawables-from-xml">Creating from resource XML</h3>

<p>By now, you should be familiar with Android's principles of developing a
<a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/ui/index.html">User Interface</a>. Hence, you understand the power
and flexibility inherent in defining objects in XML. This philosophy caries over from Views to Drawables.
If there is a Drawable object that you'd like to create, which is not initially dependent on variables defined by
your applicaton code or user interaction, then defining the Drawable in XML is a good option.
Even if you expect your Drawable to change its properties during the user's experience with your application, 
you should consider defining the object in XML, as you can always modify properties once it is instantiated.</p>

<p>Once you've defined your Drawable in XML, save the file in the <code>res/drawable/</code> directory of
your project. Then, retrieve and instantiate the object by calling
{@link android.content.res.Resources#getDrawable(int) Resources.getDrawable()}, passing it the resource ID 
of your XML file. (See the <a href="#drawable-xml-example">example below</a>.)</p>

<p>Any Drawable subclass that supports the <code>inflate()</code> method can be defined in 
XML and instantiated by your application. 
Each Drawable that supports XML inflation utilizes specific XML attributes that help define the object
properties (see the class reference to see what these are). See the class documentation for each
Drawable subclass for information on how to define it in XML.

<h4 id="drawable-xml-example">Example</h4>
<p>Here's some XML that defines a TransitionDrawable:</p>
<pre>
&lt;transition xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
  &lt;item android:drawable="&#64;drawable/image_expand">
  &lt;item android:drawable="&#64;drawable/image_collapse">
&lt;/transition>
</pre>

<p>With this XML saved in the file <code>res/drawable/expand_collapse.xml</code>, 
the following code will instantiate the TransitionDrawable and set it as the content of an ImageView:</p>
<pre>
Resources res = mContext.getResources();
TransitionDrawable transition = (TransitionDrawable) res.getDrawable(R.drawable.expand_collapse);
ImageView image = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.toggle_image);
image.setImageDrawable(transition);
</pre>
<p>Then this transition can be run forward (for 1 second) with:</p>
<pre>transition.startTransition(1000);</pre>

<p>Refer to the Drawable classes listed above for more information on the XML attributes supported by each.</p>



<h2 id="shape-drawable">ShapeDrawable</h2>

<p>When you want to dynamically draw some two-dimensional graphics, a {@link android.graphics.drawable.ShapeDrawable}
object will probably suit your needs. With a ShapeDrawable, you can programmatically draw
primitive shapes and style them in any way imaginable.</p>

<p>A ShapeDrawable is an extension of {@link android.graphics.drawable.Drawable}, so you can use one where ever
a Drawable is expected &mdash; perhaps for the background of a View, set with 
{@link android.view.View#setBackgroundDrawable(android.graphics.drawable.Drawable) setBackgroundDrawable()}. 
Of course, you can also draw your shape as its own custom {@link android.view.View}, 
to be added to your layout however you please.
Because the ShapeDrawable has its own <code>draw()</code> method, you can create a subclass of View that 
draws the ShapeDrawable during the <code>View.onDraw()</code> method.
Here's a basic extension of the View class that does just this, to draw a ShapeDrawable as a View:</p>
<pre>
public class CustomDrawableView extends View {
    private ShapeDrawable mDrawable;

    public CustomDrawableView(Context context) {
        super(context);

        int x = 10;
        int y = 10;
        int width = 300;
        int height = 50;

        mDrawable = new ShapeDrawable(new OvalShape());
        mDrawable.getPaint().setColor(0xff74AC23);
        mDrawable.setBounds(x, y, x + width, y + height);
    }

    protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
        mDrawable.draw(canvas);
    }
}
</pre>

<p>In the constructor, a ShapeDrawable is defines as an {@link android.graphics.drawable.shapes.OvalShape}.
It's then given a color and the bounds of the shape are set. If you do not set the bounds, then the
shape will not be drawn, whereas if you don't set the color, it will default to black.</p>
<p>With the custom View defined, it can be drawn any way you like. With the sample above, we can
draw the shape progammatically in an Activity:</p>
<pre>
CustomDrawableView mCustomDrawableView;

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    mCustomDrawableView = new CustomDrawableView(this);
    
    setContentView(mCustomDrawableView);
}
</pre>

<p>If you'd like to draw this custom drawable from the XML layout instead of from the Activity, 
then the CustomDrawable class must override the {@link android.view.View#View(android.content.Context, android.util.AttributeSet) View(Context, AttributeSet)} constructor, which is called when 
instantiating a View via inflation from XML. Then add a CustomDrawable element to the XML, 
like so:</p>
<pre>
&lt;com.example.shapedrawable.CustomDrawableView
    android:layout_width="fill_parent" 
    android:layout_height="wrap_content" 
    />
</pre>

<p>The ShapeDrawable class (like many other Drawable types in the {@link android.graphics.drawable} package)
allows you to define various properties of the drawable with public methods. 
Some properties you might want to adjust include
alpha transparency, color filter, dither, opacity and color.</p>

<!-- TODO
<h2 id="state-list">StateListDrawable</h2>

<p>A StateListDrawable is an extension of the DrawableContainer class, making it  little different. 
The primary distinction is that the 
StateListDrawable manages a collection of images for the Drawable, instead of just one. 
This means that it can switch the image when you want, without switching objects. However, the 
intention of the StateListDrawable is to automatically change the image used based on the state
of the object it's attached to.
-->

<h2 id="nine-patch">NinePatchDrawable</h2>

<p>A {@link android.graphics.drawable.NinePatchDrawable} graphic is a stretchable bitmap image, which Android
will automatically resize to accomodate the contents of the View in which you have placed it as the background. 
An example use of a NinePatch is the backgrounds used by standard Android buttons &mdash;
buttons must stretch to accommodate strings of various lengths. A NinePatch drawable is a standard PNG 
image that includes an extra 1-pixel-wide border. It must be saved with the extension <code>.9.png</code>,
and saved into the <code>res/drawable/</code> directory of your project.
</p>
<p>
    The border is used to define the stretchable and static areas of 
    the image. You indicate a stretchable section by drawing one (or more) 1-pixel-wide 
    black line(s) in the left and top part of the border. (You can have as 
    many stretchable sections as you want.) The relative size of the stretchable 
    sections stays the same, so the largest sections always remain the largest.
</p>
<p>
    You can also define an optional drawable section of the image (effectively, 
    the padding lines) by drawing a line on the right and bottom lines. 
    If a View object sets the NinePatch as its background and then specifies the 
    View's text, it will stretch itself so that all the text fits inside only
    the area designated by the right and bottom lines (if included). If the 
    padding lines are not included, Android uses the left and top lines to 
    define this drawable area.
</p>
<p>To clarify the difference between the different lines, the left and top lines define 
which pixels of the image are allowed to be replicated in order to strech the image.
The bottom and right lines define the relative area within the image that the contents
of the View are allowed to lie within.</p>
<p>
    Here is a sample NinePatch file used to define a button:
</p>
    <img src="{@docRoot}images/ninepatch_raw.png" alt="" />

<p>This NinePatch defines one stretchable area with the left and top lines
and the drawable area with the bottom and right lines. In the top image, the dotted grey
lines identify the regions of the image that will be replicated in order to strech the image. The pink
rectangle in the bottom image identifies the region in which the contents of the View are allowed.
If the contents don't fit in this region, then the image will be stretched so that they do.
</p>

<p>The <a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/draw9patch.html">Draw 9-patch</a> tool offers 
   an extremely handy way to create your NinePatch images, using a WYSIWYG graphics editor. It 
even raises warnings if the region you've defined for the stretchable area is at risk of
producing drawing artifacts as a result of the pixel replication.
</p>

<h3>Example XML</h3>

<p>Here's some sample layout XML that demonstrates how to add a NinePatch image to a
couple of buttons. (The NinePatch image is saved as <code>res/drawable/my_button_background.9.png</code>
<pre>
&lt;Button id="@+id/tiny"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
        android:layout_centerInParent="true"
        android:text="Tiny"
        android:textSize="8sp"
        android:background="@drawable/my_button_background"/&gt;

&lt;Button id="@+id/big"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
        android:layout_centerInParent="true"
        android:text="Biiiiiiig text!"
        android:textSize="30sp"
        android:background="@drawable/my_button_background"/&gt;
</pre>
<p>Note that the width and height are set to "wrap_content" to make the button fit neatly around the text.
</p>

<p>Below are the two buttons rendered from the XML and NinePatch image shown above. 
Notice how the width and height of the button varies with the text, and the background image 
stretches to accommodate it.
</p>

<img src="{@docRoot}images/ninepatch_examples.png" alt=""/>


<h2 id="tween-animation">Tween Animation</h2>

<p>A tween animation can perform a series of simple transformations (position, size, rotation, and transparency) on
the contents of a View object. So, if you have a TextView object, you can move, rotate, grow, or shrink the text. 
If it has a background image, the background image will be transformed along with the text.
The {@link android.view.animation animation package} provides all the classes used in a tween animation.</p>

<p>A sequence of animation instructions defines the twen animation, defined by either XML or Android code.
Like defining a layout, an XML file is recommended because it's more readable, reusable, and swappable 
than hard-coding the animation. In the example below, we use XML. (To learn more about defining an animation 
in your application code, instead of XML, refer to the 
{@link android.view.animation.AnimationSet} class and other {@link android.view.animation.Animation} subclasses.)</p>

<p>The animation instructions define the transformations that you want to occur, when they will occur, 
and how long they should take to apply. Transformations can be sequential or simultaneous &mdash;
for example, you can have the contents of a TextView move from left to right, and then 
rotate 180 degrees, or you can have the text move and rotate simultaneously. Each transformation 
takes a set of parameters specific for that transformation (starting size and ending size
for size change, starting angle and ending angle for rotation, and so on), and
also a set of common parameters (for instance, start time and duration). To make
several transformations happen simultaneously, give them the same start time;
to make them sequential, calculate the start time plus the duration of the preceding transformation.
</p>

<p>The animation XML file belongs in the <code>res/anim/</code> directory of your Android project.
The file must have a single root element: this will be either a single <code>&lt;alpha&gt;</code>,
<code>&lt;scale&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;translate&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;rotate&gt;</code>, interpolator element, 
or <code>&lt;set&gt;</code> element that holds groups of these elements (which may include another
<code>&lt;set&gt;</code>). By default, all animation instructions are applied simultaneously. 
To make them occur sequentially, you must specify the <code>startOffset</code> attribute, as shown in the example below.
</p>

<p>The following XML from one of the ApiDemos is used to stretch, 
then simultaneously spin and rotate a View object.
</p>
<pre>
&lt;set android:shareInterpolator="false"&gt;
   &lt;scale
          android:interpolator="&#64;android:anim/accelerate_decelerate_interpolator"
          android:fromXScale="1.0"
          android:toXScale="1.4"
          android:fromYScale="1.0"
          android:toYScale="0.6"
          android:pivotX="50%"
          android:pivotY="50%"
          android:fillAfter="false"
          android:duration="700" /&gt;
   &lt;set android:interpolator="&#64;android:anim/decelerate_interpolator"&gt;
      &lt;scale
             android:fromXScale="1.4" 
             android:toXScale="0.0"
             android:fromYScale="0.6"
             android:toYScale="0.0" 
             android:pivotX="50%" 
             android:pivotY="50%" 
             android:startOffset="700"
             android:duration="400" 
             android:fillBefore="false" /&gt;
      &lt;rotate 
             android:fromDegrees="0" 
             android:toDegrees="-45"
             android:toYScale="0.0" 
             android:pivotX="50%" 
             android:pivotY="50%"
             android:startOffset="700"
             android:duration="400" /&gt;
   &lt;/set&gt;
&lt;/set&gt;
</pre>
<p>Screen coordinates (not used in this example) are (0,0) at the upper left hand corner, 
and increase as you go down and to the right.</p>

<p>Some values, such as pivotX, can be specified relative to the object itself or relative to the parent. 
Be sure to use the proper format for what you want ("50" for 50% relative to the parent, or "50%" for 50% 
relative to itself).</p>

<p>You can determine how a transformation is applied over time by assigning an 
{@link android.view.animation.Interpolator}. Android includes 
several Interpolator subclasses that specify various speed curves: for instance, 
{@link android.view.animation.AccelerateInterpolator} tells 
a transformation to start slow and speed up. Each one has an attribute value that can be applied in the XML.</p>

<p>With this XML saved as <code>hyperspace_jump.xml</code> in the <code>res/anim/</code> directory of the
project, the following Java code will reference it and apply it to an {@link android.widget.ImageView} object
from the layout.
</p>
<pre>
ImageView spaceshipImage = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.spaceshipImage);
Animation hyperspaceJumpAnimation = AnimationUtils.loadAnimation(this, R.anim.hyperspace_jump);
spaceshipImage.startAnimation(hyperspaceJumpAnimation);
</pre>

<p>As an alternative to <code>startAnimation()</code>, you can define a starting time for the animation with
<code>{@link android.view.animation.Animation#setStartTime(long) Animation.setStartTime()}</code>, 
then assign the animation to the View with
<code>{@link android.view.View#setAnimation(android.view.animation.Animation) View.setAnimation()}</code>.
</p>

<p>For more information on the XML syntax, available tags and attributes, see the discussion on animation 
in the <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/resources/available-resources.html#animation">Available Resources</a>.</p>

<p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> Regardless of how your animation may move or resize, the bounds of the 
View that holds your animation will not automatically adjust to accomodate it. Even so, the animation will still
be drawn beyond the bounds of its View and will not be clipped. However, clipping <em>will occur</em>
if the animation exceeds the bounds of the parent View.</p>


<h2 id="frame-animation">Frame Animation</h2>

<p>This is a traditional animation in the sense that it is created with a sequence of different
images, played in order, like a roll of film. The {@link android.graphics.drawable.AnimationDrawable}
class is the basis for frame animations.</p>

<p>While you can define the frames of an animation in your code, using the 
{@link android.graphics.drawable.AnimationDrawable} class API, it's more simply accomplished with a single XML 
file that lists the frames that compose the animation. Like the tween animation above, the XML file for this kind 
of animation belongs in the <code>res/anim/</code> directory of your Android project. In this case, 
the instructions are the order and duration for each frame of the animation.</p>

<p>The XML file consists of an <code>&lt;animation-list></code> element as the root node and a series
of child <code>&lt;item></code> nodes that each define a frame: a drawable resource for the frame and the frame duration.
Here's an example XML file for a frame-by-frame animation:</p>
<pre>
&lt;animation-list xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:oneshot="true">
    &lt;item android:drawable="&#64;drawable/rocket_thrust1" android:duration="200" />
    &lt;item android:drawable="&#64;drawable/rocket_thrust2" android:duration="200" />
    &lt;item android:drawable="&#64;drawable/rocket_thrust3" android:duration="200" />
&lt;/animation-list>
</pre>

<p>This animation runs for just three frames. By setting the <code>android:oneshot</code> attribute of the 
list to <var>true</var>, it will cycle just once then stop and hold on the last frame. If it is set <var>false</var> then
the animation will loop. With this XML saved as <code>rocket_thrust.xml</code> in the <code>res/anim/</code> directory
of the project, it can be added as the background image to a View and then called to play. Here's an example Activity,
in which the animation is added to an {@link android.widget.ImageView} and then animated when the screen is touched:</p>
<pre>
AnimationDrawable rocketAnimation;

public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
  super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
  setContentView(R.layout.main);

  ImageView rocketImage = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.rocket_image);
  rocketImage.setBackgroundResource(R.anim.rocket_thrust);
  rocketAnimation = (AnimationDrawable) rocketImage.getBackground();
}

public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
  if (event.getAction() == MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN) {
    rocketAnimation.start();
    return true;
  }
  return super.onTouchEvent(event);
}
</pre>
<p>It's important to note that the <code>start()</code> method called on the AnimationDrawable cannot be
called during the <code>onCreate()</code> method of your Activity, because the AnimationDrawable is not yet fully attached
to the window. If you want to play the animation immediately, without
requiring interaction, then you might want to call it from the 
<code>{@link android.app.Activity#onWindowFocusChanged(boolean) onWindowFocusChanged()}</code> method in 
your Activity, which will get called when Android brings your window into focus.</p>