gc/space/image_space.cc

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include "image_space.h"

#include <lz4.h>
#include <random>
#include <sys/statvfs.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "art_method.h"
#include "base/macros.h"
#include "base/stl_util.h"
#include "base/scoped_flock.h"
#include "base/systrace.h"
#include "base/time_utils.h"
#include "gc/accounting/space_bitmap-inl.h"
#include "image-inl.h"
#include "image_space_fs.h"
#include "mirror/class-inl.h"
#include "mirror/object-inl.h"
#include "oat_file.h"
#include "os.h"
#include "space-inl.h"
#include "utils.h"

namespace art {
namespace gc {
namespace space {

Atomic<uint32_t> ImageSpace::bitmap_index_(0);

ImageSpace::ImageSpace(const std::string& image_filename,
                       const char* image_location,
                       MemMap* mem_map,
                       accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap* live_bitmap,
                       uint8_t* end)
    : MemMapSpace(image_filename,
                  mem_map,
                  mem_map->Begin(),
                  end,
                  end,
                  kGcRetentionPolicyNeverCollect),
      oat_file_non_owned_(nullptr),
      image_location_(image_location) {
  DCHECK(live_bitmap != nullptr);
  live_bitmap_.reset(live_bitmap);
}

static int32_t ChooseRelocationOffsetDelta(int32_t min_delta, int32_t max_delta) {
  CHECK_ALIGNED(min_delta, kPageSize);
  CHECK_ALIGNED(max_delta, kPageSize);
  CHECK_LT(min_delta, max_delta);

  int32_t r = GetRandomNumber<int32_t>(min_delta, max_delta);
  if (r % 2 == 0) {
    r = RoundUp(r, kPageSize);
  } else {
    r = RoundDown(r, kPageSize);
  }
  CHECK_LE(min_delta, r);
  CHECK_GE(max_delta, r);
  CHECK_ALIGNED(r, kPageSize);
  return r;
}

static bool GenerateImage(const std::string& image_filename, InstructionSet image_isa,
                          std::string* error_msg) {
  const std::string boot_class_path_string(Runtime::Current()->GetBootClassPathString());
  std::vector<std::string> boot_class_path;
  Split(boot_class_path_string, ':', &boot_class_path);
  if (boot_class_path.empty()) {
    *error_msg = "Failed to generate image because no boot class path specified";
    return false;
  }
  // We should clean up so we are more likely to have room for the image.
  if (Runtime::Current()->IsZygote()) {
    LOG(INFO) << "Pruning dalvik-cache since we are generating an image and will need to recompile";
    PruneDalvikCache(image_isa);
  }

  std::vector<std::string> arg_vector;

  std::string dex2oat(Runtime::Current()->GetCompilerExecutable());
  arg_vector.push_back(dex2oat);

  std::string image_option_string("--image=");
  image_option_string += image_filename;
  arg_vector.push_back(image_option_string);

  for (size_t i = 0; i < boot_class_path.size(); i++) {
    arg_vector.push_back(std::string("--dex-file=") + boot_class_path[i]);
  }

  std::string oat_file_option_string("--oat-file=");
  oat_file_option_string += ImageHeader::GetOatLocationFromImageLocation(image_filename);
  arg_vector.push_back(oat_file_option_string);

  // Note: we do not generate a fully debuggable boot image so we do not pass the
  // compiler flag --debuggable here.

  Runtime::Current()->AddCurrentRuntimeFeaturesAsDex2OatArguments(&arg_vector);
  CHECK_EQ(image_isa, kRuntimeISA)
      << "We should always be generating an image for the current isa.";

  int32_t base_offset = ChooseRelocationOffsetDelta(ART_BASE_ADDRESS_MIN_DELTA,
                                                    ART_BASE_ADDRESS_MAX_DELTA);
  LOG(INFO) << "Using an offset of 0x" << std::hex << base_offset << " from default "
            << "art base address of 0x" << std::hex << ART_BASE_ADDRESS;
  arg_vector.push_back(StringPrintf("--base=0x%x", ART_BASE_ADDRESS + base_offset));

  if (!kIsTargetBuild) {
    arg_vector.push_back("--host");
  }

  const std::vector<std::string>& compiler_options = Runtime::Current()->GetImageCompilerOptions();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < compiler_options.size(); ++i) {
    arg_vector.push_back(compiler_options[i].c_str());
  }

  std::string command_line(Join(arg_vector, ' '));
  LOG(INFO) << "GenerateImage: " << command_line;
  return Exec(arg_vector, error_msg);
}

bool ImageSpace::FindImageFilename(const char* image_location,
                                   const InstructionSet image_isa,
                                   std::string* system_filename,
                                   bool* has_system,
                                   std::string* cache_filename,
                                   bool* dalvik_cache_exists,
                                   bool* has_cache,
                                   bool* is_global_cache) {
  *has_system = false;
  *has_cache = false;
  // image_location = /system/framework/boot.art
  // system_image_location = /system/framework/<image_isa>/boot.art
  std::string system_image_filename(GetSystemImageFilename(image_location, image_isa));
  if (OS::FileExists(system_image_filename.c_str())) {
    *system_filename = system_image_filename;
    *has_system = true;
  }

  bool have_android_data = false;
  *dalvik_cache_exists = false;
  std::string dalvik_cache;
  GetDalvikCache(GetInstructionSetString(image_isa), true, &dalvik_cache,
                 &have_android_data, dalvik_cache_exists, is_global_cache);

  if (have_android_data && *dalvik_cache_exists) {
    // Always set output location even if it does not exist,
    // so that the caller knows where to create the image.
    //
    // image_location = /system/framework/boot.art
    // *image_filename = /data/dalvik-cache/<image_isa>/boot.art
    std::string error_msg;
    if (!GetDalvikCacheFilename(image_location, dalvik_cache.c_str(), cache_filename, &error_msg)) {
      LOG(WARNING) << error_msg;
      return *has_system;
    }
    *has_cache = OS::FileExists(cache_filename->c_str());
  }
  return *has_system || *has_cache;
}

static bool ReadSpecificImageHeader(const char* filename, ImageHeader* image_header) {
    std::unique_ptr<File> image_file(OS::OpenFileForReading(filename));
    if (image_file.get() == nullptr) {
      return false;
    }
    const bool success = image_file->ReadFully(image_header, sizeof(ImageHeader));
    if (!success || !image_header->IsValid()) {
      return false;
    }
    return true;
}

// Relocate the image at image_location to dest_filename and relocate it by a random amount.
static bool RelocateImage(const char* image_location, const char* dest_filename,
                               InstructionSet isa, std::string* error_msg) {
  // We should clean up so we are more likely to have room for the image.
  if (Runtime::Current()->IsZygote()) {
    LOG(INFO) << "Pruning dalvik-cache since we are relocating an image and will need to recompile";
    PruneDalvikCache(isa);
  }

  std::string patchoat(Runtime::Current()->GetPatchoatExecutable());

  std::string input_image_location_arg("--input-image-location=");
  input_image_location_arg += image_location;

  std::string output_image_filename_arg("--output-image-file=");
  output_image_filename_arg += dest_filename;

  std::string instruction_set_arg("--instruction-set=");
  instruction_set_arg += GetInstructionSetString(isa);

  std::string base_offset_arg("--base-offset-delta=");
  StringAppendF(&base_offset_arg, "%d", ChooseRelocationOffsetDelta(ART_BASE_ADDRESS_MIN_DELTA,
                                                                    ART_BASE_ADDRESS_MAX_DELTA));

  std::vector<std::string> argv;
  argv.push_back(patchoat);

  argv.push_back(input_image_location_arg);
  argv.push_back(output_image_filename_arg);

  argv.push_back(instruction_set_arg);
  argv.push_back(base_offset_arg);

  std::string command_line(Join(argv, ' '));
  LOG(INFO) << "RelocateImage: " << command_line;
  return Exec(argv, error_msg);
}

static ImageHeader* ReadSpecificImageHeader(const char* filename, std::string* error_msg) {
  std::unique_ptr<ImageHeader> hdr(new ImageHeader);
  if (!ReadSpecificImageHeader(filename, hdr.get())) {
    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Unable to read image header for %s", filename);
    return nullptr;
  }
  return hdr.release();
}

ImageHeader* ImageSpace::ReadImageHeaderOrDie(const char* image_location,
                                              const InstructionSet image_isa) {
  std::string error_msg;
  ImageHeader* image_header = ReadImageHeader(image_location, image_isa, &error_msg);
  if (image_header == nullptr) {
    LOG(FATAL) << error_msg;
  }
  return image_header;
}

ImageHeader* ImageSpace::ReadImageHeader(const char* image_location,
                                         const InstructionSet image_isa,
                                         std::string* error_msg) {
  std::string system_filename;
  bool has_system = false;
  std::string cache_filename;
  bool has_cache = false;
  bool dalvik_cache_exists = false;
  bool is_global_cache = false;
  if (FindImageFilename(image_location, image_isa, &system_filename, &has_system,
                        &cache_filename, &dalvik_cache_exists, &has_cache, &is_global_cache)) {
    if (Runtime::Current()->ShouldRelocate()) {
      if (has_system && has_cache) {
        std::unique_ptr<ImageHeader> sys_hdr(new ImageHeader);
        std::unique_ptr<ImageHeader> cache_hdr(new ImageHeader);
        if (!ReadSpecificImageHeader(system_filename.c_str(), sys_hdr.get())) {
          *error_msg = StringPrintf("Unable to read image header for %s at %s",
                                    image_location, system_filename.c_str());
          return nullptr;
        }
        if (!ReadSpecificImageHeader(cache_filename.c_str(), cache_hdr.get())) {
          *error_msg = StringPrintf("Unable to read image header for %s at %s",
                                    image_location, cache_filename.c_str());
          return nullptr;
        }
        if (sys_hdr->GetOatChecksum() != cache_hdr->GetOatChecksum()) {
          *error_msg = StringPrintf("Unable to find a relocated version of image file %s",
                                    image_location);
          return nullptr;
        }
        return cache_hdr.release();
      } else if (!has_cache) {
        *error_msg = StringPrintf("Unable to find a relocated version of image file %s",
                                  image_location);
        return nullptr;
      } else if (!has_system && has_cache) {
        // This can probably just use the cache one.
        return ReadSpecificImageHeader(cache_filename.c_str(), error_msg);
      }
    } else {
      // We don't want to relocate, Just pick the appropriate one if we have it and return.
      if (has_system && has_cache) {
        // We want the cache if the checksum matches, otherwise the system.
        std::unique_ptr<ImageHeader> system(ReadSpecificImageHeader(system_filename.c_str(),
                                                                    error_msg));
        std::unique_ptr<ImageHeader> cache(ReadSpecificImageHeader(cache_filename.c_str(),
                                                                   error_msg));
        if (system.get() == nullptr ||
            (cache.get() != nullptr && cache->GetOatChecksum() == system->GetOatChecksum())) {
          return cache.release();
        } else {
          return system.release();
        }
      } else if (has_system) {
        return ReadSpecificImageHeader(system_filename.c_str(), error_msg);
      } else if (has_cache) {
        return ReadSpecificImageHeader(cache_filename.c_str(), error_msg);
      }
    }
  }

  *error_msg = StringPrintf("Unable to find image file for %s", image_location);
  return nullptr;
}

static bool ChecksumsMatch(const char* image_a, const char* image_b) {
  ImageHeader hdr_a;
  ImageHeader hdr_b;
  return ReadSpecificImageHeader(image_a, &hdr_a) && ReadSpecificImageHeader(image_b, &hdr_b)
      && hdr_a.GetOatChecksum() == hdr_b.GetOatChecksum();
}

static bool ImageCreationAllowed(bool is_global_cache, std::string* error_msg) {
  // Anyone can write into a "local" cache.
  if (!is_global_cache) {
    return true;
  }

  // Only the zygote is allowed to create the global boot image.
  if (Runtime::Current()->IsZygote()) {
    return true;
  }

  *error_msg = "Only the zygote can create the global boot image.";
  return false;
}

static constexpr uint64_t kLowSpaceValue = 50 * MB;
static constexpr uint64_t kTmpFsSentinelValue = 384 * MB;

// Read the free space of the cache partition and make a decision whether to keep the generated
// image. This is to try to mitigate situations where the system might run out of space later.
static bool CheckSpace(const std::string& cache_filename, std::string* error_msg) {
  // Using statvfs vs statvfs64 because of b/18207376, and it is enough for all practical purposes.
  struct statvfs buf;

  int res = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(statvfs(cache_filename.c_str(), &buf));
  if (res != 0) {
    // Could not stat. Conservatively tell the system to delete the image.
    *error_msg = "Could not stat the filesystem, assuming low-memory situation.";
    return false;
  }

  uint64_t fs_overall_size = buf.f_bsize * static_cast<uint64_t>(buf.f_blocks);
  // Zygote is privileged, but other things are not. Use bavail.
  uint64_t fs_free_size = buf.f_bsize * static_cast<uint64_t>(buf.f_bavail);

  // Take the overall size as an indicator for a tmpfs, which is being used for the decryption
  // environment. We do not want to fail quickening the boot image there, as it is beneficial
  // for time-to-UI.
  if (fs_overall_size > kTmpFsSentinelValue) {
    if (fs_free_size < kLowSpaceValue) {
      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Low-memory situation: only %4.2f megabytes available after image"
                                " generation, need at least %" PRIu64 ".",
                                static_cast<double>(fs_free_size) / MB,
                                kLowSpaceValue / MB);
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

ImageSpace* ImageSpace::CreateBootImage(const char* image_location,
                                        const InstructionSet image_isa,
                                        bool secondary_image,
                                        std::string* error_msg) {
  ScopedTrace trace(__FUNCTION__);
  std::string system_filename;
  bool has_system = false;
  std::string cache_filename;
  bool has_cache = false;
  bool dalvik_cache_exists = false;
  bool is_global_cache = true;
  bool found_image = FindImageFilename(image_location, image_isa, &system_filename,
                                       &has_system, &cache_filename, &dalvik_cache_exists,
                                       &has_cache, &is_global_cache);

  // If we're starting with the global cache, and we're the zygote, try to see whether there are
  // OTA artifacts from the A/B OTA preopting to move over.
  // (It is structurally simpler to check this here, instead of complicating the compile/relocate
  // logic below.)
  const bool is_zygote = Runtime::Current()->IsZygote();
  if (is_global_cache && is_zygote) {
    VLOG(startup) << "Checking for A/B OTA data.";
    TryMoveOTAArtifacts(cache_filename, dalvik_cache_exists);

    // Retry. There are two cases where the old info is outdated:
    // * There wasn't a boot image before (e.g., some failure on boot), but now the OTA preopted
    //   image has been moved in-place.
    // * There was a boot image before, and we tried to move the OTA preopted image, but a failure
    //   happened and there is no file anymore.
    found_image = FindImageFilename(image_location,
                                    image_isa,
                                    &system_filename,
                                    &has_system,
                                    &cache_filename,
                                    &dalvik_cache_exists,
                                    &has_cache,
                                    &is_global_cache);
  }

  if (is_zygote && !secondary_image) {
    MarkZygoteStart(image_isa, Runtime::Current()->GetZygoteMaxFailedBoots());
  }

  ImageSpace* space;
  bool relocate = Runtime::Current()->ShouldRelocate();
  bool can_compile = Runtime::Current()->IsImageDex2OatEnabled();
  if (found_image) {
    const std::string* image_filename;
    bool is_system = false;
    bool relocated_version_used = false;
    if (relocate) {
      if (!dalvik_cache_exists) {
        *error_msg = StringPrintf("Requiring relocation for image '%s' at '%s' but we do not have "
                                  "any dalvik_cache to find/place it in.",
                                  image_location, system_filename.c_str());
        return nullptr;
      }
      if (has_system) {
        if (has_cache && ChecksumsMatch(system_filename.c_str(), cache_filename.c_str())) {
          // We already have a relocated version
          image_filename = &cache_filename;
          relocated_version_used = true;
        } else {
          // We cannot have a relocated version, Relocate the system one and use it.

          std::string reason;
          bool success;

          // Check whether we are allowed to relocate.
          if (!can_compile) {
            reason = "Image dex2oat disabled by -Xnoimage-dex2oat.";
            success = false;
          } else if (!ImageCreationAllowed(is_global_cache, &reason)) {
            // Whether we can write to the cache.
            success = false;
          } else if (secondary_image) {
            if (is_zygote) {
              // Secondary image is out of date. Clear cache and exit to let it retry from scratch.
              LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot patch secondary image '" << image_location
                         << "', clearing dalvik_cache and restarting zygote.";
              PruneDalvikCache(image_isa);
              _exit(1);
            } else {
              reason = "Should not have to patch secondary image.";
              success = false;
            }
          } else {
            // Try to relocate.
            success = RelocateImage(image_location, cache_filename.c_str(), image_isa, &reason);
          }

          if (success) {
            relocated_version_used = true;
            image_filename = &cache_filename;
          } else {
            *error_msg = StringPrintf("Unable to relocate image '%s' from '%s' to '%s': %s",
                                      image_location, system_filename.c_str(),
                                      cache_filename.c_str(), reason.c_str());
            // We failed to create files, remove any possibly garbage output.
            // Since ImageCreationAllowed was true above, we are the zygote
            // and therefore the only process expected to generate these for
            // the device.
            PruneDalvikCache(image_isa);
            return nullptr;
          }
        }
      } else {
        CHECK(has_cache);
        // We can just use cache's since it should be fine. This might or might not be relocated.
        image_filename = &cache_filename;
      }
    } else {
      if (has_system && has_cache) {
        // Check they have the same cksum. If they do use the cache. Otherwise system.
        if (ChecksumsMatch(system_filename.c_str(), cache_filename.c_str())) {
          image_filename = &cache_filename;
          relocated_version_used = true;
        } else {
          image_filename = &system_filename;
          is_system = true;
        }
      } else if (has_system) {
        image_filename = &system_filename;
        is_system = true;
      } else {
        CHECK(has_cache);
        image_filename = &cache_filename;
      }
    }
    {
      // Note that we must not use the file descriptor associated with
      // ScopedFlock::GetFile to Init the image file. We want the file
      // descriptor (and the associated exclusive lock) to be released when
      // we leave Create.
      ScopedFlock image_lock;
      // Should this be a RDWR lock? This is only a defensive measure, as at
      // this point the image should exist.
      // However, only the zygote can write into the global dalvik-cache, so
      // restrict to zygote processes, or any process that isn't using
      // /data/dalvik-cache (which we assume to be allowed to write there).
      const bool rw_lock = is_zygote || !is_global_cache;
      image_lock.Init(image_filename->c_str(),
                      rw_lock ? (O_CREAT | O_RDWR) : O_RDONLY /* flags */,
                      true /* block */,
                      error_msg);
      VLOG(startup) << "Using image file " << image_filename->c_str() << " for image location "
                    << image_location;
      // If we are in /system we can assume the image is good. We can also
      // assume this if we are using a relocated image (i.e. image checksum
      // matches) since this is only different by the offset. We need this to
      // make sure that host tests continue to work.
      // Since we are the boot image, pass null since we load the oat file from the boot image oat
      // file name.
      space = ImageSpace::Init(image_filename->c_str(),
                               image_location,
                               !(is_system || relocated_version_used),
                               /* oat_file */nullptr,
                               error_msg);
    }
    if (space != nullptr) {
      return space;
    }

    if (relocated_version_used) {
      // Something is wrong with the relocated copy (even though checksums match). Cleanup.
      // This can happen if the .oat is corrupt, since the above only checks the .art checksums.
      // TODO: Check the oat file validity earlier.
      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Attempted to use relocated version of %s at %s generated from %s "
                                "but image failed to load: %s",
                                image_location, cache_filename.c_str(), system_filename.c_str(),
                                error_msg->c_str());
      PruneDalvikCache(image_isa);
      return nullptr;
    } else if (is_system) {
      // If the /system file exists, it should be up-to-date, don't try to generate it.
      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to load /system image '%s': %s",
                                image_filename->c_str(), error_msg->c_str());
      return nullptr;
    } else {
      // Otherwise, log a warning and fall through to GenerateImage.
      LOG(WARNING) << *error_msg;
    }
  }

  if (!can_compile) {
    *error_msg = "Not attempting to compile image because -Xnoimage-dex2oat";
    return nullptr;
  } else if (!dalvik_cache_exists) {
    *error_msg = StringPrintf("No place to put generated image.");
    return nullptr;
  } else if (!ImageCreationAllowed(is_global_cache, error_msg)) {
    return nullptr;
  } else if (secondary_image) {
    *error_msg = "Cannot compile a secondary image.";
    return nullptr;
  } else if (!GenerateImage(cache_filename, image_isa, error_msg)) {
    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to generate image '%s': %s",
                              cache_filename.c_str(), error_msg->c_str());
    // We failed to create files, remove any possibly garbage output.
    // Since ImageCreationAllowed was true above, we are the zygote
    // and therefore the only process expected to generate these for
    // the device.
    PruneDalvikCache(image_isa);
    return nullptr;
  } else {
    // Check whether there is enough space left over after we have generated the image.
    if (!CheckSpace(cache_filename, error_msg)) {
      // No. Delete the generated image and try to run out of the dex files.
      PruneDalvikCache(image_isa);
      return nullptr;
    }

    // Note that we must not use the file descriptor associated with
    // ScopedFlock::GetFile to Init the image file. We want the file
    // descriptor (and the associated exclusive lock) to be released when
    // we leave Create.
    ScopedFlock image_lock;
    image_lock.Init(cache_filename.c_str(), error_msg);
    space = ImageSpace::Init(cache_filename.c_str(), image_location, true, nullptr, error_msg);
    if (space == nullptr) {
      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to load generated image '%s': %s",
                                cache_filename.c_str(), error_msg->c_str());
    }
    return space;
  }
}

void ImageSpace::VerifyImageAllocations() {
  uint8_t* current = Begin() + RoundUp(sizeof(ImageHeader), kObjectAlignment);
  while (current < End()) {
    CHECK_ALIGNED(current, kObjectAlignment);
    auto* obj = reinterpret_cast<mirror::Object*>(current);
    CHECK(obj->GetClass() != nullptr) << "Image object at address " << obj << " has null class";
    CHECK(live_bitmap_->Test(obj)) << PrettyTypeOf(obj);
    if (kUseBakerOrBrooksReadBarrier) {
      obj->AssertReadBarrierPointer();
    }
    current += RoundUp(obj->SizeOf(), kObjectAlignment);
  }
}

// Helper class for relocating from one range of memory to another.
class RelocationRange {
 public:
  RelocationRange() = default;
  RelocationRange(const RelocationRange&) = default;
  RelocationRange(uintptr_t source, uintptr_t dest, uintptr_t length)
      : source_(source),
        dest_(dest),
        length_(length) {}

  bool InSource(uintptr_t address) const {
    return address - source_ < length_;
  }

  bool InDest(uintptr_t address) const {
    return address - dest_ < length_;
  }

  // Translate a source address to the destination space.
  uintptr_t ToDest(uintptr_t address) const {
    DCHECK(InSource(address));
    return address + Delta();
  }

  // Returns the delta between the dest from the source.
  uintptr_t Delta() const {
    return dest_ - source_;
  }

  uintptr_t Source() const {
    return source_;
  }

  uintptr_t Dest() const {
    return dest_;
  }

  uintptr_t Length() const {
    return length_;
  }

 private:
  const uintptr_t source_;
  const uintptr_t dest_;
  const uintptr_t length_;
};

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const RelocationRange& reloc) {
  return os << "(" << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(reloc.Source()) << "-"
            << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(reloc.Source() + reloc.Length()) << ")->("
            << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(reloc.Dest()) << "-"
            << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(reloc.Dest() + reloc.Length()) << ")";
}

class FixupVisitor : public ValueObject {
 public:
  FixupVisitor(const RelocationRange& boot_image,
               const RelocationRange& boot_oat,
               const RelocationRange& app_image,
               const RelocationRange& app_oat)
      : boot_image_(boot_image),
        boot_oat_(boot_oat),
        app_image_(app_image),
        app_oat_(app_oat) {}

  // Return the relocated address of a heap object.
  template <typename T>
  ALWAYS_INLINE T* ForwardObject(T* src) const {
    const uintptr_t uint_src = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(src);
    if (boot_image_.InSource(uint_src)) {
      return reinterpret_cast<T*>(boot_image_.ToDest(uint_src));
    }
    if (app_image_.InSource(uint_src)) {
      return reinterpret_cast<T*>(app_image_.ToDest(uint_src));
    }
    // Since we are fixing up the app image, there should only be pointers to the app image and
    // boot image.
    DCHECK(src == nullptr) << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(src);
    return src;
  }

  // Return the relocated address of a code pointer (contained by an oat file).
  ALWAYS_INLINE const void* ForwardCode(const void* src) const {
    const uintptr_t uint_src = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(src);
    if (boot_oat_.InSource(uint_src)) {
      return reinterpret_cast<const void*>(boot_oat_.ToDest(uint_src));
    }
    if (app_oat_.InSource(uint_src)) {
      return reinterpret_cast<const void*>(app_oat_.ToDest(uint_src));
    }
    DCHECK(src == nullptr) << src;
    return src;
  }

  // Must be called on pointers that already have been relocated to the destination relocation.
  ALWAYS_INLINE bool IsInAppImage(mirror::Object* object) const {
    return app_image_.InDest(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(object));
  }

 protected:
  // Source section.
  const RelocationRange boot_image_;
  const RelocationRange boot_oat_;
  const RelocationRange app_image_;
  const RelocationRange app_oat_;
};

// Adapt for mirror::Class::FixupNativePointers.
class FixupObjectAdapter : public FixupVisitor {
 public:
  template<typename... Args>
  explicit FixupObjectAdapter(Args... args) : FixupVisitor(args...) {}

  template <typename T>
  T* operator()(T* obj) const {
    return ForwardObject(obj);
  }
};

class FixupRootVisitor : public FixupVisitor {
 public:
  template<typename... Args>
  explicit FixupRootVisitor(Args... args) : FixupVisitor(args...) {}

  ALWAYS_INLINE void VisitRootIfNonNull(mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>* root) const
      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
    if (!root->IsNull()) {
      VisitRoot(root);
    }
  }

  ALWAYS_INLINE void VisitRoot(mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>* root) const
      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
    mirror::Object* ref = root->AsMirrorPtr();
    mirror::Object* new_ref = ForwardObject(ref);
    if (ref != new_ref) {
      root->Assign(new_ref);
    }
  }
};

class FixupObjectVisitor : public FixupVisitor {
 public:
  template<typename... Args>
  explicit FixupObjectVisitor(gc::accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap* visited,
                              const size_t pointer_size,
                              Args... args)
      : FixupVisitor(args...),
        pointer_size_(pointer_size),
        visited_(visited) {}

  // Fix up separately since we also need to fix up method entrypoints.
  ALWAYS_INLINE void VisitRootIfNonNull(
      mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>* root ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) const {}

  ALWAYS_INLINE void VisitRoot(mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>* root ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED)
      const {}

  ALWAYS_INLINE void operator()(mirror::Object* obj,
                                MemberOffset offset,
                                bool is_static ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) const
      NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
    // There could be overlap between ranges, we must avoid visiting the same reference twice.
    // Avoid the class field since we already fixed it up in FixupClassVisitor.
    if (offset.Uint32Value() != mirror::Object::ClassOffset().Uint32Value()) {
      // Space is not yet added to the heap, don't do a read barrier.
      mirror::Object* ref = obj->GetFieldObject<mirror::Object, kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>(
          offset);
      // Use SetFieldObjectWithoutWriteBarrier to avoid card marking since we are writing to the
      // image.
      obj->SetFieldObjectWithoutWriteBarrier<false, true, kVerifyNone>(offset, ForwardObject(ref));
    }
  }

  // Visit a pointer array and forward corresponding native data. Ignores pointer arrays in the
  // boot image. Uses the bitmap to ensure the same array is not visited multiple times.
  template <typename Visitor>
  void UpdatePointerArrayContents(mirror::PointerArray* array, const Visitor& visitor) const
      NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
    DCHECK(array != nullptr);
    DCHECK(visitor.IsInAppImage(array));
    // The bit for the array contents is different than the bit for the array. Since we may have
    // already visited the array as a long / int array from walking the bitmap without knowing it
    // was a pointer array.
    static_assert(kObjectAlignment == 8u, "array bit may be in another object");
    mirror::Object* const contents_bit = reinterpret_cast<mirror::Object*>(
        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(array) + kObjectAlignment);
    // If the bit is not set then the contents have not yet been updated.
    if (!visited_->Test(contents_bit)) {
      array->Fixup<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>(array, pointer_size_, visitor);
      visited_->Set(contents_bit);
    }
  }

  // java.lang.ref.Reference visitor.
  void operator()(mirror::Class* klass ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, mirror::Reference* ref) const
      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_) {
    mirror::Object* obj = ref->GetReferent<kWithoutReadBarrier>();
    ref->SetFieldObjectWithoutWriteBarrier<false, true, kVerifyNone>(
        mirror::Reference::ReferentOffset(),
        ForwardObject(obj));
  }

  ALWAYS_INLINE void operator()(mirror::Object* obj) const NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
    if (visited_->Test(obj)) {
      // Already visited.
      return;
    }
    visited_->Set(obj);

    // Handle class specially first since we need it to be updated to properly visit the rest of
    // the instance fields.
    {
      mirror::Class* klass = obj->GetClass<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>();
      DCHECK(klass != nullptr) << "Null class in image";
      // No AsClass since our fields aren't quite fixed up yet.
      mirror::Class* new_klass = down_cast<mirror::Class*>(ForwardObject(klass));
      if (klass != new_klass) {
        obj->SetClass<kVerifyNone>(new_klass);
      }
      if (new_klass != klass && IsInAppImage(new_klass)) {
        // Make sure the klass contents are fixed up since we depend on it to walk the fields.
        operator()(new_klass);
      }
    }

    obj->VisitReferences</*visit native roots*/false, kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>(
        *this,
        *this);
    // Note that this code relies on no circular dependencies.
    // We want to use our own class loader and not the one in the image.
    if (obj->IsClass<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>()) {
      mirror::Class* as_klass = obj->AsClass<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>();
      FixupObjectAdapter visitor(boot_image_, boot_oat_, app_image_, app_oat_);
      as_klass->FixupNativePointers<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>(as_klass,
                                                                      pointer_size_,
                                                                      visitor);
      // Deal with the pointer arrays. Use the helper function since multiple classes can reference
      // the same arrays.
      mirror::PointerArray* const vtable = as_klass->GetVTable<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>();
      if (vtable != nullptr && IsInAppImage(vtable)) {
        operator()(vtable);
        UpdatePointerArrayContents(vtable, visitor);
      }
      mirror::IfTable* iftable = as_klass->GetIfTable<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>();
      // Ensure iftable arrays are fixed up since we need GetMethodArray to return the valid
      // contents.
      if (iftable != nullptr && IsInAppImage(iftable)) {
        operator()(iftable);
        for (int32_t i = 0, count = iftable->Count(); i < count; ++i) {
          if (iftable->GetMethodArrayCount<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>(i) > 0) {
            mirror::PointerArray* methods =
                iftable->GetMethodArray<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>(i);
            if (visitor.IsInAppImage(methods)) {
              operator()(methods);
              DCHECK(methods != nullptr);
              UpdatePointerArrayContents(methods, visitor);
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

 private:
  const size_t pointer_size_;
  gc::accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap* const visited_;
};

class ForwardObjectAdapter {
 public:
  ALWAYS_INLINE ForwardObjectAdapter(const FixupVisitor* visitor) : visitor_(visitor) {}

  template <typename T>
  ALWAYS_INLINE T* operator()(T* src) const {
    return visitor_->ForwardObject(src);
  }

 private:
  const FixupVisitor* const visitor_;
};

class ForwardCodeAdapter {
 public:
  ALWAYS_INLINE ForwardCodeAdapter(const FixupVisitor* visitor)
      : visitor_(visitor) {}

  template <typename T>
  ALWAYS_INLINE T* operator()(T* src) const {
    return visitor_->ForwardCode(src);
  }

 private:
  const FixupVisitor* const visitor_;
};

class FixupArtMethodVisitor : public FixupVisitor, public ArtMethodVisitor {
 public:
  template<typename... Args>
  explicit FixupArtMethodVisitor(bool fixup_heap_objects, size_t pointer_size, Args... args)
      : FixupVisitor(args...),
        fixup_heap_objects_(fixup_heap_objects),
        pointer_size_(pointer_size) {}

  virtual void Visit(ArtMethod* method) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
    if (fixup_heap_objects_) {
      method->UpdateObjectsForImageRelocation(ForwardObjectAdapter(this), pointer_size_);
    }
    method->UpdateEntrypoints<kWithoutReadBarrier>(ForwardCodeAdapter(this), pointer_size_);
  }

 private:
  const bool fixup_heap_objects_;
  const size_t pointer_size_;
};

class FixupArtFieldVisitor : public FixupVisitor, public ArtFieldVisitor {
 public:
  template<typename... Args>
  explicit FixupArtFieldVisitor(Args... args) : FixupVisitor(args...) {}

  virtual void Visit(ArtField* field) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
    field->UpdateObjects(ForwardObjectAdapter(this));
  }
};

// Relocate an image space mapped at target_base which possibly used to be at a different base
// address. Only needs a single image space, not one for both source and destination.
// In place means modifying a single ImageSpace in place rather than relocating from one ImageSpace
// to another.
static bool RelocateInPlace(ImageHeader& image_header,
                            uint8_t* target_base,
                            accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap* bitmap,
                            const OatFile* app_oat_file,
                            std::string* error_msg) {
  DCHECK(error_msg != nullptr);
  if (!image_header.IsPic()) {
    if (image_header.GetImageBegin() == target_base) {
      return true;
    }
    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Cannot relocate non-pic image for oat file %s",
                              (app_oat_file != nullptr) ? app_oat_file->GetLocation().c_str() : "");
    return false;
  }
  // Set up sections.
  uint32_t boot_image_begin = 0;
  uint32_t boot_image_end = 0;
  uint32_t boot_oat_begin = 0;
  uint32_t boot_oat_end = 0;
  const size_t pointer_size = image_header.GetPointerSize();
  gc::Heap* const heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
  heap->GetBootImagesSize(&boot_image_begin, &boot_image_end, &boot_oat_begin, &boot_oat_end);
  CHECK_NE(boot_image_begin, boot_image_end)
      << "Can not relocate app image without boot image space";
  CHECK_NE(boot_oat_begin, boot_oat_end) << "Can not relocate app image without boot oat file";
  const uint32_t boot_image_size = boot_image_end - boot_image_begin;
  const uint32_t boot_oat_size = boot_oat_end - boot_oat_begin;
  const uint32_t image_header_boot_image_size = image_header.GetBootImageSize();
  const uint32_t image_header_boot_oat_size = image_header.GetBootOatSize();
  if (boot_image_size != image_header_boot_image_size) {
    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Boot image size %" PRIu64 " does not match expected size %"
                                  PRIu64,
                              static_cast<uint64_t>(boot_image_size),
                              static_cast<uint64_t>(image_header_boot_image_size));
    return false;
  }
  if (boot_oat_size != image_header_boot_oat_size) {
    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Boot oat size %" PRIu64 " does not match expected size %"
                                  PRIu64,
                              static_cast<uint64_t>(boot_oat_size),
                              static_cast<uint64_t>(image_header_boot_oat_size));
    return false;
  }
  TimingLogger logger(__FUNCTION__, true, false);
  RelocationRange boot_image(image_header.GetBootImageBegin(),
                             boot_image_begin,
                             boot_image_size);
  RelocationRange boot_oat(image_header.GetBootOatBegin(),
                           boot_oat_begin,
                           boot_oat_size);
  RelocationRange app_image(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(image_header.GetImageBegin()),
                            reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(target_base),
                            image_header.GetImageSize());
  // Use the oat data section since this is where the OatFile::Begin is.
  RelocationRange app_oat(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(image_header.GetOatDataBegin()),
                          // Not necessarily in low 4GB.
                          reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(app_oat_file->Begin()),
                          image_header.GetOatDataEnd() - image_header.GetOatDataBegin());
  VLOG(image) << "App image " << app_image;
  VLOG(image) << "App oat " << app_oat;
  VLOG(image) << "Boot image " << boot_image;
  VLOG(image) << "Boot oat " << boot_oat;
  // True if we need to fixup any heap pointers, otherwise only code pointers.
  const bool fixup_image = boot_image.Delta() != 0 || app_image.Delta() != 0;
  const bool fixup_code = boot_oat.Delta() != 0 || app_oat.Delta() != 0;
  if (!fixup_image && !fixup_code) {
    // Nothing to fix up.
    return true;
  }
  ScopedDebugDisallowReadBarriers sddrb(Thread::Current());
  // Need to update the image to be at the target base.
  const ImageSection& objects_section = image_header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionObjects);
  uintptr_t objects_begin = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(target_base + objects_section.Offset());
  uintptr_t objects_end = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(target_base + objects_section.End());
  if (fixup_image) {
    // Two pass approach, fix up all classes first, then fix up non class-objects.
    // The visited bitmap is used to ensure that pointer arrays are not forwarded twice.
    std::unique_ptr<gc::accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap> visited_bitmap(
        gc::accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap::Create("Relocate bitmap",
                                                      target_base,
                                                      image_header.GetImageSize()));
    FixupObjectVisitor fixup_object_visitor(visited_bitmap.get(),
                                            pointer_size,
                                            boot_image,
                                            boot_oat,
                                            app_image,
                                            app_oat);
    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("Fixup classes", &logger);
    // Fixup objects may read fields in the boot image, use the mutator lock here for sanity. Though
    // its probably not required.
    ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
    timing.NewTiming("Fixup objects");
    bitmap->VisitMarkedRange(objects_begin, objects_end, fixup_object_visitor);
    FixupObjectAdapter fixup_adapter(boot_image, boot_oat, app_image, app_oat);
    // Fixup image roots.
    CHECK(app_image.InSource(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(
        image_header.GetImageRoots<kWithoutReadBarrier>())));
    image_header.RelocateImageObjects(app_image.Delta());
    CHECK_EQ(image_header.GetImageBegin(), target_base);
    // Fix up dex cache DexFile pointers.
    auto* dex_caches = image_header.GetImageRoot<kWithoutReadBarrier>(ImageHeader::kDexCaches)->
        AsObjectArray<mirror::DexCache, kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>();
    for (int32_t i = 0, count = dex_caches->GetLength(); i < count; ++i) {
      mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = dex_caches->Get<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>(i);
      // Fix up dex cache pointers.
      GcRoot<mirror::String>* strings = dex_cache->GetStrings();
      if (strings != nullptr) {
        GcRoot<mirror::String>* new_strings = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(strings);
        if (strings != new_strings) {
          dex_cache->SetStrings(new_strings);
        }
        dex_cache->FixupStrings<kWithoutReadBarrier>(new_strings, fixup_adapter);
      }
      GcRoot<mirror::Class>* types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
      if (types != nullptr) {
        GcRoot<mirror::Class>* new_types = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(types);
        if (types != new_types) {
          dex_cache->SetResolvedTypes(new_types);
        }
        dex_cache->FixupResolvedTypes<kWithoutReadBarrier>(new_types, fixup_adapter);
      }
      ArtMethod** methods = dex_cache->GetResolvedMethods();
      if (methods != nullptr) {
        ArtMethod** new_methods = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(methods);
        if (methods != new_methods) {
          dex_cache->SetResolvedMethods(new_methods);
        }
        for (size_t j = 0, num = dex_cache->NumResolvedMethods(); j != num; ++j) {
          ArtMethod* orig = mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(new_methods, j, pointer_size);
          ArtMethod* copy = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(orig);
          if (orig != copy) {
            mirror::DexCache::SetElementPtrSize(new_methods, j, copy, pointer_size);
          }
        }
      }
      ArtField** fields = dex_cache->GetResolvedFields();
      if (fields != nullptr) {
        ArtField** new_fields = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(fields);
        if (fields != new_fields) {
          dex_cache->SetResolvedFields(new_fields);
        }
        for (size_t j = 0, num = dex_cache->NumResolvedFields(); j != num; ++j) {
          ArtField* orig = mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(new_fields, j, pointer_size);
          ArtField* copy = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(orig);
          if (orig != copy) {
            mirror::DexCache::SetElementPtrSize(new_fields, j, copy, pointer_size);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  {
    // Only touches objects in the app image, no need for mutator lock.
    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("Fixup methods", &logger);
    FixupArtMethodVisitor method_visitor(fixup_image,
                                         pointer_size,
                                         boot_image,
                                         boot_oat,
                                         app_image,
                                         app_oat);
    image_header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionArtMethods).VisitPackedArtMethods(
        &method_visitor,
        target_base,
        pointer_size);
  }
  if (fixup_image) {
    {
      // Only touches objects in the app image, no need for mutator lock.
      TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("Fixup fields", &logger);
      FixupArtFieldVisitor field_visitor(boot_image, boot_oat, app_image, app_oat);
      image_header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionArtFields).VisitPackedArtFields(
          &field_visitor,
          target_base);
    }
    // In the app image case, the image methods are actually in the boot image.
    image_header.RelocateImageMethods(boot_image.Delta());
    const auto& class_table_section = image_header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionClassTable);
    if (class_table_section.Size() > 0u) {
      // Note that we require that ReadFromMemory does not make an internal copy of the elements.
      // This also relies on visit roots not doing any verification which could fail after we update
      // the roots to be the image addresses.
      ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
      WriterMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), *Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
      ClassTable temp_table;
      temp_table.ReadFromMemory(target_base + class_table_section.Offset());
      FixupRootVisitor root_visitor(boot_image, boot_oat, app_image, app_oat);
      temp_table.VisitRoots(root_visitor);
    }
  }
  if (VLOG_IS_ON(image)) {
    logger.Dump(LOG(INFO));
  }
  return true;
}

ImageSpace* ImageSpace::Init(const char* image_filename,
                             const char* image_location,
                             bool validate_oat_file,
                             const OatFile* oat_file,
                             std::string* error_msg) {
  CHECK(image_filename != nullptr);
  CHECK(image_location != nullptr);

  TimingLogger logger(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__, true, VLOG_IS_ON(image));
  VLOG(image) << "ImageSpace::Init entering image_filename=" << image_filename;

  std::unique_ptr<File> file;
  {
    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("OpenImageFile", &logger);
    file.reset(OS::OpenFileForReading(image_filename));
    if (file == nullptr) {
      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to open '%s'", image_filename);
      return nullptr;
    }
  }
  ImageHeader temp_image_header;
  ImageHeader* image_header = &temp_image_header;
  {
    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("ReadImageHeader", &logger);
    bool success = file->ReadFully(image_header, sizeof(*image_header));
    if (!success || !image_header->IsValid()) {
      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Invalid image header in '%s'", image_filename);
      return nullptr;
    }
  }
  // Check that the file is larger or equal to the header size + data size.
  const uint64_t image_file_size = static_cast<uint64_t>(file->GetLength());
  if (image_file_size < sizeof(ImageHeader) + image_header->GetDataSize()) {
    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Image file truncated: %" PRIu64 " vs. %" PRIu64 ".",
                              image_file_size,
                              sizeof(ImageHeader) + image_header->GetDataSize());
    return nullptr;
  }

  if (oat_file != nullptr) {
    // If we have an oat file, check the oat file checksum. The oat file is only non-null for the
    // app image case. Otherwise, we open the oat file after the image and check the checksum there.
    const uint32_t oat_checksum = oat_file->GetOatHeader().GetChecksum();
    const uint32_t image_oat_checksum = image_header->GetOatChecksum();
    if (oat_checksum != image_oat_checksum) {
      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Oat checksum 0x%x does not match the image one 0x%x in image %s",
                                oat_checksum,
                                image_oat_checksum,
                                image_filename);
      return nullptr;
    }
  }

  if (VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
    LOG(INFO) << "Dumping image sections";
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ImageHeader::kSectionCount; ++i) {
      const auto section_idx = static_cast<ImageHeader::ImageSections>(i);
      auto& section = image_header->GetImageSection(section_idx);
      LOG(INFO) << section_idx << " start="
                << reinterpret_cast<void*>(image_header->GetImageBegin() + section.Offset()) << " "
                << section;
    }
  }

  const auto& bitmap_section = image_header->GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionImageBitmap);
  // The location we want to map from is the first aligned page after the end of the stored
  // (possibly compressed) data.
  const size_t image_bitmap_offset = RoundUp(sizeof(ImageHeader) + image_header->GetDataSize(),
                                             kPageSize);
  const size_t end_of_bitmap = image_bitmap_offset + bitmap_section.Size();
  if (end_of_bitmap != image_file_size) {
    *error_msg = StringPrintf(
        "Image file size does not equal end of bitmap: size=%" PRIu64 " vs. %zu.", image_file_size,
        end_of_bitmap);
    return nullptr;
  }

  // The preferred address to map the image, null specifies any address. If we manage to map the
  // image at the image begin, the amount of fixup work required is minimized.
  std::vector<uint8_t*> addresses(1, image_header->GetImageBegin());
  if (image_header->IsPic()) {
    // Can also map at a random low_4gb address since we can relocate in-place.
    addresses.push_back(nullptr);
  }

  // Note: The image header is part of the image due to mmap page alignment required of offset.
  std::unique_ptr<MemMap> map;
  std::string temp_error_msg;
  for (uint8_t* address : addresses) {
    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("MapImageFile", &logger);
    // Only care about the error message for the last address in addresses. We want to avoid the
    // overhead of printing the process maps if we can relocate.
    std::string* out_error_msg = (address == addresses.back()) ? &temp_error_msg : nullptr;
    const ImageHeader::StorageMode storage_mode = image_header->GetStorageMode();
    if (storage_mode == ImageHeader::kStorageModeUncompressed) {
      map.reset(MemMap::MapFileAtAddress(address,
                                         image_header->GetImageSize(),
                                         PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                                         MAP_PRIVATE,
                                         file->Fd(),
                                         0,
                                         /*low_4gb*/true,
                                         /*reuse*/false,
                                         image_filename,
                                         /*out*/out_error_msg));
    } else {
      if (storage_mode != ImageHeader::kStorageModeLZ4 &&
          storage_mode != ImageHeader::kStorageModeLZ4HC) {
        *error_msg = StringPrintf("Invalid storage mode in image header %d",
                                  static_cast<int>(storage_mode));
        return nullptr;
      }
      // Reserve output and decompress into it.
      map.reset(MemMap::MapAnonymous(image_location,
                                     address,
                                     image_header->GetImageSize(),
                                     PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                                     /*low_4gb*/true,
                                     /*reuse*/false,
                                     /*out*/out_error_msg));
      if (map != nullptr) {
        const size_t stored_size = image_header->GetDataSize();
        const size_t decompress_offset = sizeof(ImageHeader);  // Skip the header.
        std::unique_ptr<MemMap> temp_map(MemMap::MapFile(sizeof(ImageHeader) + stored_size,
                                                         PROT_READ,
                                                         MAP_PRIVATE,
                                                         file->Fd(),
                                                         /*offset*/0,
                                                         /*low_4gb*/false,
                                                         image_filename,
                                                         out_error_msg));
        if (temp_map == nullptr) {
          DCHECK(!out_error_msg->empty());
          return nullptr;
        }
        memcpy(map->Begin(), image_header, sizeof(ImageHeader));
        const uint64_t start = NanoTime();
        // LZ4HC and LZ4 have same internal format, both use LZ4_decompress.
        TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing2("LZ4 decompress image", &logger);
        const size_t decompressed_size = LZ4_decompress_safe(
            reinterpret_cast<char*>(temp_map->Begin()) + sizeof(ImageHeader),
            reinterpret_cast<char*>(map->Begin()) + decompress_offset,
            stored_size,
            map->Size() - decompress_offset);
        VLOG(image) << "Decompressing image took " << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start);
        if (decompressed_size + sizeof(ImageHeader) != image_header->GetImageSize()) {
          *error_msg = StringPrintf(
              "Decompressed size does not match expected image size %zu vs %zu",
              decompressed_size + sizeof(ImageHeader),
              image_header->GetImageSize());
          return nullptr;
        }
      }
    }
    if (map != nullptr) {
      break;
    }
  }

  if (map == nullptr) {
    DCHECK(!temp_error_msg.empty());
    *error_msg = temp_error_msg;
    return nullptr;
  }
  DCHECK_EQ(0, memcmp(image_header, map->Begin(), sizeof(ImageHeader)));

  std::unique_ptr<MemMap> image_bitmap_map(MemMap::MapFileAtAddress(nullptr,
                                                                    bitmap_section.Size(),
                                                                    PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE,
                                                                    file->Fd(),
                                                                    image_bitmap_offset,
                                                                    /*low_4gb*/false,
                                                                    /*reuse*/false,
                                                                    image_filename,
                                                                    error_msg));
  if (image_bitmap_map == nullptr) {
    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to map image bitmap: %s", error_msg->c_str());
    return nullptr;
  }
  // Loaded the map, use the image header from the file now in case we patch it with
  // RelocateInPlace.
  image_header = reinterpret_cast<ImageHeader*>(map->Begin());
  const uint32_t bitmap_index = bitmap_index_.FetchAndAddSequentiallyConsistent(1);
  std::string bitmap_name(StringPrintf("imagespace %s live-bitmap %u",
                                       image_filename,
                                       bitmap_index));
  // Bitmap only needs to cover until the end of the mirror objects section.
  const ImageSection& image_objects = image_header->GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionObjects);
  // We only want the mirror object, not the ArtFields and ArtMethods.
  uint8_t* const image_end = map->Begin() + image_objects.End();
  std::unique_ptr<accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap> bitmap;
  {
    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("CreateImageBitmap", &logger);
    bitmap.reset(
      accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap::CreateFromMemMap(
          bitmap_name,
          image_bitmap_map.release(),
          reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(map->Begin()),
          image_objects.End()));
    if (bitmap == nullptr) {
      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Could not create bitmap '%s'", bitmap_name.c_str());
      return nullptr;
    }
  }
  {
    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("RelocateImage", &logger);
    if (!RelocateInPlace(*image_header,
                         map->Begin(),
                         bitmap.get(),
                         oat_file,
                         error_msg)) {
      return nullptr;
    }
  }
  // We only want the mirror object, not the ArtFields and ArtMethods.
  std::unique_ptr<ImageSpace> space(new ImageSpace(image_filename,
                                                   image_location,
                                                   map.release(),
                                                   bitmap.release(),
                                                   image_end));

  // VerifyImageAllocations() will be called later in Runtime::Init()
  // as some class roots like ArtMethod::java_lang_reflect_ArtMethod_
  // and ArtField::java_lang_reflect_ArtField_, which are used from
  // Object::SizeOf() which VerifyImageAllocations() calls, are not
  // set yet at this point.
  if (oat_file == nullptr) {
    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("OpenOatFile", &logger);
    space->oat_file_.reset(space->OpenOatFile(image_filename, error_msg));
    if (space->oat_file_ == nullptr) {
      DCHECK(!error_msg->empty());
      return nullptr;
    }
    space->oat_file_non_owned_ = space->oat_file_.get();
  } else {
    space->oat_file_non_owned_ = oat_file;
  }

  if (validate_oat_file) {
    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("ValidateOatFile", &logger);
    if (!space->ValidateOatFile(error_msg)) {
     DCHECK(!error_msg->empty());
      return nullptr;
    }
  }

  Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();

  // If oat_file is null, then it is the boot image space. Use oat_file_non_owned_ from the space
  // to set the runtime methods.
  CHECK_EQ(oat_file != nullptr, image_header->IsAppImage());
  if (image_header->IsAppImage()) {
    CHECK_EQ(runtime->GetResolutionMethod(),
             image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kResolutionMethod));
    CHECK_EQ(runtime->GetImtConflictMethod(),
             image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kImtConflictMethod));
    CHECK_EQ(runtime->GetImtUnimplementedMethod(),
             image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kImtUnimplementedMethod));
    CHECK_EQ(runtime->GetCalleeSaveMethod(Runtime::kSaveAll),
             image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kCalleeSaveMethod));
    CHECK_EQ(runtime->GetCalleeSaveMethod(Runtime::kRefsOnly),
             image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kRefsOnlySaveMethod));
    CHECK_EQ(runtime->GetCalleeSaveMethod(Runtime::kRefsAndArgs),
             image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kRefsAndArgsSaveMethod));
  } else if (!runtime->HasResolutionMethod()) {
    runtime->SetInstructionSet(space->oat_file_non_owned_->GetOatHeader().GetInstructionSet());
    runtime->SetResolutionMethod(image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kResolutionMethod));
    runtime->SetImtConflictMethod(image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kImtConflictMethod));
    runtime->SetImtUnimplementedMethod(
        image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kImtUnimplementedMethod));
    runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(
        image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kCalleeSaveMethod), Runtime::kSaveAll);
    runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(
        image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kRefsOnlySaveMethod), Runtime::kRefsOnly);
    runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(
        image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kRefsAndArgsSaveMethod), Runtime::kRefsAndArgs);
  }

  VLOG(image) << "ImageSpace::Init exiting " << *space.get();
  if (VLOG_IS_ON(image)) {
    logger.Dump(LOG(INFO));
  }
  return space.release();
}

OatFile* ImageSpace::OpenOatFile(const char* image_path, std::string* error_msg) const {
  const ImageHeader& image_header = GetImageHeader();
  std::string oat_filename = ImageHeader::GetOatLocationFromImageLocation(image_path);

  CHECK(image_header.GetOatDataBegin() != nullptr);

  OatFile* oat_file = OatFile::Open(oat_filename,
                                    oat_filename,
                                    image_header.GetOatDataBegin(),
                                    image_header.GetOatFileBegin(),
                                    !Runtime::Current()->IsAotCompiler(),
                                    /*low_4gb*/false,
                                    nullptr,
                                    error_msg);
  if (oat_file == nullptr) {
    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to open oat file '%s' referenced from image %s: %s",
                              oat_filename.c_str(), GetName(), error_msg->c_str());
    return nullptr;
  }
  uint32_t oat_checksum = oat_file->GetOatHeader().GetChecksum();
  uint32_t image_oat_checksum = image_header.GetOatChecksum();
  if (oat_checksum != image_oat_checksum) {
    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to match oat file checksum 0x%x to expected oat checksum 0x%x"
                              " in image %s", oat_checksum, image_oat_checksum, GetName());
    return nullptr;
  }
  int32_t image_patch_delta = image_header.GetPatchDelta();
  int32_t oat_patch_delta = oat_file->GetOatHeader().GetImagePatchDelta();
  if (oat_patch_delta != image_patch_delta && !image_header.CompilePic()) {
    // We should have already relocated by this point. Bail out.
    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to match oat file patch delta %d to expected patch delta %d "
                              "in image %s", oat_patch_delta, image_patch_delta, GetName());
    return nullptr;
  }

  return oat_file;
}

bool ImageSpace::ValidateOatFile(std::string* error_msg) const {
  CHECK(oat_file_.get() != nullptr);
  for (const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file : oat_file_->GetOatDexFiles()) {
    const std::string& dex_file_location = oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocation();
    uint32_t dex_file_location_checksum;
    if (!DexFile::GetChecksum(dex_file_location.c_str(), &dex_file_location_checksum, error_msg)) {
      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to get checksum of dex file '%s' referenced by image %s: "
                                "%s", dex_file_location.c_str(), GetName(), error_msg->c_str());
      return false;
    }
    if (dex_file_location_checksum != oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocationChecksum()) {
      *error_msg = StringPrintf("ValidateOatFile found checksum mismatch between oat file '%s' and "
                                "dex file '%s' (0x%x != 0x%x)",
                                oat_file_->GetLocation().c_str(), dex_file_location.c_str(),
                                oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocationChecksum(),
                                dex_file_location_checksum);
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

const OatFile* ImageSpace::GetOatFile() const {
  return oat_file_non_owned_;
}

std::unique_ptr<const OatFile> ImageSpace::ReleaseOatFile() {
  CHECK(oat_file_ != nullptr);
  return std::move(oat_file_);
}

void ImageSpace::Dump(std::ostream& os) const {
  os << GetType()
      << " begin=" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(Begin())
      << ",end=" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(End())
      << ",size=" << PrettySize(Size())
      << ",name=\"" << GetName() << "\"]";
}

void ImageSpace::CreateMultiImageLocations(const std::string& input_image_file_name,
                                           const std::string& boot_classpath,
                                           std::vector<std::string>* image_file_names) {
  DCHECK(image_file_names != nullptr);

  std::vector<std::string> images;
  Split(boot_classpath, ':', &images);

  // Add the rest into the list. We have to adjust locations, possibly:
  //
  // For example, image_file_name is /a/b/c/d/e.art
  //              images[0] is          f/c/d/e.art
  // ----------------------------------------------
  //              images[1] is          g/h/i/j.art  -> /a/b/h/i/j.art
  const std::string& first_image = images[0];
  // Length of common suffix.
  size_t common = 0;
  while (common < input_image_file_name.size() &&
         common < first_image.size() &&
         *(input_image_file_name.end() - common - 1) == *(first_image.end() - common - 1)) {
    ++common;
  }
  // We want to replace the prefix of the input image with the prefix of the boot class path.
  // This handles the case where the image file contains @ separators.
  // Example image_file_name is oats/system@framework@boot.art
  // images[0] is .../arm/boot.art
  // means that the image name prefix will be oats/system@framework@
  // so that the other images are openable.
  const size_t old_prefix_length = first_image.size() - common;
  const std::string new_prefix = input_image_file_name.substr(
      0,
      input_image_file_name.size() - common);

  // Apply pattern to images[1] .. images[n].
  for (size_t i = 1; i < images.size(); ++i) {
    const std::string& image = images[i];
    CHECK_GT(image.length(), old_prefix_length);
    std::string suffix = image.substr(old_prefix_length);
    image_file_names->push_back(new_prefix + suffix);
  }
}

ImageSpace* ImageSpace::CreateFromAppImage(const char* image,
                                           const OatFile* oat_file,
                                           std::string* error_msg) {
  return gc::space::ImageSpace::Init(image,
                                     image,
                                     /*validate_oat_file*/false,
                                     oat_file,
                                     /*out*/error_msg);
}

void ImageSpace::DumpSections(std::ostream& os) const {
  const uint8_t* base = Begin();
  const ImageHeader& header = GetImageHeader();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < ImageHeader::kSectionCount; ++i) {
    auto section_type = static_cast<ImageHeader::ImageSections>(i);
    const ImageSection& section = header.GetImageSection(section_type);
    os << section_type << " " << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(base + section.Offset())
       << "-" << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(base + section.End()) << "\n";
  }
}

}  // namespace space
}  // namespace gc
}  // namespace art