xref: /libcore/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/Class.java

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
 * Copyright (c) 1994, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

package java.lang;

import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.lang.reflect.GenericArrayType;
import java.lang.reflect.Member;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.GenericDeclaration;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.lang.reflect.TypeVariable;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.ObjectStreamField;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.HashMap;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;
import sun.reflect.CallerSensitive;
import java.lang.annotation.Inherited;
import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
import sun.reflect.annotation.*;
import sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject;
import com.android.dex.Dex;
import dalvik.system.VMStack;
import libcore.reflect.AnnotationAccess;
import libcore.reflect.InternalNames;
import libcore.reflect.GenericSignatureParser;
import libcore.reflect.Types;
import libcore.util.BasicLruCache;
import libcore.util.CollectionUtils;
import libcore.util.EmptyArray;
import libcore.util.SneakyThrow;
import java.util.Collections;

/**
 * Instances of the class {@code Class} represent classes and
 * interfaces in a running Java application.  An enum is a kind of
 * class and an annotation is a kind of interface.  Every array also
 * belongs to a class that is reflected as a {@code Class} object
 * that is shared by all arrays with the same element type and number
 * of dimensions.  The primitive Java types ({@code boolean},
 * {@code byte}, {@code char}, {@code short},
 * {@code int}, {@code long}, {@code float}, and
 * {@code double}), and the keyword {@code void} are also
 * represented as {@code Class} objects.
 *
 * <p> {@code Class} has no public constructor. Instead {@code Class}
 * objects are constructed automatically by the Java Virtual Machine as classes
 * are loaded and by calls to the {@code defineClass} method in the class
 * loader.
 *
 * <p> The following example uses a {@code Class} object to print the
 * class name of an object:
 *
 * <p> <blockquote><pre>
 *     void printClassName(Object obj) {
 *         System.out.println("The class of " + obj +
 *                            " is " + obj.getClass().getName());
 *     }
 * </pre></blockquote>
 *
 * <p> It is also possible to get the {@code Class} object for a named
 * type (or for void) using a class literal.  See Section 15.8.2 of
 * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>.
 * For example:
 *
 * <p> <blockquote>
 *     {@code System.out.println("The name of class Foo is: "+Foo.class.getName());}
 * </blockquote>
 *
 * @param <T> the type of the class modeled by this {@code Class}
 * object.  For example, the type of {@code String.class} is {@code
 * Class<String>}.  Use {@code Class<?>} if the class being modeled is
 * unknown.
 *
 * @author  unascribed
 * @see     java.lang.ClassLoader#defineClass(byte[], int, int)
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public final
    class Class<T> implements java.io.Serializable,
                              java.lang.reflect.GenericDeclaration,
                              java.lang.reflect.Type,
                              java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement {
    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.1 for interoperability */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 3206093459760846163L;

    /** defining class loader, or null for the "bootstrap" system loader. */
    private transient ClassLoader classLoader;

    /**
     * For array classes, the component class object for instanceof/checkcast (for String[][][],
     * this will be String[][]). null for non-array classes.
     */
    private transient Class<?> componentType;
    /**
     * DexCache of resolved constant pool entries. Will be null for certain runtime-generated classes
     * e.g. arrays and primitive classes.
     */
    private transient DexCache dexCache;

    /**
     * The interface table (iftable_) contains pairs of a interface class and an array of the
     * interface methods. There is one pair per interface supported by this class.  That
     * means one pair for each interface we support directly, indirectly via superclass, or
     * indirectly via a superinterface.  This will be null if neither we nor our superclass
     * implement any interfaces.
     *
     * Why we need this: given "class Foo implements Face", declare "Face faceObj = new Foo()".
     * Invoke faceObj.blah(), where "blah" is part of the Face interface.  We can't easily use a
     * single vtable.
     *
     * For every interface a concrete class implements, we create an array of the concrete vtable_
     * methods for the methods in the interface.
     */
    private transient Object[] ifTable;

    /** Lazily computed name of this class; always prefer calling getName(). */
    private transient String name;

    /** The superclass, or null if this is java.lang.Object, an interface or primitive type. */
    private transient Class<? super T> superClass;

    /**
     * If class verify fails, we must return same error on subsequent tries. We may store either
     * the class of the error, or an actual instance of Throwable here.
     */
    private transient Object verifyError;

    /**
     * Virtual method table (vtable), for use by "invoke-virtual". The vtable from the superclass
     * is copied in, and virtual methods from our class either replace those from the super or are
     * appended. For abstract classes, methods may be created in the vtable that aren't in
     * virtual_ methods_ for miranda methods.
     */
    private transient Object vtable;

    /** Short-cut to dexCache.strings */
    private transient long dexCacheStrings;

    /** access flags; low 16 bits are defined by VM spec */
    private transient int accessFlags;

    /**
     * Instance fields. These describe the layout of the contents of an Object. Note that only the
     * fields directly declared by this class are listed in iFields; fields declared by a
     * superclass are listed in the superclass's Class.iFields.
     *
     * All instance fields that refer to objects are guaranteed to be at the beginning of the field
     * list.  {@link Class#numReferenceInstanceFields} specifies the number of reference fields.
     */
    private transient long iFields;

    /** All methods with this class as the base for virtual dispatch. */
    private transient long methods;

    /** Static fields */
    private transient long sFields;

    /** Class flags to help the GC with object scanning. */
    private transient int classFlags;

    /**
     * Total size of the Class instance; used when allocating storage on GC heap.
     * See also {@link Class#objectSize}.
     */
    private transient int classSize;

    /**
     * tid used to check for recursive static initializer invocation.
     */
    private transient int clinitThreadId;

    /**
     * Class def index from dex file. An index of 65535 indicates that there is no class definition,
     * for example for an array type.
     * TODO: really 16bits as type indices are 16bit.
     */
    private transient int dexClassDefIndex;

    /**
     * Class type index from dex file, lazily computed. An index of 65535 indicates that the type
     * index isn't known. Volatile to avoid double-checked locking bugs.
     * TODO: really 16bits as type indices are 16bit.
     */
    private transient volatile int dexTypeIndex;

    /** Number of instance fields that are object references. */
    private transient int numReferenceInstanceFields;

    /** Number of static fields that are object references. */
    private transient int numReferenceStaticFields;

    /**
     * Total object size; used when allocating storage on GC heap. For interfaces and abstract
     * classes this will be zero. See also {@link Class#classSize}.
     */
    private transient int objectSize;

    /**
     * The lower 16 bits is the primitive type value, or 0 if not a primitive type; set for
     * generated primitive classes.
     */
    private transient int primitiveType;

    /** Bitmap of offsets of iFields. */
    private transient int referenceInstanceOffsets;

    /** State of class initialization */
    private transient int status;

    /** Offset of the first virtual method copied from an interface in the methods array. */
    private transient short copiedMethodsOffset;

    /** Offset of the first virtual method defined in this class in the methods array. */
    private transient short virtualMethodsOffset;

    private AnnotationType annotationType;

    private static final int ANNOTATION  = 0x00002000;
    private static final int ENUM        = 0x00004000;
    private static final int SYNTHETIC   = 0x00001000;
    private static final int FINALIZABLE = 0x80000000;

    /*
     * Constructor. Only the Java Virtual Machine creates Class
     * objects.
     */
    private Class() {}


    /**
     * Converts the object to a string. The string representation is the
     * string "class" or "interface", followed by a space, and then by the
     * fully qualified name of the class in the format returned by
     * {@code getName}.  If this {@code Class} object represents a
     * primitive type, this method returns the name of the primitive type.  If
     * this {@code Class} object represents void this method returns
     * "void".
     *
     * @return a string representation of this class object.
     */
    public String toString() {
        return (isInterface() ? "interface " : (isPrimitive() ? "" : "class "))
            + getName();
    }


    /**
     * Returns the {@code Class} object associated with the class or
     * interface with the given string name.  Invoking this method is
     * equivalent to:
     *
     * <blockquote>
     *  {@code Class.forName(className, true, currentLoader)}
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * where {@code currentLoader} denotes the defining class loader of
     * the current class.
     *
     * <p> For example, the following code fragment returns the
     * runtime {@code Class} descriptor for the class named
     * {@code java.lang.Thread}:
     *
     * <blockquote>
     *   {@code Class t = Class.forName("java.lang.Thread")}
     * </blockquote>
     * <p>
     * A call to {@code forName("X")} causes the class named
     * {@code X} to be initialized.
     *
     * @param      className   the fully qualified name of the desired class.
     * @return     the {@code Class} object for the class with the
     *             specified name.
     * @exception LinkageError if the linkage fails
     * @exception ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization provoked
     *            by this method fails
     * @exception ClassNotFoundException if the class cannot be located
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static Class<?> forName(String className)
                throws ClassNotFoundException {
        return forName(className, true, VMStack.getCallingClassLoader());
    }


    /**
     * Returns the {@code Class} object associated with the class or
     * interface with the given string name, using the given class loader.
     * Given the fully qualified name for a class or interface (in the same
     * format returned by {@code getName}) this method attempts to
     * locate, load, and link the class or interface.  The specified class
     * loader is used to load the class or interface.  If the parameter
     * {@code loader} is null, the class is loaded through the bootstrap
     * class loader.  The class is initialized only if the
     * {@code initialize} parameter is {@code true} and if it has
     * not been initialized earlier.
     *
     * <p> If {@code name} denotes a primitive type or void, an attempt
     * will be made to locate a user-defined class in the unnamed package whose
     * name is {@code name}. Therefore, this method cannot be used to
     * obtain any of the {@code Class} objects representing primitive
     * types or void.
     *
     * <p> If {@code name} denotes an array class, the component type of
     * the array class is loaded but not initialized.
     *
     * <p> For example, in an instance method the expression:
     *
     * <blockquote>
     *  {@code Class.forName("Foo")}
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * is equivalent to:
     *
     * <blockquote>
     *  {@code Class.forName("Foo", true, this.getClass().getClassLoader())}
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * Note that this method throws errors related to loading, linking or
     * initializing as specified in Sections 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4 of <em>The
     * Java Language Specification</em>.
     * Note that this method does not check whether the requested class
     * is accessible to its caller.
     *
     * <p> If the {@code loader} is {@code null}, and a security
     * manager is present, and the caller's class loader is not null, then this
     * method calls the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
     * with a {@code RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")} permission to
     * ensure it's ok to access the bootstrap class loader.
     *
     * @param name       fully qualified name of the desired class
     * @param initialize whether the class must be initialized
     * @param loader     class loader from which the class must be loaded
     * @return           class object representing the desired class
     *
     * @exception LinkageError if the linkage fails
     * @exception ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization provoked
     *            by this method fails
     * @exception ClassNotFoundException if the class cannot be located by
     *            the specified class loader
     *
     * @see       java.lang.Class#forName(String)
     * @see       java.lang.ClassLoader
     * @since     1.2
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static Class<?> forName(String name, boolean initialize,
                                   ClassLoader loader)
        throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        if (loader == null) {
            loader = BootClassLoader.getInstance();
        }
        Class<?> result;
        try {
            result = classForName(name, initialize, loader);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            Throwable cause = e.getCause();
            if (cause instanceof LinkageError) {
                throw (LinkageError) cause;
            }
            throw e;
        }
        return result;
    }

    /** Called after security checks have been made. */
    static native Class<?> classForName(String className, boolean shouldInitialize,
            ClassLoader classLoader) throws ClassNotFoundException;

    /**
     * Creates a new instance of the class represented by this {@code Class}
     * object.  The class is instantiated as if by a {@code new}
     * expression with an empty argument list.  The class is initialized if it
     * has not already been initialized.
     *
     * <p>Note that this method propagates any exception thrown by the
     * nullary constructor, including a checked exception.  Use of
     * this method effectively bypasses the compile-time exception
     * checking that would otherwise be performed by the compiler.
     * The {@link
     * java.lang.reflect.Constructor#newInstance(java.lang.Object...)
     * Constructor.newInstance} method avoids this problem by wrapping
     * any exception thrown by the constructor in a (checked) {@link
     * java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException}.
     *
     * @return     a newly allocated instance of the class represented by this
     *             object.
     * @exception  IllegalAccessException  if the class or its nullary
     *               constructor is not accessible.
     * @exception  InstantiationException
     *               if this {@code Class} represents an abstract class,
     *               an interface, an array class, a primitive type, or void;
     *               or if the class has no nullary constructor;
     *               or if the instantiation fails for some other reason.
     * @exception  ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization
     *               provoked by this method fails.
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)} denies
     *             creation of new instances of this class
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     */
    public native T newInstance() throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException;

    /**
     * Determines if the specified {@code Object} is assignment-compatible
     * with the object represented by this {@code Class}.  This method is
     * the dynamic equivalent of the Java language {@code instanceof}
     * operator. The method returns {@code true} if the specified
     * {@code Object} argument is non-null and can be cast to the
     * reference type represented by this {@code Class} object without
     * raising a {@code ClassCastException.} It returns {@code false}
     * otherwise.
     *
     * <p> Specifically, if this {@code Class} object represents a
     * declared class, this method returns {@code true} if the specified
     * {@code Object} argument is an instance of the represented class (or
     * of any of its subclasses); it returns {@code false} otherwise. If
     * this {@code Class} object represents an array class, this method
     * returns {@code true} if the specified {@code Object} argument
     * can be converted to an object of the array class by an identity
     * conversion or by a widening reference conversion; it returns
     * {@code false} otherwise. If this {@code Class} object
     * represents an interface, this method returns {@code true} if the
     * class or any superclass of the specified {@code Object} argument
     * implements this interface; it returns {@code false} otherwise. If
     * this {@code Class} object represents a primitive type, this method
     * returns {@code false}.
     *
     * @param   object the object to check
     * @return  true if {@code obj} is an instance of this class
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    public boolean isInstance(Object object) {
        if (object == null) {
            return false;
        }
        return isAssignableFrom(object.getClass());
    }


    /**
     * Determines if the class or interface represented by this
     * {@code Class} object is either the same as, or is a superclass or
     * superinterface of, the class or interface represented by the specified
     * {@code Class} parameter. It returns {@code true} if so;
     * otherwise it returns {@code false}. If this {@code Class}
     * object represents a primitive type, this method returns
     * {@code true} if the specified {@code Class} parameter is
     * exactly this {@code Class} object; otherwise it returns
     * {@code false}.
     *
     * <p> Specifically, this method tests whether the type represented by the
     * specified {@code Class} parameter can be converted to the type
     * represented by this {@code Class} object via an identity conversion
     * or via a widening reference conversion. See <em>The Java Language
     * Specification</em>, sections 5.1.1 and 5.1.4 , for details.
     *
     * @param c the {@code Class} object to be checked
     * @return the {@code boolean} value indicating whether objects of the
     * type {@code cls} can be assigned to objects of this class
     * @exception NullPointerException if the specified Class parameter is
     *            null.
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    public boolean isAssignableFrom(Class<?> c) {
        if (this == c) {
            return true;  // Can always assign to things of the same type.
        } else if (this == Object.class) {
            return !c.isPrimitive();  // Can assign any reference to java.lang.Object.
        } else if (isArray()) {
            return c.isArray() && componentType.isAssignableFrom(c.componentType);
        } else if (isInterface()) {
            // Search iftable which has a flattened and uniqued list of interfaces.
            Object[] iftable = c.ifTable;
            if (iftable != null) {
                for (int i = 0; i < iftable.length; i += 2) {
                    if (iftable[i] == this) {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            return false;
        } else {
            if (!c.isInterface()) {
                for (c = c.superClass; c != null; c = c.superClass) {
                    if (c == this) {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Determines if the specified {@code Class} object represents an
     * interface type.
     *
     * @return  {@code true} if this object represents an interface;
     *          {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    public boolean isInterface() {
        return (accessFlags & Modifier.INTERFACE) != 0;
    }

    /**
     * Determines if this {@code Class} object represents an array class.
     *
     * @return  {@code true} if this object represents an array class;
     *          {@code false} otherwise.
     * @since   JDK1.1
     */
    public boolean isArray() {
        return getComponentType() != null;
    }

    /**
     * Determines if the specified {@code Class} object represents a
     * primitive type.
     *
     * <p> There are nine predefined {@code Class} objects to represent
     * the eight primitive types and void.  These are created by the Java
     * Virtual Machine, and have the same names as the primitive types that
     * they represent, namely {@code boolean}, {@code byte},
     * {@code char}, {@code short}, {@code int},
     * {@code long}, {@code float}, and {@code double}.
     *
     * <p> These objects may only be accessed via the following public static
     * final variables, and are the only {@code Class} objects for which
     * this method returns {@code true}.
     *
     * @return true if and only if this class represents a primitive type
     *
     * @see     java.lang.Boolean#TYPE
     * @see     java.lang.Character#TYPE
     * @see     java.lang.Byte#TYPE
     * @see     java.lang.Short#TYPE
     * @see     java.lang.Integer#TYPE
     * @see     java.lang.Long#TYPE
     * @see     java.lang.Float#TYPE
     * @see     java.lang.Double#TYPE
     * @see     java.lang.Void#TYPE
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    public boolean isPrimitive() {
      return (primitiveType & 0xFFFF) != 0;
    }

    /**
     * Indicates whether this {@code Class} or its parents override finalize.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if and if this class or its parents override
     *         finalize;
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public boolean isFinalizable() {
        return (getModifiers() & FINALIZABLE) != 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if this {@code Class} object represents an annotation
     * type.  Note that if this method returns true, {@link #isInterface()}
     * would also return true, as all annotation types are also interfaces.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this class object represents an annotation
     *      type; {@code false} otherwise
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public boolean isAnnotation() {
        return (getModifiers() & ANNOTATION) != 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this class is a synthetic class;
     * returns {@code false} otherwise.
     * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is a synthetic class as
     *         defined by the Java Language Specification.
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public boolean isSynthetic() {
        return (getModifiers() & SYNTHETIC) != 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the  name of the entity (class, interface, array class,
     * primitive type, or void) represented by this {@code Class} object,
     * as a {@code String}.
     *
     * <p> If this class object represents a reference type that is not an
     * array type then the binary name of the class is returned, as specified
     * by
     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>.
     *
     * <p> If this class object represents a primitive type or void, then the
     * name returned is a {@code String} equal to the Java language
     * keyword corresponding to the primitive type or void.
     *
     * <p> If this class object represents a class of arrays, then the internal
     * form of the name consists of the name of the element type preceded by
     * one or more '{@code [}' characters representing the depth of the array
     * nesting.  The encoding of element type names is as follows:
     *
     * <blockquote><table summary="Element types and encodings">
     * <tr><th> Element Type <th> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <th> Encoding
     * <tr><td> boolean      <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> Z
     * <tr><td> byte         <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> B
     * <tr><td> char         <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> C
     * <tr><td> class or interface
     *                       <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> L<i>classname</i>;
     * <tr><td> double       <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> D
     * <tr><td> float        <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> F
     * <tr><td> int          <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> I
     * <tr><td> long         <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> J
     * <tr><td> short        <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> S
     * </table></blockquote>
     *
     * <p> The class or interface name <i>classname</i> is the binary name of
     * the class specified above.
     *
     * <p> Examples:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * String.class.getName()
     *     returns "java.lang.String"
     * byte.class.getName()
     *     returns "byte"
     * (new Object[3]).getClass().getName()
     *     returns "[Ljava.lang.Object;"
     * (new int[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]).getClass().getName()
     *     returns "[[[[[[[I"
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @return  the name of the class or interface
     *          represented by this object.
     */
    public String getName() {
        String name = this.name;
        if (name == null)
            this.name = name = getNameNative();
        return name;
    }

    private native String getNameNative();

    /**
     * Returns the class loader for the class.  Some implementations may use
     * null to represent the bootstrap class loader. This method will return
     * null in such implementations if this class was loaded by the bootstrap
     * class loader.
     *
     * <p> If a security manager is present, and the caller's class loader is
     * not null and the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of
     * the class loader for the class whose class loader is requested, then
     * this method calls the security manager's {@code checkPermission}
     * method with a {@code RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")}
     * permission to ensure it's ok to access the class loader for the class.
     *
     * <p>If this object
     * represents a primitive type or void, null is returned.
     *
     * @return  the class loader that loaded the class or interface
     *          represented by this object.
     * @throws SecurityException
     *    if a security manager exists and its
     *    {@code checkPermission} method denies
     *    access to the class loader for the class.
     * @see java.lang.ClassLoader
     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
     * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
     */
    public ClassLoader getClassLoader() {
        if (isPrimitive()) {
            return null;
        }
        return (classLoader == null) ? BootClassLoader.getInstance() : classLoader;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array of {@code TypeVariable} objects that represent the
     * type variables declared by the generic declaration represented by this
     * {@code GenericDeclaration} object, in declaration order.  Returns an
     * array of length 0 if the underlying generic declaration declares no type
     * variables.
     *
     * @return an array of {@code TypeVariable} objects that represent
     *     the type variables declared by this generic declaration
     * @throws java.lang.reflect.GenericSignatureFormatError if the generic
     *     signature of this generic declaration does not conform to
     *     the format specified in
     *     <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>
     * @since 1.5
     */
    @Override public synchronized TypeVariable<Class<T>>[] getTypeParameters() {
        String annotationSignature = AnnotationAccess.getSignature(this);
        if (annotationSignature == null) {
            return EmptyArray.TYPE_VARIABLE;
        }
        GenericSignatureParser parser = new GenericSignatureParser(getClassLoader());
        parser.parseForClass(this, annotationSignature);
        return parser.formalTypeParameters;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the {@code Class} representing the superclass of the entity
     * (class, interface, primitive type or void) represented by this
     * {@code Class}.  If this {@code Class} represents either the
     * {@code Object} class, an interface, a primitive type, or void, then
     * null is returned.  If this object represents an array class then the
     * {@code Class} object representing the {@code Object} class is
     * returned.
     *
     * @return the superclass of the class represented by this object.
     */
    public Class<? super T> getSuperclass() {
        // For interfaces superClass is Object (which agrees with the JNI spec)
        // but not with the expected behavior here.
        if (isInterface()) {
            return null;
        } else {
            return superClass;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the {@code Type} representing the direct superclass of
     * the entity (class, interface, primitive type or void) represented by
     * this {@code Class}.
     *
     * <p>If the superclass is a parameterized type, the {@code Type}
     * object returned must accurately reflect the actual type
     * parameters used in the source code. The parameterized type
     * representing the superclass is created if it had not been
     * created before. See the declaration of {@link
     * java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType ParameterizedType} for the
     * semantics of the creation process for parameterized types.  If
     * this {@code Class} represents either the {@code Object}
     * class, an interface, a primitive type, or void, then null is
     * returned.  If this object represents an array class then the
     * {@code Class} object representing the {@code Object} class is
     * returned.
     *
     * @throws java.lang.reflect.GenericSignatureFormatError if the generic
     *     class signature does not conform to the format specified in
     *     <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>
     * @throws TypeNotPresentException if the generic superclass
     *     refers to a non-existent type declaration
     * @throws java.lang.reflect.MalformedParameterizedTypeException if the
     *     generic superclass refers to a parameterized type that cannot be
     *     instantiated  for any reason
     * @return the superclass of the class represented by this object
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public Type getGenericSuperclass() {
        Type genericSuperclass = getSuperclass();
        // This method is specified to return null for all cases where getSuperclass
        // returns null, i.e, for primitives, interfaces, void and java.lang.Object.
        if (genericSuperclass == null) {
            return null;
        }

        String annotationSignature = AnnotationAccess.getSignature(this);
        if (annotationSignature != null) {
            GenericSignatureParser parser = new GenericSignatureParser(getClassLoader());
            parser.parseForClass(this, annotationSignature);
            genericSuperclass = parser.superclassType;
        }
        return Types.getType(genericSuperclass);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the package for this class.  The class loader of this class is used
     * to find the package.  If the class was loaded by the bootstrap class
     * loader the set of packages loaded from CLASSPATH is searched to find the
     * package of the class. Null is returned if no package object was created
     * by the class loader of this class.
     *
     * <p> Packages have attributes for versions and specifications only if the
     * information was defined in the manifests that accompany the classes, and
     * if the class loader created the package instance with the attributes
     * from the manifest.
     *
     * @return the package of the class, or null if no package
     *         information is available from the archive or codebase.
     */
    public Package getPackage() {
        ClassLoader loader = getClassLoader();
        if (loader != null) {
            String packageName = getPackageName$();
            return packageName != null ? loader.getPackage(packageName) : null;
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the package name of this class. This returns null for classes in
     * the default package.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public String getPackageName$() {
        String name = getName();
        int last = name.lastIndexOf('.');
        return last == -1 ? null : name.substring(0, last);
    }


    /**
     * Determines the interfaces implemented by the class or interface
     * represented by this object.
     *
     * <p> If this object represents a class, the return value is an array
     * containing objects representing all interfaces implemented by the
     * class. The order of the interface objects in the array corresponds to
     * the order of the interface names in the {@code implements} clause
     * of the declaration of the class represented by this object. For
     * example, given the declaration:
     * <blockquote>
     * {@code class Shimmer implements FloorWax, DessertTopping { ... }}
     * </blockquote>
     * suppose the value of {@code s} is an instance of
     * {@code Shimmer}; the value of the expression:
     * <blockquote>
     * {@code s.getClass().getInterfaces()[0]}
     * </blockquote>
     * is the {@code Class} object that represents interface
     * {@code FloorWax}; and the value of:
     * <blockquote>
     * {@code s.getClass().getInterfaces()[1]}
     * </blockquote>
     * is the {@code Class} object that represents interface
     * {@code DessertTopping}.
     *
     * <p> If this object represents an interface, the array contains objects
     * representing all interfaces extended by the interface. The order of the
     * interface objects in the array corresponds to the order of the interface
     * names in the {@code extends} clause of the declaration of the
     * interface represented by this object.
     *
     * <p> If this object represents a class or interface that implements no
     * interfaces, the method returns an array of length 0.
     *
     * <p> If this object represents a primitive type or void, the method
     * returns an array of length 0.
     *
     * @return an array of interfaces implemented by this class.
     */
    public Class<?>[] getInterfaces() {
        if (isArray()) {
            return new Class<?>[] { Cloneable.class, Serializable.class };
        } else if (isProxy()) {
            return getProxyInterfaces();
        }
        Dex dex = getDex();
        if (dex == null) {
            return EmptyArray.CLASS;
        }
        short[] interfaces = dex.interfaceTypeIndicesFromClassDefIndex(dexClassDefIndex);
        Class<?>[] result = new Class<?>[interfaces.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
            result[i] = getDexCacheType(dex, interfaces[i]);
        }
        return result;
    }

    // Returns the interfaces that this proxy class directly implements.
    private native Class<?>[] getProxyInterfaces();

    /**
     * Returns the {@code Type}s representing the interfaces
     * directly implemented by the class or interface represented by
     * this object.
     *
     * <p>If a superinterface is a parameterized type, the
     * {@code Type} object returned for it must accurately reflect
     * the actual type parameters used in the source code. The
     * parameterized type representing each superinterface is created
     * if it had not been created before. See the declaration of
     * {@link java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType ParameterizedType}
     * for the semantics of the creation process for parameterized
     * types.
     *
     * <p> If this object represents a class, the return value is an
     * array containing objects representing all interfaces
     * implemented by the class. The order of the interface objects in
     * the array corresponds to the order of the interface names in
     * the {@code implements} clause of the declaration of the class
     * represented by this object.  In the case of an array class, the
     * interfaces {@code Cloneable} and {@code Serializable} are
     * returned in that order.
     *
     * <p>If this object represents an interface, the array contains
     * objects representing all interfaces directly extended by the
     * interface.  The order of the interface objects in the array
     * corresponds to the order of the interface names in the
     * {@code extends} clause of the declaration of the interface
     * represented by this object.
     *
     * <p>If this object represents a class or interface that
     * implements no interfaces, the method returns an array of length
     * 0.
     *
     * <p>If this object represents a primitive type or void, the
     * method returns an array of length 0.
     *
     * @throws java.lang.reflect.GenericSignatureFormatError
     *     if the generic class signature does not conform to the format
     *     specified in
     *     <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>
     * @throws TypeNotPresentException if any of the generic
     *     superinterfaces refers to a non-existent type declaration
     * @throws java.lang.reflect.MalformedParameterizedTypeException
     *     if any of the generic superinterfaces refer to a parameterized
     *     type that cannot be instantiated for any reason
     * @return an array of interfaces implemented by this class
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public Type[] getGenericInterfaces() {
        Type[] result;
        synchronized (Caches.genericInterfaces) {
            result = Caches.genericInterfaces.get(this);
            if (result == null) {
                String annotationSignature = AnnotationAccess.getSignature(this);
                if (annotationSignature == null) {
                    result = getInterfaces();
                } else {
                    GenericSignatureParser parser = new GenericSignatureParser(getClassLoader());
                    parser.parseForClass(this, annotationSignature);
                    result = Types.getTypeArray(parser.interfaceTypes, false);
                }
                Caches.genericInterfaces.put(this, result);
            }
        }
        return (result.length == 0) ? result : result.clone();
    }


    /**
     * Returns the {@code Class} representing the component type of an
     * array.  If this class does not represent an array class this method
     * returns null.
     *
     * @return the {@code Class} representing the component type of this
     * class if this class is an array
     * @see     java.lang.reflect.Array
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    public Class<?> getComponentType() {
      return componentType;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the Java language modifiers for this class or interface, encoded
     * in an integer. The modifiers consist of the Java Virtual Machine's
     * constants for {@code public}, {@code protected},
     * {@code private}, {@code final}, {@code static},
     * {@code abstract} and {@code interface}; they should be decoded
     * using the methods of class {@code Modifier}.
     *
     * <p> If the underlying class is an array class, then its
     * {@code public}, {@code private} and {@code protected}
     * modifiers are the same as those of its component type.  If this
     * {@code Class} represents a primitive type or void, its
     * {@code public} modifier is always {@code true}, and its
     * {@code protected} and {@code private} modifiers are always
     * {@code false}. If this object represents an array class, a
     * primitive type or void, then its {@code final} modifier is always
     * {@code true} and its interface modifier is always
     * {@code false}. The values of its other modifiers are not determined
     * by this specification.
     *
     * <p> The modifier encodings are defined in <em>The Java Virtual Machine
     * Specification</em>, table 4.1.
     *
     * @return the {@code int} representing the modifiers for this class
     * @see     java.lang.reflect.Modifier
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    public int getModifiers() {
        // Array classes inherit modifiers from their component types, but in the case of arrays
        // of an inner class, the class file may contain "fake" access flags because it's not valid
        // for a top-level class to private, say. The real access flags are stored in the InnerClass
        // attribute, so we need to make sure we drill down to the inner class: the accessFlags
        // field is not the value we want to return, and the synthesized array class does not itself
        // have an InnerClass attribute. https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=56267
        if (isArray()) {
            int componentModifiers = getComponentType().getModifiers();
            if ((componentModifiers & Modifier.INTERFACE) != 0) {
                componentModifiers &= ~(Modifier.INTERFACE | Modifier.STATIC);
            }
            return Modifier.ABSTRACT | Modifier.FINAL | componentModifiers;
        }
        int JAVA_FLAGS_MASK = 0xffff;
        int modifiers = AnnotationAccess.getInnerClassFlags(this, accessFlags & JAVA_FLAGS_MASK);
        return modifiers & JAVA_FLAGS_MASK;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the signers of this class.
     *
     * @return  the signers of this class, or null if there are no signers.  In
     *          particular, this method returns null if this object represents
     *          a primitive type or void.
     * @since   JDK1.1
     */
    public Object[] getSigners() {
        return null;
    }

    private native Method getEnclosingMethodNative();

    /**
     * If this {@code Class} object represents a local or anonymous
     * class within a method, returns a {@link
     * java.lang.reflect.Method Method} object representing the
     * immediately enclosing method of the underlying class. Returns
     * {@code null} otherwise.
     *
     * In particular, this method returns {@code null} if the underlying
     * class is a local or anonymous class immediately enclosed by a type
     * declaration, instance initializer or static initializer.
     *
     * @return the immediately enclosing method of the underlying class, if
     *     that class is a local or anonymous class; otherwise {@code null}.
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public Method getEnclosingMethod() {
        if (classNameImpliesTopLevel()) {
            return null;
        }
        return getEnclosingMethodNative();
    }

    /**
     * If this {@code Class} object represents a local or anonymous
     * class within a constructor, returns a {@link
     * java.lang.reflect.Constructor Constructor} object representing
     * the immediately enclosing constructor of the underlying
     * class. Returns {@code null} otherwise.  In particular, this
     * method returns {@code null} if the underlying class is a local
     * or anonymous class immediately enclosed by a type declaration,
     * instance initializer or static initializer.
     *
     * @return the immediately enclosing constructor of the underlying class, if
     *     that class is a local or anonymous class; otherwise {@code null}.
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public Constructor<?> getEnclosingConstructor() {
        if (classNameImpliesTopLevel()) {
            return null;
        }
        return getEnclosingConstructorNative();
    }

    private native Constructor<?> getEnclosingConstructorNative();

    private boolean classNameImpliesTopLevel() {
        return !getName().contains("$");
    }

    /**
     * If the class or interface represented by this {@code Class} object
     * is a member of another class, returns the {@code Class} object
     * representing the class in which it was declared.  This method returns
     * null if this class or interface is not a member of any other class.  If
     * this {@code Class} object represents an array class, a primitive
     * type, or void,then this method returns null.
     *
     * @return the declaring class for this class
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    public native Class<?> getDeclaringClass();

    /**
     * Returns the immediately enclosing class of the underlying
     * class.  If the underlying class is a top level class this
     * method returns {@code null}.
     * @return the immediately enclosing class of the underlying class
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public native Class<?> getEnclosingClass();

    /**
     * Returns the simple name of the underlying class as given in the
     * source code. Returns an empty string if the underlying class is
     * anonymous.
     *
     * <p>The simple name of an array is the simple name of the
     * component type with "[]" appended.  In particular the simple
     * name of an array whose component type is anonymous is "[]".
     *
     * @return the simple name of the underlying class
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public String getSimpleName() {
        if (isArray())
            return getComponentType().getSimpleName()+"[]";

        String simpleName = getSimpleBinaryName();
        if (simpleName == null) { // top level class
            simpleName = getName();
            return simpleName.substring(simpleName.lastIndexOf(".")+1); // strip the package name
        }
        // According to JLS3 "Binary Compatibility" (13.1) the binary
        // name of non-package classes (not top level) is the binary
        // name of the immediately enclosing class followed by a '$' followed by:
        // (for nested and inner classes): the simple name.
        // (for local classes): 1 or more digits followed by the simple name.
        // (for anonymous classes): 1 or more digits.

        // Since getSimpleBinaryName() will strip the binary name of
        // the immediatly enclosing class, we are now looking at a
        // string that matches the regular expression "\$[0-9]*"
        // followed by a simple name (considering the simple of an
        // anonymous class to be the empty string).

        // Remove leading "\$[0-9]*" from the name
        int length = simpleName.length();
        if (length < 1 || simpleName.charAt(0) != '$')
            throw new InternalError("Malformed class name");
        int index = 1;
        while (index < length && isAsciiDigit(simpleName.charAt(index)))
            index++;
        // Eventually, this is the empty string iff this is an anonymous class
        return simpleName.substring(index);
    }

    /**
     * Character.isDigit answers {@code true} to some non-ascii
     * digits.  This one does not.
     */
    private static boolean isAsciiDigit(char c) {
        return '0' <= c && c <= '9';
    }

    /**
     * Returns the canonical name of the underlying class as
     * defined by the Java Language Specification.  Returns null if
     * the underlying class does not have a canonical name (i.e., if
     * it is a local or anonymous class or an array whose component
     * type does not have a canonical name).
     * @return the canonical name of the underlying class if it exists, and
     * {@code null} otherwise.
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public String getCanonicalName() {
        if (isArray()) {
            String canonicalName = getComponentType().getCanonicalName();
            if (canonicalName != null)
                return canonicalName + "[]";
            else
                return null;
        }
        if (isLocalOrAnonymousClass())
            return null;
        Class<?> enclosingClass = getEnclosingClass();
        if (enclosingClass == null) { // top level class
            return getName();
        } else {
            String enclosingName = enclosingClass.getCanonicalName();
            if (enclosingName == null)
                return null;
            return enclosingName + "." + getSimpleName();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if and only if the underlying class
     * is an anonymous class.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is an anonymous class.
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public native boolean isAnonymousClass();

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if and only if the underlying class
     * is a local class.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is a local class.
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public boolean isLocalClass() {
        return !classNameImpliesTopLevel()
                && AnnotationAccess.getEnclosingMethodOrConstructor(this) != null
                && !isAnonymousClass();
    }

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if and only if the underlying class
     * is a member class.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is a member class.
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public boolean isMemberClass() {
        return getSimpleBinaryName() != null && !isLocalOrAnonymousClass();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the "simple binary name" of the underlying class, i.e.,
     * the binary name without the leading enclosing class name.
     * Returns {@code null} if the underlying class is a top level
     * class.
     */
    private String getSimpleBinaryName() {
        Class<?> enclosingClass = getEnclosingClass();
        if (enclosingClass == null) // top level class
            return null;
        // Otherwise, strip the enclosing class' name
        try {
            return getName().substring(enclosingClass.getName().length());
        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
            throw new InternalError("Malformed class name");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this is a local class or an anonymous
     * class.  Returns {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    private boolean isLocalOrAnonymousClass() {
        // JVM Spec 4.8.6: A class must have an EnclosingMethod
        // attribute if and only if it is a local class or an
        // anonymous class.
        return isLocalClass() || isAnonymousClass();
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array containing {@code Class} objects representing all
     * the public classes and interfaces that are members of the class
     * represented by this {@code Class} object.  This includes public
     * class and interface members inherited from superclasses and public class
     * and interface members declared by the class.  This method returns an
     * array of length 0 if this {@code Class} object has no public member
     * classes or interfaces.  This method also returns an array of length 0 if
     * this {@code Class} object represents a primitive type, an array
     * class, or void.
     *
     * @return the array of {@code Class} objects representing the public
     * members of this class
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)} method
     *             denies access to the classes within this class
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public Class<?>[] getClasses() {
        List<Class<?>> result = new ArrayList<Class<?>>();
        for (Class<?> c = this; c != null; c = c.superClass) {
            for (Class<?> member : c.getDeclaredClasses()) {
                if (Modifier.isPublic(member.getModifiers())) {
                    result.add(member);
                }
            }
        }
        return result.toArray(new Class[result.size()]);
    }


    /**
     * Returns an array containing {@code Field} objects reflecting all
     * the accessible public fields of the class or interface represented by
     * this {@code Class} object.  The elements in the array returned are
     * not sorted and are not in any particular order.  This method returns an
     * array of length 0 if the class or interface has no accessible public
     * fields, or if it represents an array class, a primitive type, or void.
     *
     * <p> Specifically, if this {@code Class} object represents a class,
     * this method returns the public fields of this class and of all its
     * superclasses.  If this {@code Class} object represents an
     * interface, this method returns the fields of this interface and of all
     * its superinterfaces.
     *
     * <p> The implicit length field for array class is not reflected by this
     * method. User code should use the methods of class {@code Array} to
     * manipulate arrays.
     *
     * <p> See <em>The Java Language Specification</em>, sections 8.2 and 8.3.
     *
     * @return the array of {@code Field} objects representing the
     * public fields
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)} denies
     *             access to the fields within this class
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public Field[] getFields() throws SecurityException {
        List<Field> fields = new ArrayList<Field>();
        getPublicFieldsRecursive(fields);
        return fields.toArray(new Field[fields.size()]);
    }

    /**
     * Populates {@code result} with public fields defined by this class, its
     * superclasses, and all implemented interfaces.
     */
    private void getPublicFieldsRecursive(List<Field> result) {
        // search superclasses
        for (Class<?> c = this; c != null; c = c.superClass) {
            Collections.addAll(result, c.getPublicDeclaredFields());
        }

        // search iftable which has a flattened and uniqued list of interfaces
        Object[] iftable = ifTable;
        if (iftable != null) {
            for (int i = 0; i < iftable.length; i += 2) {
                Collections.addAll(result, ((Class<?>) iftable[i]).getPublicDeclaredFields());
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array containing {@code Method} objects reflecting all
     * the public <em>member</em> methods of the class or interface represented
     * by this {@code Class} object, including those declared by the class
     * or interface and those inherited from superclasses and
     * superinterfaces.  Array classes return all the (public) member methods
     * inherited from the {@code Object} class.  The elements in the array
     * returned are not sorted and are not in any particular order.  This
     * method returns an array of length 0 if this {@code Class} object
     * represents a class or interface that has no public member methods, or if
     * this {@code Class} object represents a primitive type or void.
     *
     * <p> The class initialization method {@code <clinit>} is not
     * included in the returned array. If the class declares multiple public
     * member methods with the same parameter types, they are all included in
     * the returned array.
     *
     * <p> See <em>The Java Language Specification</em>, sections 8.2 and 8.4.
     *
     * @return the array of {@code Method} objects representing the
     * public methods of this class
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)} denies
     *             access to the methods within this class
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public Method[] getMethods() throws SecurityException {
        List<Method> methods = new ArrayList<Method>();
        getPublicMethodsInternal(methods);
        /*
         * Remove duplicate methods defined by superclasses and
         * interfaces, preferring to keep methods declared by derived
         * types.
         */
        CollectionUtils.removeDuplicates(methods, Method.ORDER_BY_SIGNATURE);
        return methods.toArray(new Method[methods.size()]);
    }

    /**
     * Populates {@code result} with public methods defined by this class, its
     * superclasses, and all implemented interfaces, including overridden methods.
     */
    private void getPublicMethodsInternal(List<Method> result) {
        Collections.addAll(result, getDeclaredMethodsUnchecked(true));
        if (!isInterface()) {
            // Search superclasses, for interfaces don't search java.lang.Object.
            for (Class<?> c = superClass; c != null; c = c.superClass) {
                Collections.addAll(result, c.getDeclaredMethodsUnchecked(true));
            }
        }
        // Search iftable which has a flattened and uniqued list of interfaces.
        Object[] iftable = ifTable;
        if (iftable != null) {
            for (int i = 0; i < iftable.length; i += 2) {
                Class<?> ifc = (Class<?>) iftable[i];
                Collections.addAll(result, ifc.getDeclaredMethodsUnchecked(true));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array containing {@code Constructor} objects reflecting
     * all the public constructors of the class represented by this
     * {@code Class} object.  An array of length 0 is returned if the
     * class has no public constructors, or if the class is an array class, or
     * if the class reflects a primitive type or void.
     *
     * Note that while this method returns an array of {@code
     * Constructor<T>} objects (that is an array of constructors from
     * this class), the return type of this method is {@code
     * Constructor<?>[]} and <em>not</em> {@code Constructor<T>[]} as
     * might be expected.  This less informative return type is
     * necessary since after being returned from this method, the
     * array could be modified to hold {@code Constructor} objects for
     * different classes, which would violate the type guarantees of
     * {@code Constructor<T>[]}.
     *
     * @return the array of {@code Constructor} objects representing the
     *  public constructors of this class
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)} denies
     *             access to the constructors within this class
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public Constructor<?>[] getConstructors() throws SecurityException {
        return getDeclaredConstructorsInternal(true);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Field} object that reflects the specified public
     * member field of the class or interface represented by this
     * {@code Class} object. The {@code name} parameter is a
     * {@code String} specifying the simple name of the desired field.
     *
     * <p> The field to be reflected is determined by the algorithm that
     * follows.  Let C be the class represented by this object:
     * <OL>
     * <LI> If C declares a public field with the name specified, that is the
     *      field to be reflected.</LI>
     * <LI> If no field was found in step 1 above, this algorithm is applied
     *      recursively to each direct superinterface of C. The direct
     *      superinterfaces are searched in the order they were declared.</LI>
     * <LI> If no field was found in steps 1 and 2 above, and C has a
     *      superclass S, then this algorithm is invoked recursively upon S.
     *      If C has no superclass, then a {@code NoSuchFieldException}
     *      is thrown.</LI>
     * </OL>
     *
     * <p> See <em>The Java Language Specification</em>, sections 8.2 and 8.3.
     *
     * @param name the field name
     * @return  the {@code Field} object of this class specified by
     * {@code name}
     * @exception NoSuchFieldException if a field with the specified name is
     *              not found.
     * @exception NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)} denies
     *             access to the field
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    public Field getField(String name) throws NoSuchFieldException {
        if (name == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("name == null");
        }
        Field result = getPublicFieldRecursive(name);
        if (result == null) {
            throw new NoSuchFieldException(name);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * The native implementation of the {@code getField} method.
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException
     *            if name is null.
     * @see #getField(String)
     */
    private native Field getPublicFieldRecursive(String name);

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Method} object that reflects the specified public
     * member method of the class or interface represented by this
     * {@code Class} object. The {@code name} parameter is a
     * {@code String} specifying the simple name of the desired method. The
     * {@code parameterTypes} parameter is an array of {@code Class}
     * objects that identify the method's formal parameter types, in declared
     * order. If {@code parameterTypes} is {@code null}, it is
     * treated as if it were an empty array.
     *
     * <p> If the {@code name} is "{@code <init>};"or "{@code <clinit>}" a
     * {@code NoSuchMethodException} is raised. Otherwise, the method to
     * be reflected is determined by the algorithm that follows.  Let C be the
     * class represented by this object:
     * <OL>
     * <LI> C is searched for any <I>matching methods</I>. If no matching
     *      method is found, the algorithm of step 1 is invoked recursively on
     *      the superclass of C.</LI>
     * <LI> If no method was found in step 1 above, the superinterfaces of C
     *      are searched for a matching method. If any such method is found, it
     *      is reflected.</LI>
     * </OL>
     *
     * To find a matching method in a class C:&nbsp; If C declares exactly one
     * public method with the specified name and exactly the same formal
     * parameter types, that is the method reflected. If more than one such
     * method is found in C, and one of these methods has a return type that is
     * more specific than any of the others, that method is reflected;
     * otherwise one of the methods is chosen arbitrarily.
     *
     * <p>Note that there may be more than one matching method in a
     * class because while the Java language forbids a class to
     * declare multiple methods with the same signature but different
     * return types, the Java virtual machine does not.  This
     * increased flexibility in the virtual machine can be used to
     * implement various language features.  For example, covariant
     * returns can be implemented with {@linkplain
     * java.lang.reflect.Method#isBridge bridge methods}; the bridge
     * method and the method being overridden would have the same
     * signature but different return types.
     *
     * <p> See <em>The Java Language Specification</em>, sections 8.2 and 8.4.
     *
     * @param name the name of the method
     * @param parameterTypes the list of parameters
     * @return the {@code Method} object that matches the specified
     * {@code name} and {@code parameterTypes}
     * @exception NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found
     *            or if the name is "&lt;init&gt;"or "&lt;clinit&gt;".
     * @exception NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)} denies
     *             access to the method
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public Method getMethod(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes)
        throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
        return getMethod(name, parameterTypes, true);
    }


    /**
     * Returns a {@code Constructor} object that reflects the specified
     * public constructor of the class represented by this {@code Class}
     * object. The {@code parameterTypes} parameter is an array of
     * {@code Class} objects that identify the constructor's formal
     * parameter types, in declared order.
     *
     * If this {@code Class} object represents an inner class
     * declared in a non-static context, the formal parameter types
     * include the explicit enclosing instance as the first parameter.
     *
     * <p> The constructor to reflect is the public constructor of the class
     * represented by this {@code Class} object whose formal parameter
     * types match those specified by {@code parameterTypes}.
     *
     * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
     * @return the {@code Constructor} object of the public constructor that
     * matches the specified {@code parameterTypes}
     * @exception NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found.
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.PUBLIC)} denies
     *             access to the constructor
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    public Constructor<T> getConstructor(Class<?>... parameterTypes)
        throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
        return getConstructor0(parameterTypes, Member.PUBLIC);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array of {@code Class} objects reflecting all the
     * classes and interfaces declared as members of the class represented by
     * this {@code Class} object. This includes public, protected, default
     * (package) access, and private classes and interfaces declared by the
     * class, but excludes inherited classes and interfaces.  This method
     * returns an array of length 0 if the class declares no classes or
     * interfaces as members, or if this {@code Class} object represents a
     * primitive type, an array class, or void.
     *
     * @return the array of {@code Class} objects representing all the
     * declared members of this class
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)} denies
     *             access to the declared classes within this class
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    public native Class<?>[] getDeclaredClasses();

    /**
     * Returns an array of {@code Field} objects reflecting all the fields
     * declared by the class or interface represented by this
     * {@code Class} object. This includes public, protected, default
     * (package) access, and private fields, but excludes inherited fields.
     * The elements in the array returned are not sorted and are not in any
     * particular order.  This method returns an array of length 0 if the class
     * or interface declares no fields, or if this {@code Class} object
     * represents a primitive type, an array class, or void.
     *
     * <p> See <em>The Java Language Specification</em>, sections 8.2 and 8.3.
     *
     * @return    the array of {@code Field} objects representing all the
     * declared fields of this class
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)} denies
     *             access to the declared fields within this class
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    public native Field[] getDeclaredFields();

    /**
     * Populates a list of fields without performing any security or type
     * resolution checks first. If no fields exist, the list is not modified.
     *
     * @param publicOnly Whether to return only public fields.
     * @param fields A list to populate with declared fields.
     * @hide
     */
    public native Field[] getDeclaredFieldsUnchecked(boolean publicOnly);

    /**
     * Returns an array of {@code Method} objects reflecting all the
     * methods declared by the class or interface represented by this
     * {@code Class} object. This includes public, protected, default
     * (package) access, and private methods, but excludes inherited methods.
     * The elements in the array returned are not sorted and are not in any
     * particular order.  This method returns an array of length 0 if the class
     * or interface declares no methods, or if this {@code Class} object
     * represents a primitive type, an array class, or void.  The class
     * initialization method {@code <clinit>} is not included in the
     * returned array. If the class declares multiple public member methods
     * with the same parameter types, they are all included in the returned
     * array.
     *
     * <p> See <em>The Java Language Specification</em>, section 8.2.
     *
     * @return    the array of {@code Method} objects representing all the
     * declared methods of this class
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)} denies
     *             access to the declared methods within this class
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    public Method[] getDeclaredMethods() throws SecurityException {
        Method[] result = getDeclaredMethodsUnchecked(false);
        for (Method m : result) {
            // Throw NoClassDefFoundError if types cannot be resolved.
            m.getReturnType();
            m.getParameterTypes();
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Populates a list of methods without performing any security or type
     * resolution checks first. If no methods exist, the list is not modified.
     *
     * @param publicOnly Whether to return only public methods.
     * @param methods A list to populate with declared methods.
     * @hide
     */
    public native Method[] getDeclaredMethodsUnchecked(boolean publicOnly);

    /**
     * Returns an array of {@code Constructor} objects reflecting all the
     * constructors declared by the class represented by this
     * {@code Class} object. These are public, protected, default
     * (package) access, and private constructors.  The elements in the array
     * returned are not sorted and are not in any particular order.  If the
     * class has a default constructor, it is included in the returned array.
     * This method returns an array of length 0 if this {@code Class}
     * object represents an interface, a primitive type, an array class, or
     * void.
     *
     * <p> See <em>The Java Language Specification</em>, section 8.2.
     *
     * @return    the array of {@code Constructor} objects representing all the
     * declared constructors of this class
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)} denies
     *             access to the declared constructors within this class
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    public Constructor<?>[] getDeclaredConstructors() throws SecurityException {
        return getDeclaredConstructorsInternal(false);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the constructor with the given parameters if it is defined by this class;
     * {@code null} otherwise. This may return a non-public member.
     *
     * @param args the types of the parameters to the constructor.
     */
    private native Constructor<?>[] getDeclaredConstructorsInternal(boolean publicOnly);

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Field} object that reflects the specified declared
     * field of the class or interface represented by this {@code Class}
     * object. The {@code name} parameter is a {@code String} that
     * specifies the simple name of the desired field.  Note that this method
     * will not reflect the {@code length} field of an array class.
     *
     * @param name the name of the field
     * @return the {@code Field} object for the specified field in this
     * class
     * @exception NoSuchFieldException if a field with the specified name is
     *              not found.
     * @exception NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)} denies
     *             access to the declared field
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    public native Field getDeclaredField(String name) throws NoSuchFieldException;

    /**
     * Returns the field if it is defined by this class; {@code null} otherwise. This
     * may return a non-public member.
     */
    private native Field getDeclaredFieldInternal(String name);

    /**
     * Returns the subset of getDeclaredFields which are public.
     */
    private native Field[] getPublicDeclaredFields();

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Method} object that reflects the specified
     * declared method of the class or interface represented by this
     * {@code Class} object. The {@code name} parameter is a
     * {@code String} that specifies the simple name of the desired
     * method, and the {@code parameterTypes} parameter is an array of
     * {@code Class} objects that identify the method's formal parameter
     * types, in declared order.  If more than one method with the same
     * parameter types is declared in a class, and one of these methods has a
     * return type that is more specific than any of the others, that method is
     * returned; otherwise one of the methods is chosen arbitrarily.  If the
     * name is "&lt;init&gt;"or "&lt;clinit&gt;" a {@code NoSuchMethodException}
     * is raised.
     *
     * @param name the name of the method
     * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
     * @return    the {@code Method} object for the method of this class
     * matching the specified name and parameters
     * @exception NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found.
     * @exception NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)} denies
     *             access to the declared method
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public Method getDeclaredMethod(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes)
        throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
        return getMethod(name, parameterTypes, false);
    }

    private Method getMethod(String name, Class<?>[] parameterTypes, boolean recursivePublicMethods)
            throws NoSuchMethodException {
        if (name == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("name == null");
        }
        if (parameterTypes == null) {
            parameterTypes = EmptyArray.CLASS;
        }
        for (Class<?> c : parameterTypes) {
            if (c == null) {
                throw new NoSuchMethodException("parameter type is null");
            }
        }
        Method result = recursivePublicMethods ? getPublicMethodRecursive(name, parameterTypes)
                                               : getDeclaredMethodInternal(name, parameterTypes);
        // Fail if we didn't find the method or it was expected to be public.
        if (result == null ||
            (recursivePublicMethods && !Modifier.isPublic(result.getAccessFlags()))) {
            throw new NoSuchMethodException(name + " " + Arrays.toString(parameterTypes));
        }
        return result;
    }
    private Method getPublicMethodRecursive(String name, Class<?>[] parameterTypes) {
        // search superclasses
        for (Class<?> c = this; c != null; c = c.getSuperclass()) {
            Method result = c.getDeclaredMethodInternal(name, parameterTypes);
            if (result != null && Modifier.isPublic(result.getAccessFlags())) {
                return result;
            }
        }
        // search iftable which has a flattened and uniqued list of interfaces
        Object[] iftable = ifTable;
        if (iftable != null) {
            for (int i = 0; i < iftable.length; i += 2) {
                Class<?> ifc = (Class<?>) iftable[i];
                Method result = ifc.getPublicMethodRecursive(name, parameterTypes);
                if (result != null && Modifier.isPublic(result.getAccessFlags())) {
                    return result;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }


    /**
     * Returns a {@code Constructor} object that reflects the specified
     * constructor of the class or interface represented by this
     * {@code Class} object.  The {@code parameterTypes} parameter is
     * an array of {@code Class} objects that identify the constructor's
     * formal parameter types, in declared order.
     *
     * If this {@code Class} object represents an inner class
     * declared in a non-static context, the formal parameter types
     * include the explicit enclosing instance as the first parameter.
     *
     * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
     * @return    The {@code Constructor} object for the constructor with the
     * specified parameter list
     * @exception NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found.
     * @exception  SecurityException
     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
     *             following conditions is met:
     *
     *             <ul>
     *
     *             <li> invocation of
     *             {@link SecurityManager#checkMemberAccess
     *             s.checkMemberAccess(this, Member.DECLARED)} denies
     *             access to the declared constructor
     *
     *             <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
     *             ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
     *             invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
     *             s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
     *             of this class
     *
     *             </ul>
     *
     * @since JDK1.1
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public Constructor<T> getDeclaredConstructor(Class<?>... parameterTypes)
        throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
        return getConstructor0(parameterTypes, Member.DECLARED);
    }

    /**
     * Finds a resource with a given name.  The rules for searching resources
     * associated with a given class are implemented by the defining
     * {@linkplain ClassLoader class loader} of the class.  This method
     * delegates to this object's class loader.  If this object was loaded by
     * the bootstrap class loader, the method delegates to {@link
     * ClassLoader#getSystemResourceAsStream}.
     *
     * <p> Before delegation, an absolute resource name is constructed from the
     * given resource name using this algorithm:
     *
     * <ul>
     *
     * <li> If the {@code name} begins with a {@code '/'}
     * (<tt>'&#92;u002f'</tt>), then the absolute name of the resource is the
     * portion of the {@code name} following the {@code '/'}.
     *
     * <li> Otherwise, the absolute name is of the following form:
     *
     * <blockquote>
     *   {@code modified_package_name/name}
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * <p> Where the {@code modified_package_name} is the package name of this
     * object with {@code '/'} substituted for {@code '.'}
     * (<tt>'&#92;u002e'</tt>).
     *
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param  name name of the desired resource
     * @return      A {@link java.io.InputStream} object or {@code null} if
     *              no resource with this name is found
     * @throws  NullPointerException If {@code name} is {@code null}
     * @since  JDK1.1
     */
     public InputStream getResourceAsStream(String name) {
        name = resolveName(name);
        ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader();
        if (cl==null) {
            // A system class.
            return ClassLoader.getSystemResourceAsStream(name);
        }
        return cl.getResourceAsStream(name);
    }

    /**
     * Finds a resource with a given name.  The rules for searching resources
     * associated with a given class are implemented by the defining
     * {@linkplain ClassLoader class loader} of the class.  This method
     * delegates to this object's class loader.  If this object was loaded by
     * the bootstrap class loader, the method delegates to {@link
     * ClassLoader#getSystemResource}.
     *
     * <p> Before delegation, an absolute resource name is constructed from the
     * given resource name using this algorithm:
     *
     * <ul>
     *
     * <li> If the {@code name} begins with a {@code '/'}
     * (<tt>'&#92;u002f'</tt>), then the absolute name of the resource is the
     * portion of the {@code name} following the {@code '/'}.
     *
     * <li> Otherwise, the absolute name is of the following form:
     *
     * <blockquote>
     *   {@code modified_package_name/name}
     * </blockquote>
     *
     * <p> Where the {@code modified_package_name} is the package name of this
     * object with {@code '/'} substituted for {@code '.'}
     * (<tt>'&#92;u002e'</tt>).
     *
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param  name name of the desired resource
     * @return      A  {@link java.net.URL} object or {@code null} if no
     *              resource with this name is found
     * @since  JDK1.1
     */
    public java.net.URL getResource(String name) {
        name = resolveName(name);
        ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader();
        if (cl==null) {
            // A system class.
            return ClassLoader.getSystemResource(name);
        }
        return cl.getResource(name);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the {@code ProtectionDomain} of this class.  If there is a
     * security manager installed, this method first calls the security
     * manager's {@code checkPermission} method with a
     * {@code RuntimePermission("getProtectionDomain")} permission to
     * ensure it's ok to get the
     * {@code ProtectionDomain}.
     *
     * @return the ProtectionDomain of this class
     *
     * @throws SecurityException
     *        if a security manager exists and its
     *        {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow
     *        getting the ProtectionDomain.
     *
     * @see java.security.ProtectionDomain
     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
     * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public java.security.ProtectionDomain getProtectionDomain() {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Add a package name prefix if the name is not absolute Remove leading "/"
     * if name is absolute
     */
    private String resolveName(String name) {
        if (name == null) {
            return name;
        }
        if (!name.startsWith("/")) {
            Class<?> c = this;
            while (c.isArray()) {
                c = c.getComponentType();
            }
            String baseName = c.getName();
            int index = baseName.lastIndexOf('.');
            if (index != -1) {
                name = baseName.substring(0, index).replace('.', '/')
                    +"/"+name;
            }
        } else {
            name = name.substring(1);
        }
        return name;
    }

    private Constructor<T> getConstructor0(Class<?>[] parameterTypes,
                                        int which) throws NoSuchMethodException
    {
        if (parameterTypes == null) {
            parameterTypes = EmptyArray.CLASS;
        }
        for (Class<?> c : parameterTypes) {
            if (c == null) {
                throw new NoSuchMethodException("parameter type is null");
            }
        }
        Constructor<T> result = getDeclaredConstructorInternal(parameterTypes);
        if (result == null || which == Member.PUBLIC && !Modifier.isPublic(result.getAccessFlags())) {
            throw new NoSuchMethodException("<init> " + Arrays.toString(parameterTypes));
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the constructor with the given parameters if it is defined by this class;
     * {@code null} otherwise. This may return a non-public member.
     *
     * @param args the types of the parameters to the constructor.
     */
    private native Constructor<T> getDeclaredConstructorInternal(Class<?>[] args);

    /**
     * Returns the assertion status that would be assigned to this
     * class if it were to be initialized at the time this method is invoked.
     * If this class has had its assertion status set, the most recent
     * setting will be returned; otherwise, if any package default assertion
     * status pertains to this class, the most recent setting for the most
     * specific pertinent package default assertion status is returned;
     * otherwise, if this class is not a system class (i.e., it has a
     * class loader) its class loader's default assertion status is returned;
     * otherwise, the system class default assertion status is returned.
     * <p>
     * Few programmers will have any need for this method; it is provided
     * for the benefit of the JRE itself.  (It allows a class to determine at
     * the time that it is initialized whether assertions should be enabled.)
     * Note that this method is not guaranteed to return the actual
     * assertion status that was (or will be) associated with the specified
     * class when it was (or will be) initialized.
     *
     * @return the desired assertion status of the specified class.
     * @see    java.lang.ClassLoader#setClassAssertionStatus
     * @see    java.lang.ClassLoader#setPackageAssertionStatus
     * @see    java.lang.ClassLoader#setDefaultAssertionStatus
     * @since  1.4
     */
    public boolean desiredAssertionStatus() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the simple name of a member or local class, or {@code null} otherwise.
     */
    private native String getInnerClassName();

    private native int getInnerClassFlags(int defaultValue);

    /**
     * Returns true if and only if this class was declared as an enum in the
     * source code.
     *
     * @return true if and only if this class was declared as an enum in the
     *     source code
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public boolean isEnum() {
        // An enum must both directly extend java.lang.Enum and have
        // the ENUM bit set; classes for specialized enum constants
        // don't do the former.
        return (this.getModifiers() & ENUM) != 0 &&
        this.getSuperclass() == java.lang.Enum.class;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the elements of this enum class or null if this
     * Class object does not represent an enum type.
     *
     * @return an array containing the values comprising the enum class
     *     represented by this Class object in the order they're
     *     declared, or null if this Class object does not
     *     represent an enum type
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public T[] getEnumConstants() {
        T[] values = getEnumConstantsShared();
        return (values != null) ? values.clone() : null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the elements of this enum class or null if this
     * Class object does not represent an enum type;
     * identical to getEnumConstants except that the result is
     * uncloned, cached, and shared by all callers.
     */
    T[] getEnumConstantsShared() {
        if (!isEnum()) return null;
        return (T[]) Enum.getSharedConstants((Class) this);
    }

    /**
     * Casts an object to the class or interface represented
     * by this {@code Class} object.
     *
     * @param obj the object to be cast
     * @return the object after casting, or null if obj is null
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException if the object is not
     * null and is not assignable to the type T.
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public T cast(Object obj) {
        if (obj != null && !isInstance(obj))
            throw new ClassCastException(cannotCastMsg(obj));
        return (T) obj;
    }

    private String cannotCastMsg(Object obj) {
        return "Cannot cast " + obj.getClass().getName() + " to " + getName();
    }

    /**
     * Casts this {@code Class} object to represent a subclass of the class
     * represented by the specified class object.  Checks that that the cast
     * is valid, and throws a {@code ClassCastException} if it is not.  If
     * this method succeeds, it always returns a reference to this class object.
     *
     * <p>This method is useful when a client needs to "narrow" the type of
     * a {@code Class} object to pass it to an API that restricts the
     * {@code Class} objects that it is willing to accept.  A cast would
     * generate a compile-time warning, as the correctness of the cast
     * could not be checked at runtime (because generic types are implemented
     * by erasure).
     *
     * @return this {@code Class} object, cast to represent a subclass of
     *    the specified class object.
     * @throws ClassCastException if this {@code Class} object does not
     *    represent a subclass of the specified class (here "subclass" includes
     *    the class itself).
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public <U> Class<? extends U> asSubclass(Class<U> clazz) {
        if (clazz.isAssignableFrom(this))
            return (Class<? extends U>) this;
        else
            throw new ClassCastException(this.toString() +
                " cannot be cast to " + clazz.getName());
    }

    /**
     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public <A extends Annotation> A getAnnotation(Class<A> annotationClass) {
        if (annotationClass == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();

        A annotation = getDeclaredAnnotation(annotationClass);
        if (annotation != null) {
            return annotation;
        }

        if (annotationClass.isDeclaredAnnotationPresent(Inherited.class)) {
            for (Class<?> sup = getSuperclass(); sup != null; sup = sup.getSuperclass()) {
                annotation = sup.getDeclaredAnnotation(annotationClass);
                if (annotation != null) {
                    return annotation;
                }
            }
        }

        return null;
    }

    @Override public boolean isAnnotationPresent(Class<? extends Annotation> annotationType) {
        if (annotationType == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("annotationType == null");
        }

        if (isDeclaredAnnotationPresent(annotationType)) {
            return true;
        }

        if (annotationType.isDeclaredAnnotationPresent(Inherited.class)) {
            for (Class<?> sup = getSuperclass(); sup != null; sup = sup.getSuperclass()) {
                if (sup.isDeclaredAnnotationPresent(annotationType)) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }

        return false;
    }


    /**
     * Returns an array containing all the annotations of this class. If there are no annotations
     * then an empty array is returned.
     *
     * @see #getDeclaredAnnotations()
     */
    @Override public Annotation[] getAnnotations() {
        /*
         * We need to get the annotations declared on this class, plus the
         * annotations from superclasses that have the "@Inherited" annotation
         * set.  We create a temporary map to use while we accumulate the
         * annotations and convert it to an array at the end.
         *
         * It's possible to have duplicates when annotations are inherited.
         * We use a Map to filter those out.
         *
         * HashMap might be overkill here.
         */
        HashMap<Class<?>, Annotation> map = new HashMap<Class<?>, Annotation>();
        for (Annotation declaredAnnotation : getDeclaredAnnotations()) {
            map.put(declaredAnnotation.annotationType(), declaredAnnotation);
        }
        for (Class<?> sup = getSuperclass(); sup != null; sup = sup.getSuperclass()) {
            for (Annotation declaredAnnotation : sup.getDeclaredAnnotations()) {
                Class<? extends Annotation> clazz = declaredAnnotation.annotationType();
                if (!map.containsKey(clazz) && clazz.isDeclaredAnnotationPresent(Inherited.class)) {
                    map.put(clazz, declaredAnnotation);
                }
            }
        }

        /* Convert annotation values from HashMap to array. */
        Collection<Annotation> coll = map.values();
        return coll.toArray(new Annotation[coll.size()]);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the annotations that are directly defined on the class
     * represented by this {@code Class}. Annotations that are inherited are not
     * included in the result. If there are no annotations at all, an empty
     * array is returned.
     *
     * @see #getAnnotations()
     */
    @Override public native Annotation[] getDeclaredAnnotations();

    /**
     * Returns the annotation if it exists.
     */
    private native <A extends Annotation> A getDeclaredAnnotation(Class<A> annotationClass);

    /**
     * Returns true if the annotation exists.
     */
    private native boolean isDeclaredAnnotationPresent(Class<? extends Annotation> annotationClass);

    // Annotation types cache their internal (AnnotationType) form

    /** @hide */
    public void setAnnotationType(AnnotationType type) {
        annotationType = type;
    }

    /** @hide */
    public AnnotationType getAnnotationType() {
        return annotationType;
    }

    /**
     * Is this a runtime created proxy class?
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public boolean isProxy() {
        return (accessFlags & 0x00040000) != 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the dex file from which this class was loaded.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public Dex getDex() {
        if (dexCache == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return dexCache.getDex();
    }
    /**
     * Returns a string from the dex cache, computing the string from the dex file if necessary.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public String getDexCacheString(Dex dex, int dexStringIndex) {
        String s = dexCache.getResolvedString(dexStringIndex);
        if (s == null) {
            s = dex.strings().get(dexStringIndex).intern();
            dexCache.setResolvedString(dexStringIndex, s);
        }
        return s;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a resolved type from the dex cache, computing the type from the dex file if
     * necessary.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public Class<?> getDexCacheType(Dex dex, int dexTypeIndex) {
        Class<?> resolvedType = dexCache.getResolvedType(dexTypeIndex);
        if (resolvedType == null) {
            int descriptorIndex = dex.typeIds().get(dexTypeIndex);
            String descriptor = getDexCacheString(dex, descriptorIndex);
            resolvedType = InternalNames.getClass(getClassLoader(), descriptor);
            dexCache.setResolvedType(dexTypeIndex, resolvedType);
        }
        return resolvedType;
    }
    /**
     * The annotation directory offset of this class in its own Dex, or 0 if it
     * is unknown.
     *
     * TODO: 0 is a sentinel that means 'no annotations directory'; this should be -1 if unknown
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public int getDexAnnotationDirectoryOffset() {
        Dex dex = getDex();
        if (dex == null) {
            return 0;
        }
        int classDefIndex = getDexClassDefIndex();
        if (classDefIndex < 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        return dex.annotationDirectoryOffsetFromClassDefIndex(classDefIndex);
    }
    /**
     * The type index of this class in its own Dex, or -1 if it is unknown. If a class is referenced
     * by multiple Dex files, it will have a different type index in each. Dex files support 65534
     * type indices, with 65535 representing no index.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public int getDexTypeIndex() {
        int typeIndex = dexTypeIndex;
        if (typeIndex != 65535) {
            return typeIndex;
        }
        synchronized (this) {
            typeIndex = dexTypeIndex;
            if (typeIndex == 65535) {
                if (dexClassDefIndex >= 0) {
                    typeIndex = getDex().typeIndexFromClassDefIndex(dexClassDefIndex);
                } else {
                    typeIndex = getDex().findTypeIndex(InternalNames.getInternalName(this));
                    if (typeIndex < 0) {
                        typeIndex = -1;
                    }
                }
                dexTypeIndex = typeIndex;
            }
        }
        return typeIndex;
    }
    private boolean canAccess(Class<?> c) {
        if(Modifier.isPublic(c.accessFlags)) {
            return true;
        }
        return inSamePackage(c);
    }

    private boolean canAccessMember(Class<?> memberClass, int memberModifiers) {
        if (memberClass == this || Modifier.isPublic(memberModifiers)) {
            return true;
        }
        if (Modifier.isPrivate(memberModifiers)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (Modifier.isProtected(memberModifiers)) {
            for (Class<?> parent = this.superClass; parent != null; parent = parent.superClass) {
                if (parent == memberClass) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return inSamePackage(memberClass);
    }

    private boolean inSamePackage(Class<?> c) {
        if (classLoader != c.classLoader) {
            return false;
        }
        String packageName1 = getPackageName$();
        String packageName2 = c.getPackageName$();
        if (packageName1 == null) {
            return packageName2 == null;
        } else if (packageName2 == null) {
            return false;
        } else {
            return packageName1.equals(packageName2);
        }
    }
    /**
     * @hide
     */
    public int getAccessFlags() {
        return accessFlags;
    }


    /**
     * Returns the method if it is defined by this class; {@code null} otherwise. This may return a
     * non-public member.
     *
     * @param name the method name
     * @param args the method's parameter types
     */
    private native Method getDeclaredMethodInternal(String name, Class<?>[] args);

    /**
     * The class def of this class in its own Dex, or -1 if there is no class def.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public int getDexClassDefIndex() {
        return (dexClassDefIndex == 65535) ? -1 : dexClassDefIndex;
    }
    private static class Caches {
        /**
         * Cache to avoid frequent recalculation of generic interfaces, which is generally uncommon.
         * Sized sufficient to allow ConcurrentHashMapTest to run without recalculating its generic
         * interfaces (required to avoid time outs). Validated by running reflection heavy code
         * such as applications using Guice-like frameworks.
         */
        private static final BasicLruCache<Class, Type[]> genericInterfaces
            = new BasicLruCache<Class, Type[]>(8);
    }
}