android/graphics/Bitmap.java

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2006 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package android.graphics;

import android.annotation.CheckResult;
import android.annotation.ColorInt;
import android.annotation.NonNull;
import android.os.Parcel;
import android.os.Parcelable;
import android.os.Trace;
import android.util.DisplayMetrics;
import android.util.Log;

import libcore.util.NativeAllocationRegistry;

import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.nio.Buffer;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.IntBuffer;
import java.nio.ShortBuffer;

public final class Bitmap implements Parcelable {
    private static final String TAG = "Bitmap";

    /**
     * Indicates that the bitmap was created for an unknown pixel density.
     *
     * @see Bitmap#getDensity()
     * @see Bitmap#setDensity(int)
     */
    public static final int DENSITY_NONE = 0;

    // Estimated size of the Bitmap native allocation, not including
    // pixel data.
    private static final long NATIVE_ALLOCATION_SIZE = 32;

    // Convenience for JNI access
    private final long mNativePtr;

    private final boolean mIsMutable;

    /**
     * Represents whether the Bitmap's content is requested to be pre-multiplied.
     * Note that isPremultiplied() does not directly return this value, because
     * isPremultiplied() may never return true for a 565 Bitmap or a bitmap
     * without alpha.
     *
     * setPremultiplied() does directly set the value so that setConfig() and
     * setPremultiplied() aren't order dependent, despite being setters.
     *
     * The native bitmap's premultiplication state is kept up to date by
     * pushing down this preference for every config change.
     */
    private boolean mRequestPremultiplied;

    private byte[] mNinePatchChunk; // may be null
    private NinePatch.InsetStruct mNinePatchInsets; // may be null
    private int mWidth;
    private int mHeight;
    private boolean mRecycled;

    /** @hide */
    public int mDensity = getDefaultDensity();

    private static volatile Matrix sScaleMatrix;

    private static volatile int sDefaultDensity = -1;

    /**
     * For backwards compatibility, allows the app layer to change the default
     * density when running old apps.
     * @hide
     */
    public static void setDefaultDensity(int density) {
        sDefaultDensity = density;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
    static int getDefaultDensity() {
        if (sDefaultDensity >= 0) {
            return sDefaultDensity;
        }
        sDefaultDensity = DisplayMetrics.DENSITY_DEVICE;
        return sDefaultDensity;
    }

    /**
     * Private constructor that must received an already allocated native bitmap
     * int (pointer).
     */
    // called from JNI
    Bitmap(long nativeBitmap, int width, int height, int density,
            boolean isMutable, boolean requestPremultiplied,
            byte[] ninePatchChunk, NinePatch.InsetStruct ninePatchInsets) {
        if (nativeBitmap == 0) {
            throw new RuntimeException("internal error: native bitmap is 0");
        }

        mWidth = width;
        mHeight = height;
        mIsMutable = isMutable;
        mRequestPremultiplied = requestPremultiplied;

        mNinePatchChunk = ninePatchChunk;
        mNinePatchInsets = ninePatchInsets;
        if (density >= 0) {
            mDensity = density;
        }

        mNativePtr = nativeBitmap;
        long nativeSize = NATIVE_ALLOCATION_SIZE + getAllocationByteCount();
        NativeAllocationRegistry registry = new NativeAllocationRegistry(
            Bitmap.class.getClassLoader(), nativeGetNativeFinalizer(), nativeSize);
        registry.registerNativeAllocation(this, nativeBitmap);
    }

    /**
     * Return the pointer to the native object.
     * @hide
     */
    public long getNativeInstance() {
        return mNativePtr;
    }

    /**
     * Native bitmap has been reconfigured, so set premult and cached
     * width/height values
     */
    // called from JNI
    void reinit(int width, int height, boolean requestPremultiplied) {
        mWidth = width;
        mHeight = height;
        mRequestPremultiplied = requestPremultiplied;
    }

    /**
     * <p>Returns the density for this bitmap.</p>
     *
     * <p>The default density is the same density as the current display,
     * unless the current application does not support different screen
     * densities in which case it is
     * {@link android.util.DisplayMetrics#DENSITY_DEFAULT}.  Note that
     * compatibility mode is determined by the application that was initially
     * loaded into a process -- applications that share the same process should
     * all have the same compatibility, or ensure they explicitly set the
     * density of their bitmaps appropriately.</p>
     *
     * @return A scaling factor of the default density or {@link #DENSITY_NONE}
     *         if the scaling factor is unknown.
     *
     * @see #setDensity(int)
     * @see android.util.DisplayMetrics#DENSITY_DEFAULT
     * @see android.util.DisplayMetrics#densityDpi
     * @see #DENSITY_NONE
     */
    public int getDensity() {
        if (mRecycled) {
            Log.w(TAG, "Called getDensity() on a recycle()'d bitmap! This is undefined behavior!");
        }
        return mDensity;
    }

    /**
     * <p>Specifies the density for this bitmap.  When the bitmap is
     * drawn to a Canvas that also has a density, it will be scaled
     * appropriately.</p>
     *
     * @param density The density scaling factor to use with this bitmap or
     *        {@link #DENSITY_NONE} if the density is unknown.
     *
     * @see #getDensity()
     * @see android.util.DisplayMetrics#DENSITY_DEFAULT
     * @see android.util.DisplayMetrics#densityDpi
     * @see #DENSITY_NONE
     */
    public void setDensity(int density) {
        mDensity = density;
    }

    /**
     * <p>Modifies the bitmap to have a specified width, height, and {@link
     * Config}, without affecting the underlying allocation backing the bitmap.
     * Bitmap pixel data is not re-initialized for the new configuration.</p>
     *
     * <p>This method can be used to avoid allocating a new bitmap, instead
     * reusing an existing bitmap's allocation for a new configuration of equal
     * or lesser size. If the Bitmap's allocation isn't large enough to support
     * the new configuration, an IllegalArgumentException will be thrown and the
     * bitmap will not be modified.</p>
     *
     * <p>The result of {@link #getByteCount()} will reflect the new configuration,
     * while {@link #getAllocationByteCount()} will reflect that of the initial
     * configuration.</p>
     *
     * <p>Note: This may change this result of hasAlpha(). When converting to 565,
     * the new bitmap will always be considered opaque. When converting from 565,
     * the new bitmap will be considered non-opaque, and will respect the value
     * set by setPremultiplied().</p>
     *
     * <p>WARNING: This method should NOT be called on a bitmap currently in use
     * by the view system, Canvas, or the AndroidBitmap NDK API. It does not
     * make guarantees about how the underlying pixel buffer is remapped to the
     * new config, just that the allocation is reused. Additionally, the view
     * system does not account for bitmap properties being modifying during use,
     * e.g. while attached to drawables.</p>
     *
     * <p>In order to safely ensure that a Bitmap is no longer in use by the
     * View system it is necessary to wait for a draw pass to occur after
     * invalidate()'ing any view that had previously drawn the Bitmap in the last
     * draw pass due to hardware acceleration's caching of draw commands. As
     * an example, here is how this can be done for an ImageView:
     * <pre class="prettyprint">
     *      ImageView myImageView = ...;
     *      final Bitmap myBitmap = ...;
     *      myImageView.setImageDrawable(null);
     *      myImageView.post(new Runnable() {
     *          public void run() {
     *              // myBitmap is now no longer in use by the ImageView
     *              // and can be safely reconfigured.
     *              myBitmap.reconfigure(...);
     *          }
     *      });
     * </pre></p>
     *
     * @see #setWidth(int)
     * @see #setHeight(int)
     * @see #setConfig(Config)
     */
    public void reconfigure(int width, int height, Config config) {
        checkRecycled("Can't call reconfigure() on a recycled bitmap");
        if (width <= 0 || height <= 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("width and height must be > 0");
        }
        if (!isMutable()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("only mutable bitmaps may be reconfigured");
        }

        nativeReconfigure(mNativePtr, width, height, config.nativeInt, mRequestPremultiplied);
        mWidth = width;
        mHeight = height;
    }

    /**
     * <p>Convenience method for calling {@link #reconfigure(int, int, Config)}
     * with the current height and config.</p>
     *
     * <p>WARNING: this method should not be used on bitmaps currently used by
     * the view system, see {@link #reconfigure(int, int, Config)} for more
     * details.</p>
     *
     * @see #reconfigure(int, int, Config)
     * @see #setHeight(int)
     * @see #setConfig(Config)
     */
    public void setWidth(int width) {
        reconfigure(width, getHeight(), getConfig());
    }

    /**
     * <p>Convenience method for calling {@link #reconfigure(int, int, Config)}
     * with the current width and config.</p>
     *
     * <p>WARNING: this method should not be used on bitmaps currently used by
     * the view system, see {@link #reconfigure(int, int, Config)} for more
     * details.</p>
     *
     * @see #reconfigure(int, int, Config)
     * @see #setWidth(int)
     * @see #setConfig(Config)
     */
    public void setHeight(int height) {
        reconfigure(getWidth(), height, getConfig());
    }

    /**
     * <p>Convenience method for calling {@link #reconfigure(int, int, Config)}
     * with the current height and width.</p>
     *
     * <p>WARNING: this method should not be used on bitmaps currently used by
     * the view system, see {@link #reconfigure(int, int, Config)} for more
     * details.</p>
     *
     * @see #reconfigure(int, int, Config)
     * @see #setWidth(int)
     * @see #setHeight(int)
     */
    public void setConfig(Config config) {
        reconfigure(getWidth(), getHeight(), config);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the nine patch chunk.
     *
     * @param chunk The definition of the nine patch
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public void setNinePatchChunk(byte[] chunk) {
        mNinePatchChunk = chunk;
    }

    /**
     * Free the native object associated with this bitmap, and clear the
     * reference to the pixel data. This will not free the pixel data synchronously;
     * it simply allows it to be garbage collected if there are no other references.
     * The bitmap is marked as "dead", meaning it will throw an exception if
     * getPixels() or setPixels() is called, and will draw nothing. This operation
     * cannot be reversed, so it should only be called if you are sure there are no
     * further uses for the bitmap. This is an advanced call, and normally need
     * not be called, since the normal GC process will free up this memory when
     * there are no more references to this bitmap.
     */
    public void recycle() {
        if (!mRecycled && mNativePtr != 0) {
            if (nativeRecycle(mNativePtr)) {
                // return value indicates whether native pixel object was actually recycled.
                // false indicates that it is still in use at the native level and these
                // objects should not be collected now. They will be collected later when the
                // Bitmap itself is collected.
                mNinePatchChunk = null;
            }
            mRecycled = true;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if this bitmap has been recycled. If so, then it is an error
     * to try to access its pixels, and the bitmap will not draw.
     *
     * @return true if the bitmap has been recycled
     */
    public final boolean isRecycled() {
        return mRecycled;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the generation ID of this bitmap. The generation ID changes
     * whenever the bitmap is modified. This can be used as an efficient way to
     * check if a bitmap has changed.
     *
     * @return The current generation ID for this bitmap.
     */
    public int getGenerationId() {
        if (mRecycled) {
            Log.w(TAG, "Called getGenerationId() on a recycle()'d bitmap! This is undefined behavior!");
        }
        return nativeGenerationId(mNativePtr);
    }

    /**
     * This is called by methods that want to throw an exception if the bitmap
     * has already been recycled.
     */
    private void checkRecycled(String errorMessage) {
        if (mRecycled) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(errorMessage);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Common code for checking that x and y are >= 0
     *
     * @param x x coordinate to ensure is >= 0
     * @param y y coordinate to ensure is >= 0
     */
    private static void checkXYSign(int x, int y) {
        if (x < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("x must be >= 0");
        }
        if (y < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("y must be >= 0");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Common code for checking that width and height are > 0
     *
     * @param width  width to ensure is > 0
     * @param height height to ensure is > 0
     */
    private static void checkWidthHeight(int width, int height) {
        if (width <= 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("width must be > 0");
        }
        if (height <= 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("height must be > 0");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Possible bitmap configurations. A bitmap configuration describes
     * how pixels are stored. This affects the quality (color depth) as
     * well as the ability to display transparent/translucent colors.
     */
    public enum Config {
        // these native values must match up with the enum in SkBitmap.h

        /**
         * Each pixel is stored as a single translucency (alpha) channel.
         * This is very useful to efficiently store masks for instance.
         * No color information is stored.
         * With this configuration, each pixel requires 1 byte of memory.
         */
        ALPHA_8     (1),

        /**
         * Each pixel is stored on 2 bytes and only the RGB channels are
         * encoded: red is stored with 5 bits of precision (32 possible
         * values), green is stored with 6 bits of precision (64 possible
         * values) and blue is stored with 5 bits of precision.
         *
         * This configuration can produce slight visual artifacts depending
         * on the configuration of the source. For instance, without
         * dithering, the result might show a greenish tint. To get better
         * results dithering should be applied.
         *
         * This configuration may be useful when using opaque bitmaps
         * that do not require high color fidelity.
         */
        RGB_565     (3),

        /**
         * Each pixel is stored on 2 bytes. The three RGB color channels
         * and the alpha channel (translucency) are stored with a 4 bits
         * precision (16 possible values.)
         *
         * This configuration is mostly useful if the application needs
         * to store translucency information but also needs to save
         * memory.
         *
         * It is recommended to use {@link #ARGB_8888} instead of this
         * configuration.
         *
         * Note: as of {@link android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES#KITKAT},
         * any bitmap created with this configuration will be created
         * using {@link #ARGB_8888} instead.
         *
         * @deprecated Because of the poor quality of this configuration,
         *             it is advised to use {@link #ARGB_8888} instead.
         */
        @Deprecated
        ARGB_4444   (4),

        /**
         * Each pixel is stored on 4 bytes. Each channel (RGB and alpha
         * for translucency) is stored with 8 bits of precision (256
         * possible values.)
         *
         * This configuration is very flexible and offers the best
         * quality. It should be used whenever possible.
         */
        ARGB_8888   (5);

        final int nativeInt;

        private static Config sConfigs[] = {
            null, ALPHA_8, null, RGB_565, ARGB_4444, ARGB_8888
        };

        Config(int ni) {
            this.nativeInt = ni;
        }

        static Config nativeToConfig(int ni) {
            return sConfigs[ni];
        }
    }

    /**
     * <p>Copy the bitmap's pixels into the specified buffer (allocated by the
     * caller). An exception is thrown if the buffer is not large enough to
     * hold all of the pixels (taking into account the number of bytes per
     * pixel) or if the Buffer subclass is not one of the support types
     * (ByteBuffer, ShortBuffer, IntBuffer).</p>
     * <p>The content of the bitmap is copied into the buffer as-is. This means
     * that if this bitmap stores its pixels pre-multiplied
     * (see {@link #isPremultiplied()}, the values in the buffer will also be
     * pre-multiplied.</p>
     * <p>After this method returns, the current position of the buffer is
     * updated: the position is incremented by the number of elements written
     * in the buffer.</p>
     */
    public void copyPixelsToBuffer(Buffer dst) {
        int elements = dst.remaining();
        int shift;
        if (dst instanceof ByteBuffer) {
            shift = 0;
        } else if (dst instanceof ShortBuffer) {
            shift = 1;
        } else if (dst instanceof IntBuffer) {
            shift = 2;
        } else {
            throw new RuntimeException("unsupported Buffer subclass");
        }

        long bufferSize = (long)elements << shift;
        long pixelSize = getByteCount();

        if (bufferSize < pixelSize) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Buffer not large enough for pixels");
        }

        nativeCopyPixelsToBuffer(mNativePtr, dst);

        // now update the buffer's position
        int position = dst.position();
        position += pixelSize >> shift;
        dst.position(position);
    }

    /**
     * <p>Copy the pixels from the buffer, beginning at the current position,
     * overwriting the bitmap's pixels. The data in the buffer is not changed
     * in any way (unlike setPixels(), which converts from unpremultipled 32bit
     * to whatever the bitmap's native format is.</p>
     * <p>After this method returns, the current position of the buffer is
     * updated: the position is incremented by the number of elements read from
     * the buffer. If you need to read the bitmap from the buffer again you must
     * first rewind the buffer.</p>
     */
    public void copyPixelsFromBuffer(Buffer src) {
        checkRecycled("copyPixelsFromBuffer called on recycled bitmap");

        int elements = src.remaining();
        int shift;
        if (src instanceof ByteBuffer) {
            shift = 0;
        } else if (src instanceof ShortBuffer) {
            shift = 1;
        } else if (src instanceof IntBuffer) {
            shift = 2;
        } else {
            throw new RuntimeException("unsupported Buffer subclass");
        }

        long bufferBytes = (long) elements << shift;
        long bitmapBytes = getByteCount();

        if (bufferBytes < bitmapBytes) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Buffer not large enough for pixels");
        }

        nativeCopyPixelsFromBuffer(mNativePtr, src);

        // now update the buffer's position
        int position = src.position();
        position += bitmapBytes >> shift;
        src.position(position);
    }

    /**
     * Tries to make a new bitmap based on the dimensions of this bitmap,
     * setting the new bitmap's config to the one specified, and then copying
     * this bitmap's pixels into the new bitmap. If the conversion is not
     * supported, or the allocator fails, then this returns NULL.  The returned
     * bitmap initially has the same density as the original.
     *
     * @param config    The desired config for the resulting bitmap
     * @param isMutable True if the resulting bitmap should be mutable (i.e.
     *                  its pixels can be modified)
     * @return the new bitmap, or null if the copy could not be made.
     */
    public Bitmap copy(Config config, boolean isMutable) {
        checkRecycled("Can't copy a recycled bitmap");
        Bitmap b = nativeCopy(mNativePtr, config.nativeInt, isMutable);
        if (b != null) {
            b.setPremultiplied(mRequestPremultiplied);
            b.mDensity = mDensity;
        }
        return b;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new immutable bitmap backed by ashmem which can efficiently
     * be passed between processes.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public Bitmap createAshmemBitmap() {
        checkRecycled("Can't copy a recycled bitmap");
        Bitmap b = nativeCopyAshmem(mNativePtr);
        if (b != null) {
            b.setPremultiplied(mRequestPremultiplied);
            b.mDensity = mDensity;
        }
        return b;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new immutable bitmap backed by ashmem which can efficiently
     * be passed between processes.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public Bitmap createAshmemBitmap(Config config) {
        checkRecycled("Can't copy a recycled bitmap");
        Bitmap b = nativeCopyAshmemConfig(mNativePtr, config.nativeInt);
        if (b != null) {
            b.setPremultiplied(mRequestPremultiplied);
            b.mDensity = mDensity;
        }
        return b;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new bitmap, scaled from an existing bitmap, when possible. If the
     * specified width and height are the same as the current width and height of
     * the source bitmap, the source bitmap is returned and no new bitmap is
     * created.
     *
     * @param src       The source bitmap.
     * @param dstWidth  The new bitmap's desired width.
     * @param dstHeight The new bitmap's desired height.
     * @param filter    true if the source should be filtered.
     * @return The new scaled bitmap or the source bitmap if no scaling is required.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if width is <= 0, or height is <= 0
     */
    public static Bitmap createScaledBitmap(Bitmap src, int dstWidth, int dstHeight,
            boolean filter) {
        Matrix m;
        synchronized (Bitmap.class) {
            // small pool of just 1 matrix
            m = sScaleMatrix;
            sScaleMatrix = null;
        }

        if (m == null) {
            m = new Matrix();
        }

        final int width = src.getWidth();
        final int height = src.getHeight();
        final float sx = dstWidth  / (float)width;
        final float sy = dstHeight / (float)height;
        m.setScale(sx, sy);
        Bitmap b = Bitmap.createBitmap(src, 0, 0, width, height, m, filter);

        synchronized (Bitmap.class) {
            // do we need to check for null? why not just assign everytime?
            if (sScaleMatrix == null) {
                sScaleMatrix = m;
            }
        }

        return b;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an immutable bitmap from the source bitmap. The new bitmap may
     * be the same object as source, or a copy may have been made.  It is
     * initialized with the same density as the original bitmap.
     */
    public static Bitmap createBitmap(Bitmap src) {
        return createBitmap(src, 0, 0, src.getWidth(), src.getHeight());
    }

    /**
     * Returns an immutable bitmap from the specified subset of the source
     * bitmap. The new bitmap may be the same object as source, or a copy may
     * have been made. It is initialized with the same density as the original
     * bitmap.
     *
     * @param source   The bitmap we are subsetting
     * @param x        The x coordinate of the first pixel in source
     * @param y        The y coordinate of the first pixel in source
     * @param width    The number of pixels in each row
     * @param height   The number of rows
     * @return A copy of a subset of the source bitmap or the source bitmap itself.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the x, y, width, height values are
     *         outside of the dimensions of the source bitmap, or width is <= 0,
     *         or height is <= 0
     */
    public static Bitmap createBitmap(Bitmap source, int x, int y, int width, int height) {
        return createBitmap(source, x, y, width, height, null, false);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an immutable bitmap from subset of the source bitmap,
     * transformed by the optional matrix. The new bitmap may be the
     * same object as source, or a copy may have been made. It is
     * initialized with the same density as the original bitmap.
     *
     * If the source bitmap is immutable and the requested subset is the
     * same as the source bitmap itself, then the source bitmap is
     * returned and no new bitmap is created.
     *
     * @param source   The bitmap we are subsetting
     * @param x        The x coordinate of the first pixel in source
     * @param y        The y coordinate of the first pixel in source
     * @param width    The number of pixels in each row
     * @param height   The number of rows
     * @param m        Optional matrix to be applied to the pixels
     * @param filter   true if the source should be filtered.
     *                   Only applies if the matrix contains more than just
     *                   translation.
     * @return A bitmap that represents the specified subset of source
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the x, y, width, height values are
     *         outside of the dimensions of the source bitmap, or width is <= 0,
     *         or height is <= 0
     */
    public static Bitmap createBitmap(Bitmap source, int x, int y, int width, int height,
            Matrix m, boolean filter) {

        checkXYSign(x, y);
        checkWidthHeight(width, height);
        if (x + width > source.getWidth()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("x + width must be <= bitmap.width()");
        }
        if (y + height > source.getHeight()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("y + height must be <= bitmap.height()");
        }

        // check if we can just return our argument unchanged
        if (!source.isMutable() && x == 0 && y == 0 && width == source.getWidth() &&
                height == source.getHeight() && (m == null || m.isIdentity())) {
            return source;
        }

        int neww = width;
        int newh = height;
        Canvas canvas = new Canvas();
        Bitmap bitmap;
        Paint paint;

        Rect srcR = new Rect(x, y, x + width, y + height);
        RectF dstR = new RectF(0, 0, width, height);

        Config newConfig = Config.ARGB_8888;
        final Config config = source.getConfig();
        // GIF files generate null configs, assume ARGB_8888
        if (config != null) {
            switch (config) {
                case RGB_565:
                    newConfig = Config.RGB_565;
                    break;
                case ALPHA_8:
                    newConfig = Config.ALPHA_8;
                    break;
                //noinspection deprecation
                case ARGB_4444:
                case ARGB_8888:
                default:
                    newConfig = Config.ARGB_8888;
                    break;
            }
        }

        if (m == null || m.isIdentity()) {
            bitmap = createBitmap(neww, newh, newConfig, source.hasAlpha());
            paint = null;   // not needed
        } else {
            final boolean transformed = !m.rectStaysRect();

            RectF deviceR = new RectF();
            m.mapRect(deviceR, dstR);

            neww = Math.round(deviceR.width());
            newh = Math.round(deviceR.height());

            bitmap = createBitmap(neww, newh, transformed ? Config.ARGB_8888 : newConfig,
                    transformed || source.hasAlpha());

            canvas.translate(-deviceR.left, -deviceR.top);
            canvas.concat(m);

            paint = new Paint();
            paint.setFilterBitmap(filter);
            if (transformed) {
                paint.setAntiAlias(true);
            }
        }

        // The new bitmap was created from a known bitmap source so assume that
        // they use the same density
        bitmap.mDensity = source.mDensity;
        bitmap.setHasAlpha(source.hasAlpha());
        bitmap.setPremultiplied(source.mRequestPremultiplied);

        canvas.setBitmap(bitmap);
        canvas.drawBitmap(source, srcR, dstR, paint);
        canvas.setBitmap(null);

        return bitmap;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a mutable bitmap with the specified width and height.  Its
     * initial density is as per {@link #getDensity}.
     *
     * @param width    The width of the bitmap
     * @param height   The height of the bitmap
     * @param config   The bitmap config to create.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the width or height are <= 0
     */
    public static Bitmap createBitmap(int width, int height, Config config) {
        return createBitmap(width, height, config, true);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a mutable bitmap with the specified width and height.  Its
     * initial density is determined from the given {@link DisplayMetrics}.
     *
     * @param display  Display metrics for the display this bitmap will be
     *                 drawn on.
     * @param width    The width of the bitmap
     * @param height   The height of the bitmap
     * @param config   The bitmap config to create.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the width or height are <= 0
     */
    public static Bitmap createBitmap(DisplayMetrics display, int width,
            int height, Config config) {
        return createBitmap(display, width, height, config, true);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a mutable bitmap with the specified width and height.  Its
     * initial density is as per {@link #getDensity}.
     *
     * @param width    The width of the bitmap
     * @param height   The height of the bitmap
     * @param config   The bitmap config to create.
     * @param hasAlpha If the bitmap is ARGB_8888 this flag can be used to mark the
     *                 bitmap as opaque. Doing so will clear the bitmap in black
     *                 instead of transparent.
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the width or height are <= 0
     */
    private static Bitmap createBitmap(int width, int height, Config config, boolean hasAlpha) {
        return createBitmap(null, width, height, config, hasAlpha);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a mutable bitmap with the specified width and height.  Its
     * initial density is determined from the given {@link DisplayMetrics}.
     *
     * @param display  Display metrics for the display this bitmap will be
     *                 drawn on.
     * @param width    The width of the bitmap
     * @param height   The height of the bitmap
     * @param config   The bitmap config to create.
     * @param hasAlpha If the bitmap is ARGB_8888 this flag can be used to mark the
     *                 bitmap as opaque. Doing so will clear the bitmap in black
     *                 instead of transparent.
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the width or height are <= 0
     */
    private static Bitmap createBitmap(DisplayMetrics display, int width, int height,
            Config config, boolean hasAlpha) {
        if (width <= 0 || height <= 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("width and height must be > 0");
        }
        Bitmap bm = nativeCreate(null, 0, width, width, height, config.nativeInt, true);
        if (display != null) {
            bm.mDensity = display.densityDpi;
        }
        bm.setHasAlpha(hasAlpha);
        if (config == Config.ARGB_8888 && !hasAlpha) {
            nativeErase(bm.mNativePtr, 0xff000000);
        }
        // No need to initialize the bitmap to zeroes with other configs;
        // it is backed by a VM byte array which is by definition preinitialized
        // to all zeroes.
        return bm;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a immutable bitmap with the specified width and height, with each
     * pixel value set to the corresponding value in the colors array.  Its
     * initial density is as per {@link #getDensity}.
     *
     * @param colors   Array of {@link Color} used to initialize the pixels.
     * @param offset   Number of values to skip before the first color in the
     *                 array of colors.
     * @param stride   Number of colors in the array between rows (must be >=
     *                 width or <= -width).
     * @param width    The width of the bitmap
     * @param height   The height of the bitmap
     * @param config   The bitmap config to create. If the config does not
     *                 support per-pixel alpha (e.g. RGB_565), then the alpha
     *                 bytes in the colors[] will be ignored (assumed to be FF)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the width or height are <= 0, or if
     *         the color array's length is less than the number of pixels.
     */
    public static Bitmap createBitmap(int colors[], int offset, int stride,
            int width, int height, Config config) {
        return createBitmap(null, colors, offset, stride, width, height, config);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a immutable bitmap with the specified width and height, with each
     * pixel value set to the corresponding value in the colors array.  Its
     * initial density is determined from the given {@link DisplayMetrics}.
     *
     * @param display  Display metrics for the display this bitmap will be
     *                 drawn on.
     * @param colors   Array of {@link Color} used to initialize the pixels.
     * @param offset   Number of values to skip before the first color in the
     *                 array of colors.
     * @param stride   Number of colors in the array between rows (must be >=
     *                 width or <= -width).
     * @param width    The width of the bitmap
     * @param height   The height of the bitmap
     * @param config   The bitmap config to create. If the config does not
     *                 support per-pixel alpha (e.g. RGB_565), then the alpha
     *                 bytes in the colors[] will be ignored (assumed to be FF)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the width or height are <= 0, or if
     *         the color array's length is less than the number of pixels.
     */
    public static Bitmap createBitmap(DisplayMetrics display, int colors[],
            int offset, int stride, int width, int height, Config config) {

        checkWidthHeight(width, height);
        if (Math.abs(stride) < width) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("abs(stride) must be >= width");
        }
        int lastScanline = offset + (height - 1) * stride;
        int length = colors.length;
        if (offset < 0 || (offset + width > length) || lastScanline < 0 ||
                (lastScanline + width > length)) {
            throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException();
        }
        if (width <= 0 || height <= 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("width and height must be > 0");
        }
        Bitmap bm = nativeCreate(colors, offset, stride, width, height,
                            config.nativeInt, false);
        if (display != null) {
            bm.mDensity = display.densityDpi;
        }
        return bm;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a immutable bitmap with the specified width and height, with each
     * pixel value set to the corresponding value in the colors array.  Its
     * initial density is as per {@link #getDensity}.
     *
     * @param colors   Array of {@link Color} used to initialize the pixels.
     *                 This array must be at least as large as width * height.
     * @param width    The width of the bitmap
     * @param height   The height of the bitmap
     * @param config   The bitmap config to create. If the config does not
     *                 support per-pixel alpha (e.g. RGB_565), then the alpha
     *                 bytes in the colors[] will be ignored (assumed to be FF)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the width or height are <= 0, or if
     *         the color array's length is less than the number of pixels.
     */
    public static Bitmap createBitmap(int colors[], int width, int height, Config config) {
        return createBitmap(null, colors, 0, width, width, height, config);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a immutable bitmap with the specified width and height, with each
     * pixel value set to the corresponding value in the colors array.  Its
     * initial density is determined from the given {@link DisplayMetrics}.
     *
     * @param display  Display metrics for the display this bitmap will be
     *                 drawn on.
     * @param colors   Array of {@link Color} used to initialize the pixels.
     *                 This array must be at least as large as width * height.
     * @param width    The width of the bitmap
     * @param height   The height of the bitmap
     * @param config   The bitmap config to create. If the config does not
     *                 support per-pixel alpha (e.g. RGB_565), then the alpha
     *                 bytes in the colors[] will be ignored (assumed to be FF)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the width or height are <= 0, or if
     *         the color array's length is less than the number of pixels.
     */
    public static Bitmap createBitmap(DisplayMetrics display, int colors[],
            int width, int height, Config config) {
        return createBitmap(display, colors, 0, width, width, height, config);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an optional array of private data, used by the UI system for
     * some bitmaps. Not intended to be called by applications.
     */
    public byte[] getNinePatchChunk() {
        return mNinePatchChunk;
    }

    /**
     * Populates a rectangle with the bitmap's optical insets.
     *
     * @param outInsets Rect to populate with optical insets
     * @hide
     */
    public void getOpticalInsets(@NonNull Rect outInsets) {
        if (mNinePatchInsets == null) {
            outInsets.setEmpty();
        } else {
            outInsets.set(mNinePatchInsets.opticalRect);
        }
    }

    /** @hide */
    public NinePatch.InsetStruct getNinePatchInsets() {
        return mNinePatchInsets;
    }

    /**
     * Specifies the known formats a bitmap can be compressed into
     */
    public enum CompressFormat {
        JPEG    (0),
        PNG     (1),
        WEBP    (2);

        CompressFormat(int nativeInt) {
            this.nativeInt = nativeInt;
        }
        final int nativeInt;
    }

    /**
     * Number of bytes of temp storage we use for communicating between the
     * native compressor and the java OutputStream.
     */
    private final static int WORKING_COMPRESS_STORAGE = 4096;

    /**
     * Write a compressed version of the bitmap to the specified outputstream.
     * If this returns true, the bitmap can be reconstructed by passing a
     * corresponding inputstream to BitmapFactory.decodeStream(). Note: not
     * all Formats support all bitmap configs directly, so it is possible that
     * the returned bitmap from BitmapFactory could be in a different bitdepth,
     * and/or may have lost per-pixel alpha (e.g. JPEG only supports opaque
     * pixels).
     *
     * @param format   The format of the compressed image
     * @param quality  Hint to the compressor, 0-100. 0 meaning compress for
     *                 small size, 100 meaning compress for max quality. Some
     *                 formats, like PNG which is lossless, will ignore the
     *                 quality setting
     * @param stream   The outputstream to write the compressed data.
     * @return true if successfully compressed to the specified stream.
     */
    public boolean compress(CompressFormat format, int quality, OutputStream stream) {
        checkRecycled("Can't compress a recycled bitmap");
        // do explicit check before calling the native method
        if (stream == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        if (quality < 0 || quality > 100) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("quality must be 0..100");
        }
        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_RESOURCES, "Bitmap.compress");
        boolean result = nativeCompress(mNativePtr, format.nativeInt,
                quality, stream, new byte[WORKING_COMPRESS_STORAGE]);
        Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_RESOURCES);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the bitmap is marked as mutable (i.e.&nbsp;can be drawn into)
     */
    public final boolean isMutable() {
        return mIsMutable;
    }

    /**
     * <p>Indicates whether pixels stored in this bitmaps are stored pre-multiplied.
     * When a pixel is pre-multiplied, the RGB components have been multiplied by
     * the alpha component. For instance, if the original color is a 50%
     * translucent red <code>(128, 255, 0, 0)</code>, the pre-multiplied form is
     * <code>(128, 128, 0, 0)</code>.</p>
     *
     * <p>This method always returns false if {@link #getConfig()} is
     * {@link Bitmap.Config#RGB_565}.</p>
     *
     * <p>The return value is undefined if {@link #getConfig()} is
     * {@link Bitmap.Config#ALPHA_8}.</p>
     *
     * <p>This method only returns true if {@link #hasAlpha()} returns true.
     * A bitmap with no alpha channel can be used both as a pre-multiplied and
     * as a non pre-multiplied bitmap.</p>
     *
     * <p>Only pre-multiplied bitmaps may be drawn by the view system or
     * {@link Canvas}. If a non-pre-multiplied bitmap with an alpha channel is
     * drawn to a Canvas, a RuntimeException will be thrown.</p>
     *
     * @return true if the underlying pixels have been pre-multiplied, false
     *         otherwise
     *
     * @see Bitmap#setPremultiplied(boolean)
     * @see BitmapFactory.Options#inPremultiplied
     */
    public final boolean isPremultiplied() {
        if (mRecycled) {
            Log.w(TAG, "Called isPremultiplied() on a recycle()'d bitmap! This is undefined behavior!");
        }
        return nativeIsPremultiplied(mNativePtr);
    }

    /**
     * Sets whether the bitmap should treat its data as pre-multiplied.
     *
     * <p>Bitmaps are always treated as pre-multiplied by the view system and
     * {@link Canvas} for performance reasons. Storing un-pre-multiplied data in
     * a Bitmap (through {@link #setPixel}, {@link #setPixels}, or {@link
     * BitmapFactory.Options#inPremultiplied BitmapFactory.Options.inPremultiplied})
     * can lead to incorrect blending if drawn by the framework.</p>
     *
     * <p>This method will not affect the behavior of a bitmap without an alpha
     * channel, or if {@link #hasAlpha()} returns false.</p>
     *
     * <p>Calling {@link #createBitmap} or {@link #createScaledBitmap} with a source
     * Bitmap whose colors are not pre-multiplied may result in a RuntimeException,
     * since those functions require drawing the source, which is not supported for
     * un-pre-multiplied Bitmaps.</p>
     *
     * @see Bitmap#isPremultiplied()
     * @see BitmapFactory.Options#inPremultiplied
     */
    public final void setPremultiplied(boolean premultiplied) {
        checkRecycled("setPremultiplied called on a recycled bitmap");
        mRequestPremultiplied = premultiplied;
        nativeSetPremultiplied(mNativePtr, premultiplied);
    }

    /** Returns the bitmap's width */
    public final int getWidth() {
        if (mRecycled) {
            Log.w(TAG, "Called getWidth() on a recycle()'d bitmap! This is undefined behavior!");
        }
        return mWidth;
    }

    /** Returns the bitmap's height */
    public final int getHeight() {
        if (mRecycled) {
            Log.w(TAG, "Called getHeight() on a recycle()'d bitmap! This is undefined behavior!");
        }
        return mHeight;
    }

    /**
     * Convenience for calling {@link #getScaledWidth(int)} with the target
     * density of the given {@link Canvas}.
     */
    public int getScaledWidth(Canvas canvas) {
        return scaleFromDensity(getWidth(), mDensity, canvas.mDensity);
    }

    /**
     * Convenience for calling {@link #getScaledHeight(int)} with the target
     * density of the given {@link Canvas}.
     */
    public int getScaledHeight(Canvas canvas) {
        return scaleFromDensity(getHeight(), mDensity, canvas.mDensity);
    }

    /**
     * Convenience for calling {@link #getScaledWidth(int)} with the target
     * density of the given {@link DisplayMetrics}.
     */
    public int getScaledWidth(DisplayMetrics metrics) {
        return scaleFromDensity(getWidth(), mDensity, metrics.densityDpi);
    }

    /**
     * Convenience for calling {@link #getScaledHeight(int)} with the target
     * density of the given {@link DisplayMetrics}.
     */
    public int getScaledHeight(DisplayMetrics metrics) {
        return scaleFromDensity(getHeight(), mDensity, metrics.densityDpi);
    }

    /**
     * Convenience method that returns the width of this bitmap divided
     * by the density scale factor.
     *
     * @param targetDensity The density of the target canvas of the bitmap.
     * @return The scaled width of this bitmap, according to the density scale factor.
     */
    public int getScaledWidth(int targetDensity) {
        return scaleFromDensity(getWidth(), mDensity, targetDensity);
    }

    /**
     * Convenience method that returns the height of this bitmap divided
     * by the density scale factor.
     *
     * @param targetDensity The density of the target canvas of the bitmap.
     * @return The scaled height of this bitmap, according to the density scale factor.
     */
    public int getScaledHeight(int targetDensity) {
        return scaleFromDensity(getHeight(), mDensity, targetDensity);
    }

    /**
     * @hide
     */
    static public int scaleFromDensity(int size, int sdensity, int tdensity) {
        if (sdensity == DENSITY_NONE || tdensity == DENSITY_NONE || sdensity == tdensity) {
            return size;
        }

        // Scale by tdensity / sdensity, rounding up.
        return ((size * tdensity) + (sdensity >> 1)) / sdensity;
    }

    /**
     * Return the number of bytes between rows in the bitmap's pixels. Note that
     * this refers to the pixels as stored natively by the bitmap. If you call
     * getPixels() or setPixels(), then the pixels are uniformly treated as
     * 32bit values, packed according to the Color class.
     *
     * <p>As of {@link android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES#KITKAT}, this method
     * should not be used to calculate the memory usage of the bitmap. Instead,
     * see {@link #getAllocationByteCount()}.
     *
     * @return number of bytes between rows of the native bitmap pixels.
     */
    public final int getRowBytes() {
        if (mRecycled) {
            Log.w(TAG, "Called getRowBytes() on a recycle()'d bitmap! This is undefined behavior!");
        }
        return nativeRowBytes(mNativePtr);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum number of bytes that can be used to store this bitmap's pixels.
     *
     * <p>As of {@link android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES#KITKAT}, the result of this method can
     * no longer be used to determine memory usage of a bitmap. See {@link
     * #getAllocationByteCount()}.</p>
     */
    public final int getByteCount() {
        if (mRecycled) {
            Log.w(TAG, "Called getByteCount() on a recycle()'d bitmap! "
                    + "This is undefined behavior!");
            return 0;
        }
        // int result permits bitmaps up to 46,340 x 46,340
        return getRowBytes() * getHeight();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the size of the allocated memory used to store this bitmap's pixels.
     *
     * <p>This can be larger than the result of {@link #getByteCount()} if a bitmap is reused to
     * decode other bitmaps of smaller size, or by manual reconfiguration. See {@link
     * #reconfigure(int, int, Config)}, {@link #setWidth(int)}, {@link #setHeight(int)}, {@link
     * #setConfig(Bitmap.Config)}, and {@link BitmapFactory.Options#inBitmap
     * BitmapFactory.Options.inBitmap}. If a bitmap is not modified in this way, this value will be
     * the same as that returned by {@link #getByteCount()}.</p>
     *
     * <p>This value will not change over the lifetime of a Bitmap.</p>
     *
     * @see #reconfigure(int, int, Config)
     */
    public final int getAllocationByteCount() {
        if (mRecycled) {
            Log.w(TAG, "Called getAllocationByteCount() on a recycle()'d bitmap! "
                    + "This is undefined behavior!");
            return 0;
        }
        return nativeGetAllocationByteCount(mNativePtr);
    }

    /**
     * If the bitmap's internal config is in one of the public formats, return
     * that config, otherwise return null.
     */
    public final Config getConfig() {
        if (mRecycled) {
            Log.w(TAG, "Called getConfig() on a recycle()'d bitmap! This is undefined behavior!");
        }
        return Config.nativeToConfig(nativeConfig(mNativePtr));
    }

    /** Returns true if the bitmap's config supports per-pixel alpha, and
     * if the pixels may contain non-opaque alpha values. For some configs,
     * this is always false (e.g. RGB_565), since they do not support per-pixel
     * alpha. However, for configs that do, the bitmap may be flagged to be
     * known that all of its pixels are opaque. In this case hasAlpha() will
     * also return false. If a config such as ARGB_8888 is not so flagged,
     * it will return true by default.
     */
    public final boolean hasAlpha() {
        if (mRecycled) {
            Log.w(TAG, "Called hasAlpha() on a recycle()'d bitmap! This is undefined behavior!");
        }
        return nativeHasAlpha(mNativePtr);
    }

    /**
     * Tell the bitmap if all of the pixels are known to be opaque (false)
     * or if some of the pixels may contain non-opaque alpha values (true).
     * Note, for some configs (e.g. RGB_565) this call is ignored, since it
     * does not support per-pixel alpha values.
     *
     * This is meant as a drawing hint, as in some cases a bitmap that is known
     * to be opaque can take a faster drawing case than one that may have
     * non-opaque per-pixel alpha values.
     */
    public void setHasAlpha(boolean hasAlpha) {
        checkRecycled("setHasAlpha called on a recycled bitmap");
        nativeSetHasAlpha(mNativePtr, hasAlpha, mRequestPremultiplied);
    }

    /**
     * Indicates whether the renderer responsible for drawing this
     * bitmap should attempt to use mipmaps when this bitmap is drawn
     * scaled down.
     *
     * If you know that you are going to draw this bitmap at less than
     * 50% of its original size, you may be able to obtain a higher
     * quality
     *
     * This property is only a suggestion that can be ignored by the
     * renderer. It is not guaranteed to have any effect.
     *
     * @return true if the renderer should attempt to use mipmaps,
     *         false otherwise
     *
     * @see #setHasMipMap(boolean)
     */
    public final boolean hasMipMap() {
        if (mRecycled) {
            Log.w(TAG, "Called hasMipMap() on a recycle()'d bitmap! This is undefined behavior!");
        }
        return nativeHasMipMap(mNativePtr);
    }

    /**
     * Set a hint for the renderer responsible for drawing this bitmap
     * indicating that it should attempt to use mipmaps when this bitmap
     * is drawn scaled down.
     *
     * If you know that you are going to draw this bitmap at less than
     * 50% of its original size, you may be able to obtain a higher
     * quality by turning this property on.
     *
     * Note that if the renderer respects this hint it might have to
     * allocate extra memory to hold the mipmap levels for this bitmap.
     *
     * This property is only a suggestion that can be ignored by the
     * renderer. It is not guaranteed to have any effect.
     *
     * @param hasMipMap indicates whether the renderer should attempt
     *                  to use mipmaps
     *
     * @see #hasMipMap()
     */
    public final void setHasMipMap(boolean hasMipMap) {
        checkRecycled("setHasMipMap called on a recycled bitmap");
        nativeSetHasMipMap(mNativePtr, hasMipMap);
    }

    /**
     * Fills the bitmap's pixels with the specified {@link Color}.
     *
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the bitmap is not mutable.
     */
    public void eraseColor(@ColorInt int c) {
        checkRecycled("Can't erase a recycled bitmap");
        if (!isMutable()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("cannot erase immutable bitmaps");
        }
        nativeErase(mNativePtr, c);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the {@link Color} at the specified location. Throws an exception
     * if x or y are out of bounds (negative or >= to the width or height
     * respectively). The returned color is a non-premultiplied ARGB value.
     *
     * @param x    The x coordinate (0...width-1) of the pixel to return
     * @param y    The y coordinate (0...height-1) of the pixel to return
     * @return     The argb {@link Color} at the specified coordinate
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if x, y exceed the bitmap's bounds
     */
    @ColorInt
    public int getPixel(int x, int y) {
        checkRecycled("Can't call getPixel() on a recycled bitmap");
        checkPixelAccess(x, y);
        return nativeGetPixel(mNativePtr, x, y);
    }

    /**
     * Returns in pixels[] a copy of the data in the bitmap. Each value is
     * a packed int representing a {@link Color}. The stride parameter allows
     * the caller to allow for gaps in the returned pixels array between
     * rows. For normal packed results, just pass width for the stride value.
     * The returned colors are non-premultiplied ARGB values.
     *
     * @param pixels   The array to receive the bitmap's colors
     * @param offset   The first index to write into pixels[]
     * @param stride   The number of entries in pixels[] to skip between
     *                 rows (must be >= bitmap's width). Can be negative.
     * @param x        The x coordinate of the first pixel to read from
     *                 the bitmap
     * @param y        The y coordinate of the first pixel to read from
     *                 the bitmap
     * @param width    The number of pixels to read from each row
     * @param height   The number of rows to read
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if x, y, width, height exceed the
     *         bounds of the bitmap, or if abs(stride) < width.
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the pixels array is too small
     *         to receive the specified number of pixels.
     */
    public void getPixels(@ColorInt int[] pixels, int offset, int stride,
                          int x, int y, int width, int height) {
        checkRecycled("Can't call getPixels() on a recycled bitmap");
        if (width == 0 || height == 0) {
            return; // nothing to do
        }
        checkPixelsAccess(x, y, width, height, offset, stride, pixels);
        nativeGetPixels(mNativePtr, pixels, offset, stride,
                        x, y, width, height);
    }

    /**
     * Shared code to check for illegal arguments passed to getPixel()
     * or setPixel()
     *
     * @param x x coordinate of the pixel
     * @param y y coordinate of the pixel
     */
    private void checkPixelAccess(int x, int y) {
        checkXYSign(x, y);
        if (x >= getWidth()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("x must be < bitmap.width()");
        }
        if (y >= getHeight()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("y must be < bitmap.height()");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Shared code to check for illegal arguments passed to getPixels()
     * or setPixels()
     *
     * @param x left edge of the area of pixels to access
     * @param y top edge of the area of pixels to access
     * @param width width of the area of pixels to access
     * @param height height of the area of pixels to access
     * @param offset offset into pixels[] array
     * @param stride number of elements in pixels[] between each logical row
     * @param pixels array to hold the area of pixels being accessed
    */
    private void checkPixelsAccess(int x, int y, int width, int height,
                                   int offset, int stride, int pixels[]) {
        checkXYSign(x, y);
        if (width < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("width must be >= 0");
        }
        if (height < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("height must be >= 0");
        }
        if (x + width > getWidth()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                    "x + width must be <= bitmap.width()");
        }
        if (y + height > getHeight()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                    "y + height must be <= bitmap.height()");
        }
        if (Math.abs(stride) < width) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("abs(stride) must be >= width");
        }
        int lastScanline = offset + (height - 1) * stride;
        int length = pixels.length;
        if (offset < 0 || (offset + width > length)
                || lastScanline < 0
                || (lastScanline + width > length)) {
            throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException();
        }
    }

    /**
     * <p>Write the specified {@link Color} into the bitmap (assuming it is
     * mutable) at the x,y coordinate. The color must be a
     * non-premultiplied ARGB value.</p>
     *
     * @param x     The x coordinate of the pixel to replace (0...width-1)
     * @param y     The y coordinate of the pixel to replace (0...height-1)
     * @param color The ARGB color to write into the bitmap
     *
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the bitmap is not mutable
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if x, y are outside of the bitmap's
     *         bounds.
     */
    public void setPixel(int x, int y, @ColorInt int color) {
        checkRecycled("Can't call setPixel() on a recycled bitmap");
        if (!isMutable()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException();
        }
        checkPixelAccess(x, y);
        nativeSetPixel(mNativePtr, x, y, color);
    }

    /**
     * <p>Replace pixels in the bitmap with the colors in the array. Each element
     * in the array is a packed int prepresenting a non-premultiplied ARGB
     * {@link Color}.</p>
     *
     * @param pixels   The colors to write to the bitmap
     * @param offset   The index of the first color to read from pixels[]
     * @param stride   The number of colors in pixels[] to skip between rows.
     *                 Normally this value will be the same as the width of
     *                 the bitmap, but it can be larger (or negative).
     * @param x        The x coordinate of the first pixel to write to in
     *                 the bitmap.
     * @param y        The y coordinate of the first pixel to write to in
     *                 the bitmap.
     * @param width    The number of colors to copy from pixels[] per row
     * @param height   The number of rows to write to the bitmap
     *
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the bitmap is not mutable
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if x, y, width, height are outside of
     *         the bitmap's bounds.
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if the pixels array is too small
     *         to receive the specified number of pixels.
     */
    public void setPixels(@ColorInt int[] pixels, int offset, int stride,
            int x, int y, int width, int height) {
        checkRecycled("Can't call setPixels() on a recycled bitmap");
        if (!isMutable()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException();
        }
        if (width == 0 || height == 0) {
            return; // nothing to do
        }
        checkPixelsAccess(x, y, width, height, offset, stride, pixels);
        nativeSetPixels(mNativePtr, pixels, offset, stride,
                        x, y, width, height);
    }

    public static final Parcelable.Creator<Bitmap> CREATOR
            = new Parcelable.Creator<Bitmap>() {
        /**
         * Rebuilds a bitmap previously stored with writeToParcel().
         *
         * @param p    Parcel object to read the bitmap from
         * @return a new bitmap created from the data in the parcel
         */
        public Bitmap createFromParcel(Parcel p) {
            Bitmap bm = nativeCreateFromParcel(p);
            if (bm == null) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Failed to unparcel Bitmap");
            }
            return bm;
        }
        public Bitmap[] newArray(int size) {
            return new Bitmap[size];
        }
    };

    /**
     * No special parcel contents.
     */
    public int describeContents() {
        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * Write the bitmap and its pixels to the parcel. The bitmap can be
     * rebuilt from the parcel by calling CREATOR.createFromParcel().
     * @param p    Parcel object to write the bitmap data into
     */
    public void writeToParcel(Parcel p, int flags) {
        checkRecycled("Can't parcel a recycled bitmap");
        if (!nativeWriteToParcel(mNativePtr, mIsMutable, mDensity, p)) {
            throw new RuntimeException("native writeToParcel failed");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new bitmap that captures the alpha values of the original.
     * This may be drawn with Canvas.drawBitmap(), where the color(s) will be
     * taken from the paint that is passed to the draw call.
     *
     * @return new bitmap containing the alpha channel of the original bitmap.
     */
    @CheckResult
    public Bitmap extractAlpha() {
        return extractAlpha(null, null);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new bitmap that captures the alpha values of the original.
     * These values may be affected by the optional Paint parameter, which
     * can contain its own alpha, and may also contain a MaskFilter which
     * could change the actual dimensions of the resulting bitmap (e.g.
     * a blur maskfilter might enlarge the resulting bitmap). If offsetXY
     * is not null, it returns the amount to offset the returned bitmap so
     * that it will logically align with the original. For example, if the
     * paint contains a blur of radius 2, then offsetXY[] would contains
     * -2, -2, so that drawing the alpha bitmap offset by (-2, -2) and then
     * drawing the original would result in the blur visually aligning with
     * the original.
     *
     * <p>The initial density of the returned bitmap is the same as the original's.
     *
     * @param paint Optional paint used to modify the alpha values in the
     *              resulting bitmap. Pass null for default behavior.
     * @param offsetXY Optional array that returns the X (index 0) and Y
     *                 (index 1) offset needed to position the returned bitmap
     *                 so that it visually lines up with the original.
     * @return new bitmap containing the (optionally modified by paint) alpha
     *         channel of the original bitmap. This may be drawn with
     *         Canvas.drawBitmap(), where the color(s) will be taken from the
     *         paint that is passed to the draw call.
     */
    @CheckResult
    public Bitmap extractAlpha(Paint paint, int[] offsetXY) {
        checkRecycled("Can't extractAlpha on a recycled bitmap");
        long nativePaint = paint != null ? paint.getNativeInstance() : 0;
        Bitmap bm = nativeExtractAlpha(mNativePtr, nativePaint, offsetXY);
        if (bm == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to extractAlpha on Bitmap");
        }
        bm.mDensity = mDensity;
        return bm;
    }

    /**
     *  Given another bitmap, return true if it has the same dimensions, config,
     *  and pixel data as this bitmap. If any of those differ, return false.
     *  If other is null, return false.
     */
    public boolean sameAs(Bitmap other) {
        checkRecycled("Can't call sameAs on a recycled bitmap!");
        if (this == other) return true;
        if (other == null) return false;
        if (other.isRecycled()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't compare to a recycled bitmap!");
        }
        return nativeSameAs(mNativePtr, other.mNativePtr);
    }

    /**
     * Rebuilds any caches associated with the bitmap that are used for
     * drawing it. In the case of purgeable bitmaps, this call will attempt to
     * ensure that the pixels have been decoded.
     * If this is called on more than one bitmap in sequence, the priority is
     * given in LRU order (i.e. the last bitmap called will be given highest
     * priority).
     *
     * For bitmaps with no associated caches, this call is effectively a no-op,
     * and therefore is harmless.
     */
    public void prepareToDraw() {
        checkRecycled("Can't prepareToDraw on a recycled bitmap!");
        // Kick off an update/upload of the bitmap outside of the normal
        // draw path.
        nativePrepareToDraw(mNativePtr);
    }

    //////////// native methods

    private static native Bitmap nativeCreate(int[] colors, int offset,
                                              int stride, int width, int height,
                                              int nativeConfig, boolean mutable);
    private static native Bitmap nativeCopy(long nativeSrcBitmap, int nativeConfig,
                                            boolean isMutable);
    private static native Bitmap nativeCopyAshmem(long nativeSrcBitmap);
    private static native Bitmap nativeCopyAshmemConfig(long nativeSrcBitmap, int nativeConfig);
    private static native long nativeGetNativeFinalizer();
    private static native boolean nativeRecycle(long nativeBitmap);
    private static native void nativeReconfigure(long nativeBitmap, int width, int height,
                                                 int config, boolean isPremultiplied);

    private static native boolean nativeCompress(long nativeBitmap, int format,
                                            int quality, OutputStream stream,
                                            byte[] tempStorage);
    private static native void nativeErase(long nativeBitmap, int color);
    private static native int nativeRowBytes(long nativeBitmap);
    private static native int nativeConfig(long nativeBitmap);

    private static native int nativeGetPixel(long nativeBitmap, int x, int y);
    private static native void nativeGetPixels(long nativeBitmap, int[] pixels,
                                               int offset, int stride, int x, int y,
                                               int width, int height);

    private static native void nativeSetPixel(long nativeBitmap, int x, int y, int color);
    private static native void nativeSetPixels(long nativeBitmap, int[] colors,
                                               int offset, int stride, int x, int y,
                                               int width, int height);
    private static native void nativeCopyPixelsToBuffer(long nativeBitmap,
                                                        Buffer dst);
    private static native void nativeCopyPixelsFromBuffer(long nativeBitmap, Buffer src);
    private static native int nativeGenerationId(long nativeBitmap);

    private static native Bitmap nativeCreateFromParcel(Parcel p);
    // returns true on success
    private static native boolean nativeWriteToParcel(long nativeBitmap,
                                                      boolean isMutable,
                                                      int density,
                                                      Parcel p);
    // returns a new bitmap built from the native bitmap's alpha, and the paint
    private static native Bitmap nativeExtractAlpha(long nativeBitmap,
                                                    long nativePaint,
                                                    int[] offsetXY);

    private static native boolean nativeHasAlpha(long nativeBitmap);
    private static native boolean nativeIsPremultiplied(long nativeBitmap);
    private static native void nativeSetPremultiplied(long nativeBitmap,
                                                      boolean isPremul);
    private static native void nativeSetHasAlpha(long nativeBitmap,
                                                 boolean hasAlpha,
                                                 boolean requestPremul);
    private static native boolean nativeHasMipMap(long nativeBitmap);
    private static native void nativeSetHasMipMap(long nativeBitmap, boolean hasMipMap);
    private static native boolean nativeSameAs(long nativeBitmap0, long nativeBitmap1);
    private static native void nativePrepareToDraw(long nativeBitmap);
    private static native int nativeGetAllocationByteCount(long nativeBitmap);
}