xref: /frameworks/compile/libbcc/lib/RSKernelExpand.cpp

/*
 * Copyright 2012, The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include "bcc/Assert.h"
#include "bcc/Renderscript/RSTransforms.h"

#include <cstdlib>

#include <llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Function.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Instructions.h>
#include <llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h>
#include <llvm/IR/MDBuilder.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Module.h>
#include <llvm/Pass.h>
#include <llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h>
#include <llvm/IR/DataLayout.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Function.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Type.h>
#include <llvm/Transforms/Utils/BasicBlockUtils.h>

#include "bcc/Config/Config.h"
#include "bcc/Support/Log.h"

#include "bcinfo/MetadataExtractor.h"

#define NUM_EXPANDED_FUNCTION_PARAMS 4

using namespace bcc;

namespace {

static const bool gEnableRsTbaa = true;

/* RSForEachExpandPass - This pass operates on functions that are able to be
 * called via rsForEach() or "foreach_<NAME>". We create an inner loop for the
 * ForEach-able function to be invoked over the appropriate data cells of the
 * input/output allocations (adjusting other relevant parameters as we go). We
 * support doing this for any ForEach-able compute kernels. The new function
 * name is the original function name followed by ".expand". Note that we
 * still generate code for the original function.
 */
class RSForEachExpandPass : public llvm::ModulePass {
private:
  static char ID;

  llvm::Module *Module;
  llvm::LLVMContext *Context;

  /*
   * Pointer to LLVM type information for the ForEachStubType and the function
   * signature for expanded kernels.  These must be re-calculated for each
   * module the pass is run on.
   */
  llvm::StructType   *ForEachStubType;
  llvm::FunctionType *ExpandedFunctionType;

  uint32_t mExportForEachCount;
  const char **mExportForEachNameList;
  const uint32_t *mExportForEachSignatureList;

  // Turns on optimization of allocation stride values.
  bool mEnableStepOpt;

  uint32_t getRootSignature(llvm::Function *Function) {
    const llvm::NamedMDNode *ExportForEachMetadata =
        Module->getNamedMetadata("#rs_export_foreach");

    if (!ExportForEachMetadata) {
      llvm::SmallVector<llvm::Type*, 8> RootArgTys;
      for (llvm::Function::arg_iterator B = Function->arg_begin(),
                                        E = Function->arg_end();
           B != E;
           ++B) {
        RootArgTys.push_back(B->getType());
      }

      // For pre-ICS bitcode, we may not have signature information. In that
      // case, we use the size of the RootArgTys to select the number of
      // arguments.
      return (1 << RootArgTys.size()) - 1;
    }

    if (ExportForEachMetadata->getNumOperands() == 0) {
      return 0;
    }

    bccAssert(ExportForEachMetadata->getNumOperands() > 0);

    // We only handle the case for legacy root() functions here, so this is
    // hard-coded to look at only the first such function.
    llvm::MDNode *SigNode = ExportForEachMetadata->getOperand(0);
    if (SigNode != NULL && SigNode->getNumOperands() == 1) {
      llvm::Value *SigVal = SigNode->getOperand(0);
      if (SigVal->getValueID() == llvm::Value::MDStringVal) {
        llvm::StringRef SigString =
            static_cast<llvm::MDString*>(SigVal)->getString();
        uint32_t Signature = 0;
        if (SigString.getAsInteger(10, Signature)) {
          ALOGE("Non-integer signature value '%s'", SigString.str().c_str());
          return 0;
        }
        return Signature;
      }
    }

    return 0;
  }

  // Get the actual value we should use to step through an allocation.
  //
  // Normally the value we use to step through an allocation is given to us by
  // the driver. However, for certain primitive data types, we can derive an
  // integer constant for the step value. We use this integer constant whenever
  // possible to allow further compiler optimizations to take place.
  //
  // DL - Target Data size/layout information.
  // T - Type of allocation (should be a pointer).
  // OrigStep - Original step increment (root.expand() input from driver).
  llvm::Value *getStepValue(llvm::DataLayout *DL, llvm::Type *AllocType,
                            llvm::Value *OrigStep) {
    bccAssert(DL);
    bccAssert(AllocType);
    bccAssert(OrigStep);
    llvm::PointerType *PT = llvm::dyn_cast<llvm::PointerType>(AllocType);
    llvm::Type *VoidPtrTy = llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(*Context);
    if (mEnableStepOpt && AllocType != VoidPtrTy && PT) {
      llvm::Type *ET = PT->getElementType();
      uint64_t ETSize = DL->getTypeAllocSize(ET);
      llvm::Type *Int32Ty = llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(*Context);
      return llvm::ConstantInt::get(Int32Ty, ETSize);
    } else {
      return OrigStep;
    }
  }

#define PARAM_FIELD_INS         0
#define PARAM_FIELD_INESTRIDES  1
#define PARAM_FIELD_OUT         2
#define PARAM_FIELD_Y           3
#define PARAM_FIELD_Z           4
#define PARAM_FIELD_LID         5
#define PARAM_FIELD_USR         6
#define PARAM_FIELD_DIMX        7
#define PARAM_FIELD_DIMY        8
#define PARAM_FIELD_DIMZ        9
#define PARAM_FIELD_SLOT       10

  /// Builds the types required by the pass for the given context.
  void buildTypes(void) {
    // Create the RsForEachStubParam struct.

    llvm::Type *VoidPtrTy    = llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(*Context);
    llvm::Type *VoidPtrPtrTy = VoidPtrTy->getPointerTo();
    llvm::Type *Int32Ty      = llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(*Context);
    llvm::Type *Int32PtrTy   = Int32Ty->getPointerTo();

    /* Defined in frameworks/base/libs/rs/cpu_ref/rsCpuCore.h:
     *
     * struct RsForEachKernelStruct{
     *   const void *in;
     *   void *out;
     *   uint32_t y;
     *   uint32_t z;
     *   uint32_t lid;
     *   const void **ins;
     *   uint32_t *inEStrides;
     *   const void *usr;
     *   uint32_t dimX;
     *   uint32_t dimY;
     *   uint32_t dimZ;
     *   uint32_t slot;
     * };
     */
    llvm::SmallVector<llvm::Type*, 12> StructTypes;
    StructTypes.push_back(VoidPtrPtrTy); // const void **ins
    StructTypes.push_back(Int32PtrTy);   // uint32_t *inEStrides
    StructTypes.push_back(VoidPtrTy);    // void *out
    StructTypes.push_back(Int32Ty);      // uint32_t y
    StructTypes.push_back(Int32Ty);      // uint32_t z
    StructTypes.push_back(Int32Ty);      // uint32_t lid
    StructTypes.push_back(VoidPtrTy);    // const void *usr
    StructTypes.push_back(Int32Ty);      // uint32_t dimX
    StructTypes.push_back(Int32Ty);      // uint32_t dimY
    StructTypes.push_back(Int32Ty);      // uint32_t dimZ
    StructTypes.push_back(Int32Ty);      // uint32_t slot

    ForEachStubType =
      llvm::StructType::create(StructTypes, "RsForEachStubParamStruct");

    // Create the function type for expanded kernels.

    llvm::Type *ForEachStubPtrTy = ForEachStubType->getPointerTo();

    llvm::SmallVector<llvm::Type*, 8> ParamTypes;
    ParamTypes.push_back(ForEachStubPtrTy); // const RsForEachStubParamStruct *p
    ParamTypes.push_back(Int32Ty);          // uint32_t x1
    ParamTypes.push_back(Int32Ty);          // uint32_t x2
    ParamTypes.push_back(Int32Ty);          // uint32_t outstep

    ExpandedFunctionType =
        llvm::FunctionType::get(llvm::Type::getVoidTy(*Context), ParamTypes,
                                false);
  }

  /// @brief Create skeleton of the expanded function.
  ///
  /// This creates a function with the following signature:
  ///
  ///   void (const RsForEachStubParamStruct *p, uint32_t x1, uint32_t x2,
  ///         uint32_t outstep)
  ///
  llvm::Function *createEmptyExpandedFunction(llvm::StringRef OldName) {
    llvm::Function *ExpandedFunction =
      llvm::Function::Create(ExpandedFunctionType,
                             llvm::GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage,
                             OldName + ".expand", Module);

    bccAssert(ExpandedFunction->arg_size() == NUM_EXPANDED_FUNCTION_PARAMS);

    llvm::Function::arg_iterator AI = ExpandedFunction->arg_begin();

    (AI++)->setName("p");
    (AI++)->setName("x1");
    (AI++)->setName("x2");
    (AI++)->setName("arg_outstep");

    llvm::BasicBlock *Begin = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(*Context, "Begin",
                                                       ExpandedFunction);
    llvm::IRBuilder<> Builder(Begin);
    Builder.CreateRetVoid();

    return ExpandedFunction;
  }

  /// @brief Create an empty loop
  ///
  /// Create a loop of the form:
  ///
  /// for (i = LowerBound; i < UpperBound; i++)
  ///   ;
  ///
  /// After the loop has been created, the builder is set such that
  /// instructions can be added to the loop body.
  ///
  /// @param Builder The builder to use to build this loop. The current
  ///                position of the builder is the position the loop
  ///                will be inserted.
  /// @param LowerBound The first value of the loop iterator
  /// @param UpperBound The maximal value of the loop iterator
  /// @param LoopIV A reference that will be set to the loop iterator.
  /// @return The BasicBlock that will be executed after the loop.
  llvm::BasicBlock *createLoop(llvm::IRBuilder<> &Builder,
                               llvm::Value *LowerBound,
                               llvm::Value *UpperBound,
                               llvm::PHINode **LoopIV) {
    assert(LowerBound->getType() == UpperBound->getType());

    llvm::BasicBlock *CondBB, *AfterBB, *HeaderBB;
    llvm::Value *Cond, *IVNext;
    llvm::PHINode *IV;

    CondBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
    AfterBB = llvm::SplitBlock(CondBB, Builder.GetInsertPoint(), this);
    HeaderBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(*Context, "Loop", CondBB->getParent());

    // if (LowerBound < Upperbound)
    //   goto LoopHeader
    // else
    //   goto AfterBB
    CondBB->getTerminator()->eraseFromParent();
    Builder.SetInsertPoint(CondBB);
    Cond = Builder.CreateICmpULT(LowerBound, UpperBound);
    Builder.CreateCondBr(Cond, HeaderBB, AfterBB);

    // iv = PHI [CondBB -> LowerBound], [LoopHeader -> NextIV ]
    // iv.next = iv + 1
    // if (iv.next < Upperbound)
    //   goto LoopHeader
    // else
    //   goto AfterBB
    Builder.SetInsertPoint(HeaderBB);
    IV = Builder.CreatePHI(LowerBound->getType(), 2, "X");
    IV->addIncoming(LowerBound, CondBB);
    IVNext = Builder.CreateNUWAdd(IV, Builder.getInt32(1));
    IV->addIncoming(IVNext, HeaderBB);
    Cond = Builder.CreateICmpULT(IVNext, UpperBound);
    Builder.CreateCondBr(Cond, HeaderBB, AfterBB);
    AfterBB->setName("Exit");
    Builder.SetInsertPoint(HeaderBB->getFirstNonPHI());
    *LoopIV = IV;
    return AfterBB;
  }

public:
  RSForEachExpandPass(bool pEnableStepOpt)
      : ModulePass(ID), Module(NULL), Context(NULL),
        mEnableStepOpt(pEnableStepOpt) {

  }

  /* Performs the actual optimization on a selected function. On success, the
   * Module will contain a new function of the name "<NAME>.expand" that
   * invokes <NAME>() in a loop with the appropriate parameters.
   */
  bool ExpandFunction(llvm::Function *Function, uint32_t Signature) {
    ALOGV("Expanding ForEach-able Function %s",
          Function->getName().str().c_str());

    if (!Signature) {
      Signature = getRootSignature(Function);
      if (!Signature) {
        // We couldn't determine how to expand this function based on its
        // function signature.
        return false;
      }
    }

    llvm::DataLayout DL(Module);

    llvm::Function *ExpandedFunction =
      createEmptyExpandedFunction(Function->getName());

    bccAssert(ExpandedFunction->arg_size() == NUM_EXPANDED_FUNCTION_PARAMS);

    /*
     * Extract the expanded function's parameters.  It is guaranteed by
     * createEmptyExpandedFunction that there will be five parameters.
     */
    llvm::Function::arg_iterator ExpandedFunctionArgIter =
      ExpandedFunction->arg_begin();

    llvm::Value *Arg_p       = &*(ExpandedFunctionArgIter++);
    llvm::Value *Arg_x1      = &*(ExpandedFunctionArgIter++);
    llvm::Value *Arg_x2      = &*(ExpandedFunctionArgIter++);
    llvm::Value *Arg_outstep = &*(ExpandedFunctionArgIter);

    llvm::Value *InStep  = NULL;
    llvm::Value *OutStep = NULL;

    // Construct the actual function body.
    llvm::IRBuilder<> Builder(ExpandedFunction->getEntryBlock().begin());

    // Collect and construct the arguments for the kernel().
    // Note that we load any loop-invariant arguments before entering the Loop.
    llvm::Function::arg_iterator FunctionArgIter = Function->arg_begin();

    llvm::Type  *InTy      = NULL;
    llvm::Value *InBasePtr = NULL;
    if (bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureIn(Signature)) {
      llvm::Value    *InsMember  = Builder.CreateStructGEP(Arg_p,
                                                           PARAM_FIELD_INS);
      llvm::LoadInst *InsBasePtr = Builder.CreateLoad(InsMember, "inputs_base");

      llvm::Value *InStepsMember =
        Builder.CreateStructGEP(Arg_p, PARAM_FIELD_INESTRIDES);
      llvm::LoadInst *InStepsBase = Builder.CreateLoad(InStepsMember,
                                                       "insteps_base");

      llvm::Value *IndexVal = Builder.getInt32(0);

      llvm::Value    *InStepAddr = Builder.CreateGEP(InStepsBase, IndexVal);
      llvm::LoadInst *InStepArg  = Builder.CreateLoad(InStepAddr,
                                                      "instep_addr");

      InTy = (FunctionArgIter++)->getType();
      InStep = getStepValue(&DL, InTy, InStepArg);

      InStep->setName("instep");

      llvm::Value *InputAddr = Builder.CreateGEP(InsBasePtr, IndexVal);
      InBasePtr = Builder.CreateLoad(InputAddr, "input_base");
    }

    llvm::Type *OutTy = NULL;
    llvm::Value *OutBasePtr = NULL;
    if (bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureOut(Signature)) {
      OutTy = (FunctionArgIter++)->getType();
      OutStep = getStepValue(&DL, OutTy, Arg_outstep);
      OutStep->setName("outstep");
      OutBasePtr = Builder.CreateLoad(
                     Builder.CreateStructGEP(Arg_p, PARAM_FIELD_OUT));
    }

    llvm::Value *UsrData = NULL;
    if (bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureUsrData(Signature)) {
      llvm::Type *UsrDataTy = (FunctionArgIter++)->getType();
      UsrData = Builder.CreatePointerCast(Builder.CreateLoad(
          Builder.CreateStructGEP(Arg_p, PARAM_FIELD_USR)), UsrDataTy);
      UsrData->setName("UsrData");
    }

    if (bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureX(Signature)) {
      FunctionArgIter++;
    }

    llvm::Value *Y = NULL;
    if (bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureY(Signature)) {
      Y = Builder.CreateLoad(
            Builder.CreateStructGEP(Arg_p, PARAM_FIELD_Y), "Y");

      FunctionArgIter++;
    }

    bccAssert(FunctionArgIter == Function->arg_end());

    llvm::PHINode *IV;
    createLoop(Builder, Arg_x1, Arg_x2, &IV);

    // Populate the actual call to kernel().
    llvm::SmallVector<llvm::Value*, 8> RootArgs;

    llvm::Value *InPtr  = NULL;
    llvm::Value *OutPtr = NULL;

    // Calculate the current input and output pointers
    //
    // We always calculate the input/output pointers with a GEP operating on i8
    // values and only cast at the very end to OutTy. This is because the step
    // between two values is given in bytes.
    //
    // TODO: We could further optimize the output by using a GEP operation of
    // type 'OutTy' in cases where the element type of the allocation allows.
    if (OutBasePtr) {
      llvm::Value *OutOffset = Builder.CreateSub(IV, Arg_x1);
      OutOffset = Builder.CreateMul(OutOffset, OutStep);
      OutPtr = Builder.CreateGEP(OutBasePtr, OutOffset);
      OutPtr = Builder.CreatePointerCast(OutPtr, OutTy);
    }

    if (InBasePtr) {
      llvm::Value *InOffset = Builder.CreateSub(IV, Arg_x1);
      InOffset = Builder.CreateMul(InOffset, InStep);
      InPtr = Builder.CreateGEP(InBasePtr, InOffset);
      InPtr = Builder.CreatePointerCast(InPtr, InTy);
    }

    if (InPtr) {
      RootArgs.push_back(InPtr);
    }

    if (OutPtr) {
      RootArgs.push_back(OutPtr);
    }

    if (UsrData) {
      RootArgs.push_back(UsrData);
    }

    llvm::Value *X = IV;
    if (bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureX(Signature)) {
      RootArgs.push_back(X);
    }

    if (Y) {
      RootArgs.push_back(Y);
    }

    Builder.CreateCall(Function, RootArgs);

    return true;
  }

  /* Expand a pass-by-value kernel.
   */
  bool ExpandKernel(llvm::Function *Function, uint32_t Signature) {
    bccAssert(bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureKernel(Signature));
    ALOGV("Expanding kernel Function %s", Function->getName().str().c_str());

    // TODO: Refactor this to share functionality with ExpandFunction.
    llvm::DataLayout DL(Module);

    llvm::Function *ExpandedFunction =
      createEmptyExpandedFunction(Function->getName());

    /*
     * Extract the expanded function's parameters.  It is guaranteed by
     * createEmptyExpandedFunction that there will be five parameters.
     */

    bccAssert(ExpandedFunction->arg_size() == NUM_EXPANDED_FUNCTION_PARAMS);

    llvm::Function::arg_iterator ExpandedFunctionArgIter =
      ExpandedFunction->arg_begin();

    llvm::Value *Arg_p       = &*(ExpandedFunctionArgIter++);
    llvm::Value *Arg_x1      = &*(ExpandedFunctionArgIter++);
    llvm::Value *Arg_x2      = &*(ExpandedFunctionArgIter++);
    llvm::Value *Arg_outstep = &*(ExpandedFunctionArgIter);

    // Construct the actual function body.
    llvm::IRBuilder<> Builder(ExpandedFunction->getEntryBlock().begin());

    // Create TBAA meta-data.
    llvm::MDNode *TBAARenderScript, *TBAAAllocation, *TBAAPointer;
    llvm::MDBuilder MDHelper(*Context);

    TBAARenderScript = MDHelper.createTBAARoot("RenderScript TBAA");
    TBAAAllocation = MDHelper.createTBAAScalarTypeNode("allocation",
                                                       TBAARenderScript);
    TBAAAllocation = MDHelper.createTBAAStructTagNode(TBAAAllocation,
                                                      TBAAAllocation, 0);
    TBAAPointer = MDHelper.createTBAAScalarTypeNode("pointer",
                                                    TBAARenderScript);
    TBAAPointer = MDHelper.createTBAAStructTagNode(TBAAPointer, TBAAPointer, 0);

    /*
     * Collect and construct the arguments for the kernel().
     *
     * Note that we load any loop-invariant arguments before entering the Loop.
     */
    size_t NumInputs = Function->arg_size();

    llvm::Value *Y = NULL;
    if (bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureY(Signature)) {
      Y = Builder.CreateLoad(
            Builder.CreateStructGEP(Arg_p, PARAM_FIELD_Y), "Y");

      --NumInputs;
    }

    if (bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureX(Signature)) {
      --NumInputs;
    }

    // No usrData parameter on kernels.
    bccAssert(
        !bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureUsrData(Signature));

    llvm::Function::arg_iterator ArgIter = Function->arg_begin();

    // Check the return type
    llvm::Type     *OutTy      = NULL;
    llvm::Value    *OutStep    = NULL;
    llvm::LoadInst *OutBasePtr = NULL;

    bool PassOutByPointer = false;

    if (bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureOut(Signature)) {
      llvm::Type *OutBaseTy = Function->getReturnType();

      if (OutBaseTy->isVoidTy()) {
        PassOutByPointer = true;
        OutTy = ArgIter->getType();

        ArgIter++;
        --NumInputs;
      } else {
        // We don't increment Args, since we are using the actual return type.
        OutTy = OutBaseTy->getPointerTo();
      }

      OutStep = getStepValue(&DL, OutTy, Arg_outstep);
      OutStep->setName("outstep");
      OutBasePtr = Builder.CreateLoad(
                     Builder.CreateStructGEP(Arg_p, PARAM_FIELD_OUT));

      if (gEnableRsTbaa) {
        OutBasePtr->setMetadata("tbaa", TBAAPointer);
      }
    }

    llvm::SmallVector<llvm::Type*,     8> InTypes;
    llvm::SmallVector<llvm::Value*,    8> InSteps;
    llvm::SmallVector<llvm::LoadInst*, 8> InBasePtrs;
    llvm::SmallVector<bool,            8> InIsStructPointer;

    if (NumInputs > 0) {
      llvm::Value *InsMember = Builder.CreateStructGEP(Arg_p, PARAM_FIELD_INS);
      llvm::LoadInst *InsBasePtr = Builder.CreateLoad(InsMember, "inputs_base");

      llvm::Value *InStepsMember =
        Builder.CreateStructGEP(Arg_p, PARAM_FIELD_INESTRIDES);
      llvm::LoadInst *InStepsBase = Builder.CreateLoad(InStepsMember,
                                                         "insteps_base");

      for (size_t InputIndex = 0; InputIndex < NumInputs;
           ++InputIndex, ArgIter++) {

          llvm::Value *IndexVal = Builder.getInt32(InputIndex);

          llvm::Value    *InStepAddr = Builder.CreateGEP(InStepsBase, IndexVal);
          llvm::LoadInst *InStepArg  = Builder.CreateLoad(InStepAddr,
                                                          "instep_addr");

          llvm::Type *InType = ArgIter->getType();

        /*
         * AArch64 calling dictate that structs of sufficient size get passed by
         * pointer instead of passed by value.  This, combined with the fact
         * that we don't allow kernels to operate on pointer data means that if
         * we see a kernel with a pointer parameter we know that it is struct
         * input that has been promoted.  As such we don't need to convert its
         * type to a pointer.  Later we will need to know to avoid a load, so we
         * save this information in InIsStructPointer.
         */
          if (!InType->isPointerTy()) {
            InType = InType->getPointerTo();
            InIsStructPointer.push_back(false);
          } else {
            InIsStructPointer.push_back(true);
          }

          llvm::Value *InStep = getStepValue(&DL, InType, InStepArg);

          InStep->setName("instep");

          llvm::Value    *InputAddr = Builder.CreateGEP(InsBasePtr, IndexVal);
          llvm::LoadInst *InBasePtr = Builder.CreateLoad(InputAddr,
                                                         "input_base");

          if (gEnableRsTbaa) {
            InBasePtr->setMetadata("tbaa", TBAAPointer);
          }

          InTypes.push_back(InType);
          InSteps.push_back(InStep);
          InBasePtrs.push_back(InBasePtr);
      }
    }

    llvm::PHINode *IV;
    createLoop(Builder, Arg_x1, Arg_x2, &IV);

    // Populate the actual call to kernel().
    llvm::SmallVector<llvm::Value*, 8> RootArgs;

    // Calculate the current input and output pointers
    //
    //
    // We always calculate the input/output pointers with a GEP operating on i8
    // values combined with a multiplication and only cast at the very end to
    // OutTy.  This is to account for dynamic stepping sizes when the value
    // isn't apparent at compile time.  In the (very common) case when we know
    // the step size at compile time, due to haveing complete type information
    // this multiplication will optmized out and produces code equivalent to a
    // a GEP on a pointer of the correct type.

    // Output

    llvm::Value *OutPtr = NULL;
    if (OutBasePtr) {
      llvm::Value *OutOffset = Builder.CreateSub(IV, Arg_x1);

      OutOffset = Builder.CreateMul(OutOffset, OutStep);
      OutPtr    = Builder.CreateGEP(OutBasePtr, OutOffset);
      OutPtr    = Builder.CreatePointerCast(OutPtr, OutTy);

      if (PassOutByPointer) {
        RootArgs.push_back(OutPtr);
      }
    }

    // Inputs

    if (NumInputs > 0) {
      llvm::Value *Offset = Builder.CreateSub(IV, Arg_x1);

      for (size_t Index = 0; Index < NumInputs; ++Index) {
        llvm::Value *InOffset = Builder.CreateMul(Offset, InSteps[Index]);
        llvm::Value *InPtr    = Builder.CreateGEP(InBasePtrs[Index], InOffset);

        InPtr = Builder.CreatePointerCast(InPtr, InTypes[Index]);

        llvm::Value *Input;

        if (InIsStructPointer[Index]) {
          Input = InPtr;

        } else {
          llvm::LoadInst *InputLoad = Builder.CreateLoad(InPtr, "input");

          if (gEnableRsTbaa) {
            InputLoad->setMetadata("tbaa", TBAAAllocation);
          }

          Input = InputLoad;
        }

        RootArgs.push_back(Input);
      }
    }

    llvm::Value *X = IV;
    if (bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureX(Signature)) {
      RootArgs.push_back(X);
    }

    if (Y) {
      RootArgs.push_back(Y);
    }

    llvm::Value *RetVal = Builder.CreateCall(Function, RootArgs);

    if (OutPtr && !PassOutByPointer) {
      llvm::StoreInst *Store = Builder.CreateStore(RetVal, OutPtr);
      if (gEnableRsTbaa) {
        Store->setMetadata("tbaa", TBAAAllocation);
      }
    }

    return true;
  }

  /// @brief Checks if pointers to allocation internals are exposed
  ///
  /// This function verifies if through the parameters passed to the kernel
  /// or through calls to the runtime library the script gains access to
  /// pointers pointing to data within a RenderScript Allocation.
  /// If we know we control all loads from and stores to data within
  /// RenderScript allocations and if we know the run-time internal accesses
  /// are all annotated with RenderScript TBAA metadata, only then we
  /// can safely use TBAA to distinguish between generic and from-allocation
  /// pointers.
  bool allocPointersExposed(llvm::Module &Module) {
    // Old style kernel function can expose pointers to elements within
    // allocations.
    // TODO: Extend analysis to allow simple cases of old-style kernels.
    for (size_t i = 0; i < mExportForEachCount; ++i) {
      const char *Name = mExportForEachNameList[i];
      uint32_t Signature = mExportForEachSignatureList[i];
      if (Module.getFunction(Name) &&
          !bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureKernel(Signature)) {
        return true;
      }
    }

    // Check for library functions that expose a pointer to an Allocation or
    // that are not yet annotated with RenderScript-specific tbaa information.
    static std::vector<std::string> Funcs;

    // rsGetElementAt(...)
    Funcs.push_back("_Z14rsGetElementAt13rs_allocationj");
    Funcs.push_back("_Z14rsGetElementAt13rs_allocationjj");
    Funcs.push_back("_Z14rsGetElementAt13rs_allocationjjj");
    // rsSetElementAt()
    Funcs.push_back("_Z14rsSetElementAt13rs_allocationPvj");
    Funcs.push_back("_Z14rsSetElementAt13rs_allocationPvjj");
    Funcs.push_back("_Z14rsSetElementAt13rs_allocationPvjjj");
    // rsGetElementAtYuv_uchar_Y()
    Funcs.push_back("_Z25rsGetElementAtYuv_uchar_Y13rs_allocationjj");
    // rsGetElementAtYuv_uchar_U()
    Funcs.push_back("_Z25rsGetElementAtYuv_uchar_U13rs_allocationjj");
    // rsGetElementAtYuv_uchar_V()
    Funcs.push_back("_Z25rsGetElementAtYuv_uchar_V13rs_allocationjj");

    for (std::vector<std::string>::iterator FI = Funcs.begin(),
                                            FE = Funcs.end();
         FI != FE; ++FI) {
      llvm::Function *Function = Module.getFunction(*FI);

      if (!Function) {
        ALOGE("Missing run-time function '%s'", FI->c_str());
        return true;
      }

      if (Function->getNumUses() > 0) {
        return true;
      }
    }

    return false;
  }

  /// @brief Connect RenderScript TBAA metadata to C/C++ metadata
  ///
  /// The TBAA metadata used to annotate loads/stores from RenderScript
  /// Allocations is generated in a separate TBAA tree with a
  /// "RenderScript TBAA" root node. LLVM does assume may-alias for all nodes in
  /// unrelated alias analysis trees. This function makes the RenderScript TBAA
  /// a subtree of the normal C/C++ TBAA tree aside of normal C/C++ types. With
  /// the connected trees every access to an Allocation is resolved to
  /// must-alias if compared to a normal C/C++ access.
  void connectRenderScriptTBAAMetadata(llvm::Module &Module) {
    llvm::MDBuilder MDHelper(*Context);
    llvm::MDNode *TBAARenderScript =
      MDHelper.createTBAARoot("RenderScript TBAA");

    llvm::MDNode *TBAARoot     = MDHelper.createTBAARoot("Simple C/C++ TBAA");
    llvm::MDNode *TBAAMergedRS = MDHelper.createTBAANode("RenderScript",
                                                         TBAARoot);

    TBAARenderScript->replaceAllUsesWith(TBAAMergedRS);
  }

  virtual bool runOnModule(llvm::Module &Module) {
    bool Changed  = false;
    this->Module  = &Module;
    this->Context = &Module.getContext();

    this->buildTypes();

    bcinfo::MetadataExtractor me(&Module);
    if (!me.extract()) {
      ALOGE("Could not extract metadata from module!");
      return false;
    }
    mExportForEachCount = me.getExportForEachSignatureCount();
    mExportForEachNameList = me.getExportForEachNameList();
    mExportForEachSignatureList = me.getExportForEachSignatureList();

    bool AllocsExposed = allocPointersExposed(Module);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < mExportForEachCount; ++i) {
      const char *name = mExportForEachNameList[i];
      uint32_t signature = mExportForEachSignatureList[i];
      llvm::Function *kernel = Module.getFunction(name);
      if (kernel) {
        if (bcinfo::MetadataExtractor::hasForEachSignatureKernel(signature)) {
          Changed |= ExpandKernel(kernel, signature);
          kernel->setLinkage(llvm::GlobalValue::InternalLinkage);
        } else if (kernel->getReturnType()->isVoidTy()) {
          Changed |= ExpandFunction(kernel, signature);
          kernel->setLinkage(llvm::GlobalValue::InternalLinkage);
        } else {
          // There are some graphics root functions that are not
          // expanded, but that will be called directly. For those
          // functions, we can not set the linkage to internal.
        }
      }
    }

    if (gEnableRsTbaa && !AllocsExposed) {
      connectRenderScriptTBAAMetadata(Module);
    }

    return Changed;
  }

  virtual const char *getPassName() const {
    return "ForEach-able Function Expansion";
  }

}; // end RSForEachExpandPass

} // end anonymous namespace

char RSForEachExpandPass::ID = 0;

namespace bcc {

llvm::ModulePass *
createRSForEachExpandPass(bool pEnableStepOpt){
  return new RSForEachExpandPass(pEnableStepOpt);
}

} // end namespace bcc