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However, very few may realize the second, more complex command, gives a flat two-dimensional label a three-dimensional look with rich textures and simulated depth:</p> 217 218<div class="image"> 219 <a href="/images/label.gif"><img src="/images/label.gif" width="78" height="53" alt="label" /></a> 220<img style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:17px;" src="/images/right.gif" width="20" height="20" alt="==>" /> 221 <a href="/images/button.gif"> 222 <img src="/images/button.gif" width="78" height="53" alt="button" /></a> 223</div> 224 225<p class="warn">[ <em>A quick word about our formatting of commands:</em> The second example above is long enough that the command must be written across several lines, so we formatted it for clarity by inserting backslashes (<kbd>\</kbd>). The backslash is the Unix <em>line continuation</em> character. In the Windows shell, use a carat character (<kbd>^</kbd>) for line continuation. We use the Unix style on these web pages, as above. Sometimes, however, the lines are wrapped by your browser if the browser window is small enough, but the command lines, shown in white, are still intended to be typed as one line. Line continuation characters need not be entered. The <em>parentheses</em> that are <em>escaped</em> above using the backslash are not escaped in Windows. There are some other differences between Windows and Unix (involving quotation marks, for instance), but we'll discuss some of those issues later, as they arise. ]</p> 226 227<p>Here we show percent completion of a task as a shaded cylinder:</p> 228 229<div class="image"> 230 <img src="/images/cylinder_shaded.png" width="320" height="200" alt="Shaded Cylinder" /> 231</div> 232 233<p>Given the complexity of the rendering, you might be surprised it is accomplished by a single command-line:</p> 234 235<pre class="text"> 236convert -size 320x90 xc:none -stroke snow4 -size 1x90 -tile gradient:white-snow4 \ 237 -draw 'roundrectangle 16, 5, 304, 85 20,40' +tile -fill snow \ 238 -draw 'roundrectangle 264, 5, 304, 85 20,40' -tile gradient:chartreuse-green \ 239 -draw 'roundrectangle 16, 5, 180, 85 20,40' -tile gradient:chartreuse1-chartreuse3 \ 240 -draw 'roundrectangle 140, 5, 180, 85 20,40' +tile -fill none \ 241 -draw 'roundrectangle 264, 5, 304, 85 20,40' -strokewidth 2 \ 242 -draw 'roundrectangle 16, 5, 304, 85 20,40' \( +clone -background snow4 \ 243 -shadow 80x3+3+3 \) +swap -background none -layers merge \( +size -font Helvetica \ 244 -pointsize 90 -strokewidth 1 -fill red label:'50 %' -trim +repage \( +clone \ 245 -background firebrick3 -shadow 80x3+3+3 \) +swap -background none -layers merge \) \ 246 -insert 0 -gravity center -append -background white -gravity center -extent 320x200 \ 247 cylinder_shaded.png 248</pre> 249 250<p>In the next sections we dissect the anatomy of the ImageMagick command line. Hopefully, after carefully reading and better understanding how the command line works, you should be able to accomplish complex image-processing tasks without resorting to the sometimes daunting <a href="/www/api.html">program interfaces</a>.</p> 251 252<p>See <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/">Examples of ImageMagick Usage</a> for additional help when using ImageMagick from the command-line.</p> 253</div> 254 255<h2><a id="anatomy"></a>The Anatomy of the Command Line</h2> 256<div class="doc-section"> 257<p>The ImageMagick command line consists of</p> 258 259<ol> 260<li>one or more required input filenames.</li> 261<li>zero, one, or more image settings.</li> 262<li>zero, one, or more image operators.</li> 263<li>zero, one, or more image sequence operators.</li> 264<li>zero, one, or more image stacks.</li> 265<li>zero or one output image filenames (required by 266<a href="/www/convert.html">convert</a>, 267<a href="/www/composite.html">composite</a>, 268<a href="/www/montage.html">montage</a>, 269<a href="/www/compare.html">compare</a>, 270<a href="/www/import.html">import</a>, 271<a href="/www/conjure.html">conjure</a>). 272</li> 273</ol> 274 275<p>You can find a detailed explanation of each of the constituent parts of the command line in the sections that follow.</p> 276</div> 277 278<h2><a id="input"></a>Input Filename</h2> 279<div class="doc-section"> 280 281<p>ImageMagick extends the concept of an input filename to include:</p> 282<ul> 283<li>filename globbing</li> 284<li>an explicit image format</li> 285<li>using built-in images and patterns</li> 286<li>STDIN, STDOUT, and file descriptors</li> 287<li>selecting certain frames from an image</li> 288<li>selecting a region of an image</li> 289<li>forcing an inline image resize</li> 290<li>forcing an inline image crop</li> 291<li>using filename references</li> 292</ul> 293 294<p>These extensions are explained in the next few paragraphs.</p> 295 296<h3>Filename Globbing</h3> 297<div class="doc-section"> 298<p>In Unix shells, certain characters such as the asterisk (<kbd>*</kbd>) and question mark (<kbd>?</kbd>) automagically cause lists of filenames to be generated based on pattern matches. This feature is known as globbing. ImageMagick supports filename globbing for systems, such as Windows, that does not natively support it. For example, suppose you want to convert <kbd>1.jpg</kbd>, <kbd>2.jpg</kbd>, <kbd>3.jpg</kbd>, <kbd>4.jpg</kbd>, and <kbd>5.jpg</kbd> in your current directory to a GIF animation. You can conveniently refer to all of the JPEG files with this command: 299</p> 300 301<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert *.jpg images.gif</span></p> 302</div> 303 304<h3>Explicit Image Format</h3> 305<div class="doc-section"> 306<p>Images are stored in a myriad of image formats including 307the better known JPEG, PNG, TIFF and others. ImageMagick must know the format 308of the image before it can be read and processed. Most formats have a 309signature within the image that uniquely identifies the format. Failing 310that, ImageMagick leverages the filename extension to determine the format. 311For example, <kbd>image.jpg</kbd> or <kbd>image.JPG</kbd> tells ImageMagick 312it is reading an image in the JPEG format. </p> 313 314 <p>In some cases the image may not contain a signature 315and/or the filename does not identify the image format. In these cases an 316explicit image format must be specified. For example, suppose our image 317is named <kbd>image</kbd> and contains raw red, green, and blue intensity 318values. ImageMagick has no way to automagically determine the image format 319so we explicitly set one: 320</p> 321 322<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert -size 640x480 -depth 8 rgb:image image.png</span></p> 323 </div> 324 325<h3>Built-in Images and Patterns</h3> 326<div class="doc-section"> 327<p>ImageMagick has a number of built-in <a href="/www/formats.html#builtin-images">images</a> and <a href="/www/formats.html#builtin-patterns">patterns</a>. To utilize the checkerboard pattern, for example, use: 328</p> 329 330<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert -size 640x480 pattern:checkerboard checkerboard.png</span></p> 331</div> 332 333<h3>STDIN, STDOUT, and file descriptors</h3> 334<div class="doc-section"> 335<p>Unix and Windows permit the output of one command to be piped to the input of another. ImageMagick permits image data to be read and written from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_streams">standard streams</a> STDIN (<em>standard in</em>) and STDOUT (<em>standard out</em>), respectively, using a pseudo-filename of <kbd>-</kbd>. In this example we pipe the output of 336 <a href="/www/convert.html">convert</a> to the <a href="/www/display.html">display</a> program: 337</p> 338 339<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: gif:- | display gif:-</span></p> 340<p>The second explicit format "<kbd>gif:</kbd>" is optional in the preceding example. The GIF image format has a unique signature within the image so ImageMagick's <a href="/www/display.html">display</a> command can readily recognize the format as GIF. The <a href="/www/convert.html">convert</a> program also accepts STDIN as input in this way: 341</p> 342 343<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert rose: gif:- | convert - -resize "200%" bigrose.jpg</span></p> 344<p>Other pipes can be accessed via their <em>file descriptors</em> (as of version 6.4.9-3). The file descriptors 0, 1, and 2 are reserved for the standard streams STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR, respectively, but a pipe associated with a file descriptor number <em>N</em>>2 can be accessed using the pseudonym <kbd>fd:</kbd><em>N</em>. (The pseudonyms <kbd>fd:0</kbd> and <kbd>fd:1</kbd> can be used for STDIN and STDOUT.) The next example shows how to append image data piped from files with descriptors 3 and 4 and direct the result to the file with descriptor number 5. 345</p> 346 347<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert fd:3 fd:4 -append fd:5</span></p> 348<p>When needed, explicit image formats can be given as mentioned earlier, as in the following. 349</p> 350 351<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert gif:fd:3 jpg:fd:4 -append tif:fd:5</span></p> 352</div> 353 354<h3>Selecting Frames</h3> 355<div class="doc-section"> 356<p>Some images formats contain more than one image frame. Perhaps you only want the first image, or the last, or some number of images in-between. You can specify which image frames to read by appending the image filename with the frame range enclosed in brackets. Here our image (an animated GIF) contains more than one frame but we only want the first: 357</p> 358 359<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert 'images.gif[0]' image.png</span></p> 360<p class="warn">[Unix shells generally interpret brackets so we enclosed the filename in quotes above. 361In a Windows command shell the brackets are not interpreted but using quotes doesn't hurt. However, in most cases the roles of single-quotes and double-quotes are reversed with respect to Unix and Windows, so Windows users should usually try double-quotes where we display single-quotes, and vice versa.] 362</p> 363 364<p>You can read more than one image from a sequence with a frame range. For example, you can extract the first four frames of an image sequence: 365</p> 366 367<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert 'images.gif[0-3]' images.mng</span></p> 368<p>Finally, you can read more than one image from a sequence, out-of-order. The next command gets the third image in the sequence, followed by the second, and then the fourth: 369</p> 370 371<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert 'images.gif[3,2,4]' images.mng</span></p> 372<p>Notice that in the last two commands, a single image is written. The output in this case, where the image type is MNG, is a multi-frame file because the MNG format supports multiple frames. Had the output format been JPG, which only supports single frames, the output would have consisted of separate frames. More about that below, in the section about the <a href="#output">Output Filename</a>. 373</p> 374</div> 375 376<h3>Selecting an Image Region</h3> 377<div class="doc-section"> 378<p>Raw images are a sequence of color intensities without additional meta information such as width, height, or image signature. With raw image formats, you must specify the image width and height but you can also specify a region of the image to read. In our example, the image is in the raw 8-bit RGB format and is 6000 pixels wide and 4000 pixels high. However, we only want a region of 600 by 400 near the center of the image: 379</p> 380 381<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert -size 6000x4000 -depth 8 \ <br/> 'rgb:image[600x400+1900+2900]' image.jpg</span></p> 382<p> 383 You can get the same results with the <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#extract">‑extract</a> option: 384</p> 385 386<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert -size 6000x4000 -depth 8 \ <br/> -extract 600x400+1900+2900 rgb:image image.jpg</span></p> 387</div> 388 389<h3>Inline Image Resize</h3> 390<div class="doc-section"> 391<p>It is sometimes convenient to resize an image as they are read. Suppose you have hundreds of large JPEG images you want to convert to a sequence of PNG thumbails: 392</p> 393 394<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert '*.jpg' -resize 120x120 thumbnail%03d.png</span></p> 395<p>Here <em>all</em> the images are read and subsequently 396resized. It is faster and less resource intensive to resize each image it 397is read: 398</p> 399 400<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert '*.jpg[120x120]' thumbnail%03d.png</span></p> 401</div> 402 403<h3>Inline Image Crop</h3> 404<div class="doc-section"> 405<p>It is sometimes convenient to crop an image as they are read. Suppose you have hundreds of large JPEG images you want to convert to a sequence of PNG thumbails: 406</p> 407 408<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert '*.jpg' -crop 120x120+10+5 thumbnail%03d.png</span></p> 409<p>Here <em>all</em> the images are read and subsequently cropped. It is faster and less resource-intensive to crop each image as it is read: 410</p> 411 412<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert '*.jpg[120x120+10+5]' thumbnail%03d.png</span></p> 413</div> 414 415<h3>Filename References</h3> 416<div class="doc-section"> 417<p>There are two methods to use a filename to reference other image filenames. 418The first is with '<kbd>@</kbd>' which reads image filenames separated by white space from the specified file. Assume the file <kbd>myimages.txt</kbd> consists of a list of filenames, like so: 419</p> 420 421<pre class="text"> 422 frame001.jpg 423 frame002.jpg 424 frame003.jpg 425</pre> 426 427<p>We then expect this command:</p> 428<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert @myimages.txt mymovie.gif</span></p><p>to read the images <kbd>frame001.jpg</kbd>, <kbd>frame002.jpg</kbd>, and <kbd>frame003.jpg</kbd> and convert them to a GIF image sequence. </p> 429<p>If the image path includes one or more spaces, enclose the path in quotes:</p> 430<pre class="text"> 431 'my title.jpg' 432</pre> 433 434 435 <p>Some ImageMagick command-line options may exceed the capabilities of 436your command line processor. Windows, for example, limits command lines 437to 8192 characters. If, for example, you have a draw option with polygon 438points that exceed the command-line length limit, put the draw option instead 439in a file and reference the file with 440the <kbd>@</kbd> (e.g. <kbd>@mypoly.txt</kbd>).</p> 441 442<p>Another method of referring to other image files is by 443embedding a formatting character in the filename with a scene range. Consider 444the filename <kbd>image-%d.jpg[1-5]</kbd>. The command</p> 445 446<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert image-%d.jpg[1-5]</span></p> 447<p>causes ImageMagick to attempt to read images with these filenames: 448</p> 449 450<pre class="text"> 451 image-1.jpg 452 image-2.jpg 453 image-3.jpg 454 image-4.jpg 455 image-5.jpg 456</pre> 457 458</div> 459</div> 460 461 462<h2><a id="setting"></a>Image Setting</h2> 463<div class="doc-section"> 464 465<p>An image setting persists as it appears on the command line and may affect 466subsequent processing such as reading an image, an image operator, or when 467writing an image as appropriate. An image setting stays in effect until it 468is reset or the command line terminates. The image settings include:</p> 469 470<p class="options"> 471<a href="/www/command-line-options.html#adjoin">‑adjoin</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#affine">‑affine</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#alpha">‑alpha</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#antialias">‑antialias</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#authenticate">‑authenticate</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#background">‑background</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#bias">‑bias</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#black-point-compensation">‑black‑point‑compensation</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#blue-primary">‑blue‑primary</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#bordercolor">‑bordercolor</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#caption">‑caption</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#channel">‑channel</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#comment">‑comment</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#compress">‑compress</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#debug">‑debug</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#define">‑define</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#delay">‑delay</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#density">‑density</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#depth">‑depth</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#direction">‑direction</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#display">‑display</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#dispose">‑dispose</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#dither">‑dither</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#encoding">‑encoding</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#endian">‑endian</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#extract">‑extract</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#family">‑family</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#fill">‑fill</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#filter">‑filter</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#font">‑font</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#format">‑format</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#fuzz">‑fuzz</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#geometry">‑geometry</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#gravity">‑gravity</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#green-primary">‑green‑primary</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#interlace">‑interlace</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#intent">‑intent</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#interpolate">‑interpolate</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#label">‑label</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#limit">‑limit</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#linewidth">‑linewidth</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#log">‑log</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#loop">‑loop</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#mask">‑mask</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#mattecolor">‑mattecolor</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#monitor">‑monitor</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#orient">‑orient</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#page">‑page</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#pointsize">‑pointsize</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#preview">‑preview</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#quality">‑quality</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#quiet">‑quiet</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#red-primary">‑red‑primary</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#region">‑region</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#render">‑render</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#repage">‑repage</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#sampling-factor">‑sampling‑factor</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#scene">‑scene</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#seed">‑seed</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#size">‑size</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#stretch">‑stretch</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#stroke">‑stroke</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#strokewidth">‑strokewidth</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#style">‑style</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#texture">‑texture</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#tile">‑tile</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#transparent-color">‑transparent‑color</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#treedepth">‑treedepth</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#type">‑type</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#undercolor">‑undercolor</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#units">‑units</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#verbose">‑verbose</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#virtual-pixel">‑virtual‑pixel</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#weight">‑weight</a> </p> 472 473<p>In this example, <em class="arg">-channel</em> applies to each of the images, since, as we mentioned, settings persist: 474</p> 475 476<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert -channel RGB wand.png wizard.png images.png</span></p> 477</div> 478 479<h2><a id="operator"></a>Image Operator</h2> 480<div class="doc-section"> 481 482<p>An image operator differs from a setting in that it affects the image 483immediately as it appears on the command line. An operator is 484any <a href="/www/command-line-options.html">command line option</a> 485not listed as a <a href="#setting">image setting</a> 486or <a href="#sequence">image sequence operator</a>. Unlike an 487image setting, which persists until the command line terminates, 488an operator is applied to an image and forgotten. The image operators 489include:</p> 490 491<p class="options"> 492<a href="/www/command-line-options.html#annotate">‑annotate</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#black-threshold">‑black‑threshold</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#blur">‑blur</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#border">‑border</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#charcoal">‑charcoal</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#chop">‑chop</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#clip">‑clip</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#clip-path">‑clip‑path</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#clip-mask">‑clip‑mask</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#colors">‑colors</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#colorize">‑colorize</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#colorspace">‑colorspace</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#compose">‑compose</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#contrast">‑contrast</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#convolve">‑convolve</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#crop">‑crop</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#cycle">‑cycle</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#despeckle">‑despeckle</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#draw">‑draw</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#edge">‑edge</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#emboss">‑emboss</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#enhance">‑enhance</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#equalize">‑equalize</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#evaluate">‑evaluate</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#extent">‑extent</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#flip">‑flip</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#flop">‑flop</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#floodfill">‑floodfill</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#frame">‑frame</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#gamma">‑gamma</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#gaussian-blur">‑gaussian‑blur</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#implode">‑implode</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#lat">‑lat</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#level">‑level</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#map">‑map</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#median">‑median</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#modulate">‑modulate</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#monochrome">‑monochrome</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#negate">‑negate</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#noise">‑noise</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#normalize">‑normalize</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#opaque">‑opaque</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#ordered-dither">‑ordered‑dither</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#paint">‑paint</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#posterize">‑posterize</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#raise">‑raise</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#profile">‑profile</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#radial-blur">‑radial‑blur</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#raise">‑raise</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#random-threshold">‑random‑threshold</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#resample">‑resample</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#resize">‑resize</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#roll">‑roll</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#rotate">‑rotate</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#sample">‑sample</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#scale">‑scale</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#sepia-tone">‑sepia‑tone</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#segment">‑segment</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#shade">‑shade</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#shadow">‑shadow</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#sharpen">‑sharpen</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#shave">‑shave</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#shear">‑shear</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#sigmoidal-contrast">‑sigmoidal‑contrast</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#solarize">‑solarize</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#splice">‑splice</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#spread">‑spread</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#strip">‑strip</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#swirl">‑swirl</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#threshold">‑threshold</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#transparent">‑transparent</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#thumbnail">‑thumbnail</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#tint">‑tint</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#transform">‑transform</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#trim">‑trim</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#unsharp">‑unsharp</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#version">‑version</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#wave">‑wave</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#white-point">‑white‑point</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#white-threshold">‑white‑threshold</a> </p> 493 494<p>In this example, <em class="arg">-negate</em> negates the wand image but not the wizard:</p> 495 496<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert wand.png -negate wizard.png images.png</span></p></div> 497 498<h2><a id="sequence"></a>Image Sequence Operator</h2> 499<div class="doc-section"> 500 501<p>An image sequence operator differs from a setting in that it affects an 502image sequence immediately as it appears on the command line. Choose from 503these image sequence operators:</p> 504 505<p class="options"> 506<a href="/www/command-line-options.html#append">‑append</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#affinity">‑affinity</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#average">‑average</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#clut">‑clut</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#coalesce">‑coalesce</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#combine">‑combine</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#composite">‑composite</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#crop">‑crop</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#debug">‑debug</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#deconstruct">‑deconstruct</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#delete">‑delete</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#evaluate-seqence">‑evaluate‑seqence</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#fft">‑fft</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#flatten">‑flatten</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#fx">‑fx</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#hald-clut">‑hald‑clut</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#ift">‑ift</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#identify">‑identify</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#insert">‑insert</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#layers">‑layers</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#limit">‑limit</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#map">‑map</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#maximum">‑maximum</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#minimum">‑minimum</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#morph">‑morph</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#mosaic">‑mosaic</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#optimize">‑optimize</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#print">‑print</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#process">‑process</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#quiet">‑quiet</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#separate">‑separate</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#swap">‑swap</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#write">‑write</a> </p> 507</div> 508 509<h2><a id="geometry"></a>Image Geometry</h2> 510<div class="doc-section"> 511 512<p>Many command-line options take a <em class="arg">geometry</em> argument 513to specify such things as the desired width and height of an image and other 514dimensional quantities. Because users want so many variations on the resulting 515dimensions, sizes, and positions of images (and because ImageMagick wants to 516provide them), the <em class="arg">geometry</em> argument can take many 517forms. We describe many of these in this section. </p> 518 519<p>The image options and settings that take some form of 520a <em class="arg">geometry</em> argument include the following. 521Keep in mind that some of these parse their arguments in slightly 522different ways. See the documentation for the individual option or 523setting for more specifics.</p> 524 525<p class="options" style="text-align:justify"> 526<a href="/www/command-line-options.html#adaptive-resize">‑adaptive‑resize</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#border">‑border</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#borderwidth">‑borderwidth</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#chop">‑chop</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#crop">‑crop</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#density">‑density</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#extent">‑extent</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#extract">‑extract</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#frame">‑frame</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#geometry">‑geometry</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#iconGeometry">‑iconGeometry</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#liquid-rescale">‑liquid‑rescale</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#page">‑page</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#region">‑region</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#repage">‑repage</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#resize">‑resize</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#sample">‑sample</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#scale">‑scale</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#shave">‑shave</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#splice">‑splice</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#thumbnail">‑thumbnail</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#window">‑window</a> </p> 527 528<p>The <em class="arg">geometry</em> argument might take any of the forms listed in the table below. These will described in more detail in the subsections following the table. The usual form is <em class="arg">size</em>[<em class="arg">offset</em>], meaning <em class="arg">size</em> is required and <em class="arg">offset</em> is optional. Occasionally, [<em class="arg">size</em>]<em class="arg">offset</em> is possible. In no cases are spaces permitted within the <em class="arg">geometry</em> argument.</p> 529 530 531<table id="geometryTable" class="doc"> 532 <col width="20%"/> <col width="80%"/> 533 <thead> 534 <tr valign="top"> 535 <th style="text-align:center"><em class="arg">size</em></th> 536 <th>General description (actual behavior can vary for different options and settings)</th> 537 </tr> 538 </thead> 539 <tbody> 540 <tr valign="top"> 541 <td><em class="arg">scale</em>%</td> 542 <td>Height and width both scaled by specified percentage.</td> 543 </tr> 544 <tr valign="top"> 545 <td><em class="arg">scale-x</em>%x<em class="arg">scale-y</em>%</td> 546 <td>Height and width individually scaled by specified percentages. (Only one % symbol needed.)</td> 547 </tr> 548 <tr valign="top"> 549 <td><em class="arg">width</em></td> 550 <td>Width given, height automagically selected to preserve aspect ratio.</td> 551 </tr> 552 <tr valign="top"> 553 <td>x<em class="arg">height</em></td> 554 <td>Height given, width automagically selected to preserve aspect ratio.</td> 555 </tr> 556 <tr valign="top"> 557 <td><em class="arg">width</em>x<em class="arg">height</em></td> 558 <td>Maximum values of height and width given, aspect ratio preserved.</td> 559 </tr> 560 <tr valign="top"> 561 <td><em class="arg">width</em>x<em class="arg">height</em>^</td> 562 <td>Minimum values of width and height given, aspect ratio preserved.</td> 563 </tr> 564 <tr valign="top"> 565 <td><em class="arg">width</em>x<em class="arg">height</em>!</td> 566 <td>Width and height emphatically given, original aspect ratio ignored.</td> 567 </tr> 568 <tr valign="top"> 569 <td><em class="arg">width</em>x<em class="arg">height</em>></td> 570 <td>Change as per <em class="arg">width</em>x<em class="arg">height</em> but only if an image dimension exceeds a specified dimension.</td> 571 </tr> 572 <tr valign="top"> 573 <td><em class="arg">width</em>x<em class="arg">height</em><</td> 574 <td>Change dimensions only if both image dimensions exceed specified dimensions.</td> 575 </tr> 576 <tr valign="top"> 577 <td><em class="arg">area</em>@</td> 578 <td>Resize image to have specified area in pixels. Aspect ratio is preserved.</td> 579 </tr> 580 </tbody> 581 </table> 582 <table class="doc"> 583 <col width="20%"/> <col width="80%"/> 584 <thead> 585 <tr valign="top"> 586 <th style="text-align:center">{<em class="arg">size</em>}{<em class="arg">offset</em>}</th> 587 <th>Specifying the <em class="arg">offset</em> (default is <kbd>+0+0</kbd>). Below, {<em class="arg">size</em>} refers to any of the forms above.</th> 588 </tr> 589 </thead> 590 591 <tbody> 592 <tr valign="top"> 593 <td>{<em class="arg">size</em>}{<em class="arg">+-</em>}<em class="arg">x</em>{<em class="arg">+-</em>}<em class="arg">y</em></td> 594 <td>Horizontal and vertical offsets <em class="arg">x</em> and <em class="arg">y</em>, specified in pixels. Signs are required for both. Offsets are affected by <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#gravity">‑gravity</a> setting. Offsets are not affected by <kbd>%</kbd> or other <em class="arg">size</em> operators.</td> 595 </tr> 596 </tbody> 597</table> 598 599 600<h3>Basic adjustments to width and height; the operators <kbd>%</kbd>, <kbd>^</kbd>, and <kbd>!</kbd> </h3> 601<div class="doc-section"> 602<p>Here, just below, are a few simple examples of <em class="arg">geometry</em>, showing how it might be used as an argument to the <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#resize">‑resize</a> option. We'll use the internal image <kbd>logo:</kbd> for our input image. 603<a href="/images/logo.png"> 604This fine image</a> is 640 pixels wide and 480 pixels high. We say its <em>dimensions</em> are 640x480. When we give dimensions of an image, the width (the horizontal dimension) always precedes the height (the vertical dimension). This will be true when we speak of coordinates or <em>offsets</em> into an image, which will always be <em>x</em>–value followed by <em>y</em>. Just think of your high school algebra classes and the <em>xy</em>–plane. (Well, almost: our <em>y</em>–axis will always go downward!) 605</p> 606 607<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -resize '200%' bigWiz.png</span></p> 608<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -resize '200x50%' longShortWiz.png</span></p> 609<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -resize '100x200' notThinWiz.png</span></p> 610<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -resize '100x200^' biggerNotThinWiz.png</span></p> 611<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -resize '100x200!' dochThinWiz.png</span></p> 612 613<p>The first of the four commands is simple—it stretches both the width and height of the input image by <kbd>200%</kbd> in each direction; it magnifies the whole thing by a factor of two. The second command specifies different percentages for each direction, stretching the width to <kbd>200</kbd>% and squashing the height to <kbd>50%</kbd>. The resulting image (in this example) has dimensions 1280x240. Notice that the percent symbol needn't be repeated; the following are equivalent: <kbd>200x50%</kbd>, <kbd>200%x50</kbd>, <kbd>200%x50%</kbd>. 614</p> 615 616<p>By default, the width and height given in a <em class="arg">geometry</em> argument are <em>maximum</em> values unless a percentage is specified. That is, the image is expanded or contracted to fit the specified width and height value while maintaining the <em>aspect ratio</em> (the ratio of its height to its width) of the image. For instance, the third command above "tries" to set the dimensions to <kbd>100x200</kbd>. Imagine gradually shrinking the original image (which is 640x480), keeping is aspect ratio constant, until it just fits into a 100x200 rectangle. Since the image is longer than it is tall, it will fit when its width shrinks to 100 pixels. To preserve the aspect ratio, the height will therefore have to be (480/640)×100 pixels=75 pixels, so the final dimensions will be 100x75.</p> 617 618<p> Notice that in the previous example, at least one of the specified dimensions will be attained (in this case, the width, 100 pixels). The resulting image fits snugly within the original. One can do just the opposite of this by invoking the <kbd>^</kbd> operator, as in the fourth example above. In that case, when <kbd>100x200^</kbd> is given as the argument, again at least one of the dimensions will be attained, but in this case the resulting image can snugly contain the original. Here the <em class="arg">geometry</em> argument gives <em>minimum</em> values. In our example, the height will become 200 and the width will be scaled to preserve the aspect ratio, becoming (640/480)×200 pixels=267 pixels. With the <kbd>^</kbd> operator, one of those dimensions will match the requested size, but the image will likely overflow the dimensions requested to preserve its aspect ratio. (The <kbd>^</kbd> feature is new as of IM 6.3.8-2.)</p> 619 620<p>We see that ImageMagick is very good about preserving aspect ratios of images, to prevent distortion of your favorite photos and images. But you might really want the dimensions to be <kbd>100x200</kbd>, thereby stretching the image. In this case just tell ImageMagick you really mean it (!) by appending an exclamation operator to the geometry. This will force the image size to exactly what you specify. So, for example, if you specify <kbd>100x200!</kbd> the dimensions will become exactly 100x200 (giving a small, vertically elongated wizard).</p> 621</div> 622 623<h3>Bounding the width, height, and area; the operators <kbd>></kbd>, <kbd><</kbd>, and <kbd>@</kbd> </h3> 624<div class="doc-section"> 625<p> 626Here are a few more examples: 627</p> 628 629<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -resize '100' wiz1.png</span></p> 630<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -resize 'x200' wiz2.png</span></p> 631<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -resize '100x200>' wiz3.png</span></p> 632<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -resize '100x200<' wiz4.png</span></p> 633<p>If only one dimension is given it is taken to be the width. When only the width is specified, as in the first example above, the width is accepted as given and the height is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio of the input image. Similarly, if only the height is specified, as in the second example above, the height is accepted and the width is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio.</p> 634 635 636<p>Use <kbd>></kbd> to change the dimensions of the image <em>only</em> if the original width or height is exeeded by one of the <em class="arg">geometry</em> specifications. Use <kbd><</kbd> to resize the image <em>only</em> if the original dimensions are more than the <em class="arg">geometry</em> specifications. In either case, if a change is made, the result is as if the <kbd>></kbd> or <kbd>></kbd> operator was not present. So, in the third example above, we specified <kbd>100x200></kbd> and the original image size is 640x480, so the image size is reduced as if we had specified <kbd>100x200</kbd>. However, in the fourth example above, there will be no change to its size.</p> 637 638<p>Finally, use <kbd>@</kbd> to specify the maximum area in pixels of an image, again while attempting to preserve aspect ratio. (Pixels take only integer values, so some approximation is always at work.) In the following example, an area of 10000 pixels is requested. The resulting file has dimensions 115x86, which has 9890 pixels. </p> 639 640<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -resize '@10000' wiz10000.png</span></p> 641<p class="warn">Another word about the quotation marks: In all the examples above and below, we have enclosed the <em class="arg">geometry</em> arguments within quotation marks. Doing so is optional in many cases, but not always. We <em>must</em> enclose the geometry specifications in quotation marks when using <kbd><</kbd> or <kbd>></kbd> to prevent these characters from being interpreted by the shell as <em>file redirection</em>. On Windows systems, the carat <kbd>^</kbd> needs to be within quotes, else it is ignored. To be safe, one should probably maintain a habit of enclosing all <em class="arg">geometry</em> arguments in quotes, as we have here. 642</p> 643</div> 644 645<h3>Offsets in geometry</h3> 646<div class="doc-section"> 647<p> 648Here are some examples to illustrate the use of <em>offsets</em> in <em class="arg">geometry</em> arguments. One typical use of offsets is in conjunction with the 649<a href="/www/command-line-options.html#region">‑region</a> option. This option allows many other options to modify the pixels within a specified rectangular subregion of an image. As such, it needs to be given the width and height of that region, and also an <em>offset</em> into the image, which is a pair of coordinates that indicate the location of the region within the larger image. Below, in the first example, we specify a region of size <kbd>100x200</kbd> to be located at the <em>xy</em>–coordinates <em>x</em>=10, <em>y</em>=20. Let's use the usual algebraic notation (<em>x</em>,<em>y</em>)=(10,20), for convenience. 650</p> 651 652<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -region '100x200+10+20' -negate wizNeg1.png</span></p> 653<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -region '100x200-10+20' -negate wizNeg2.png</span></p> 654<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -gravity center -region '100x200-10+20' \ <br/> -negate wizNeg3.png</span></p> 655 656<p>Note that offsets always require +/− signs. The offset is not actually a true location within the image; its coordinates must be added to some other location. Let's refer to that as the <em>current location</em>. In the first two examples above, though, that location is the upper-left hand corner of the image, which has coordinates (0,0). (That is the default situation when there are no other directives given to change it.) The first example above puts the <kbd>100x200</kbd> rectangle's own upper-left corner at (10,20). </p> 657 658<p>A negative offset can make sense in many cases. In the second example above, the offset is (-10,20), specified by <kbd>-10+20</kbd>. In that case, only the portion of the (virtual) rectangle obtained that lies within the image can be negated; here it is equivalent to specifying the geometry as <kbd>90x200+0+20</kbd>.</p> 659 660<p>In the third example above, the <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#gravity">‑gravity</a> setting precedes the others and sets the current location within the image at the very center of the image. In this case that is at pixel (320,240), since the size of the image is 640x480. This means that the offsets apply to that location, which thereby gets moved, in this case, to (320-10,240+20)=(310,260). But the <kbd>100x200</kbd> region itself is affected by the <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#gravity">‑gravity</a> setting, so instead of affecting its upper-left corner, the region's own center (at (+50,+100) within it) is determined. Therefore the center of the <kbd>100x200</kbd> rectangle is moved to (310,260). The negated rectangle's upper-left corner is now at (310-50,260-100)=(260,160). 661</p> 662</div> 663</div> 664 665 666<h2><a id="stack"></a>Image Stack</h2> 667<div class="doc-section"> 668 669<p>In school, your teacher probably permitted you to work on problems on a scrap of paper and then copy the results to your test paper. An image stack is similar. It permits you to work on an image or image sequence in isolation and subsequently introduce the results back into the command line. The image stack is delineated with parenthesis. Image operators only affect images in the current stack. For example, we can limit the image rotation to just the wizard image like this:</p> 670 671<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert wand.gif \( wizard.gif -rotate 30 \) +append images.gif</span></p> 672 673<p class="warn">Notice again that the parentheses are <em>escaped</em> by preceding them with 674backslashes. This is required under Unix, where parentheses are special 675<em>shell</em> characters. The backslash tells the shell not to interpret 676these characters, but to pass them directly to the command being executed. Do 677not escape the parentheses under Windows. Each parenthesis (or escaped 678parenthesis) must have spaces on either side, as in the example shown 679above.</p> 680 681<p>In addition to the image operators already discussed, the following image operators are most useful when processing images in an image stack:</p> 682 683<p class="options"> 684<span class='bull'> • </span> 685<a href="/www/command-line-options.html#clone">‑clone</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#delete">‑delete</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#insert">‑insert</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> <a href="/www/command-line-options.html#swap">‑swap</a> <span class='bull'> • </span> 686</p> 687 688<p>The arguments to these operators are indexes into the image sequence by number, starting with zero, for the first image, and so on. However if you give a negative index, the images are indexed from the end (last image added). That is, an index of -1 is the last image in the current image sequence, -2 gives the second-to-last, and so on.</p> 689 690</div> <!-- end Image Stack section --> 691 692<h2><a id="output"></a>Output Filename</h2> 693<div class="doc-section"> 694 695<p>ImageMagick extends the concept of an output filename to include:</p> 696 697<ol> 698<li>an explicit image format</li> 699<li>write to <em>standard out</em></li> 700<li>filename references</li> 701</ol> 702 703<p>Each of these extensions are explained in the next few paragraphs.</p> 704 705<h3>Explicit Image Format</h3> 706<div class="doc-section"> 707 <p>Images can be stored in a mryiad of image formats including the better known JPEG, PNG, TIFF and others. ImageMagick must know the desired format of the image before it is written. ImageMagick leverages the filename extension to determine the format. For example, <kbd>image.jpg</kbd> tells ImageMagick to write the image in the JPEG format. In some cases the filename does not identify the image format. In these cases, the image is written in the format it was originally read unless an explicit image format is specified. For example, suppose we want to write our image to a filename of <kbd>image</kbd> in the raw red, green, and blue intensity format: 708 </p> 709 710<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert image.jpg rgb:image</span></p> 711</div> 712 713<h3>Standard Out</h3> 714<div class="doc-section"> 715 <p>Unix permits the output of one command to be piped to another. ImageMagick permits piping one command to another with a filename of <kbd>-</kbd>. In this example we pipe the output of <a href="/www/convert.html">convert</a> to the <a href="/www/display.html">display</a> program: 716 </p> 717 718<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: gif:- | display gif:-</span></p> 719<p>Here the explicit format is optional. The GIF image format has a signature that uniquely identifies it so ImageMagick can readily recognize the format as GIF. 720</p> 721</div> 722 723<h3>Filename References</h3> 724<div class="doc-section"> 725<p>Optionally, use an embedded formatting character to write a sequential image list. Suppose our output filename is <kbd>image-%d.jpg</kbd> and our image list includes 3 images. You can expect these images files to be written: 726</p> 727 728<pre class="text"> 729 image-0.jpg 730 image-1.jpg 731 image-2.jpg 732</pre> 733 734<p>Or retrieve image properties to modify the image filename. For example, the command 735</p> 736 737<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert rose: -set filename:area '%wx%h' \ <br/> 'rose-%[filename:area].png'</span></p> 738<p>writes an image with this filename: 739</p> 740 741<pre class="text"> 742 rose-70x46.png 743</pre> 744 745<p>Finally to convert multiple JPEG images to individual PDF pages, use:</p> 746 747<pre class="text"> 748 convert *.jpg +adjoin page-%d.pdf 749</pre> 750 751</div> 752 753</div> <!-- end Output Filename section --> 754 755</div> 756 757<div id="linkbar"> 758 <span id="linkbar-west"> </span> 759 <span id="linkbar-center"> 760 <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org/discourse-server/">Discourse Server</a> • 761 <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org/MagickStudio/scripts/MagickStudio.cgi">Studio</a> 762 </span> 763 <span id="linkbar-east"> </span> 764 </div> 765 <div class="footer"> 766 <span id="footer-west">© 1999-2011 ImageMagick Studio LLC</span> 767 <span id="footer-east"> <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org/script/contact.php">Contact the Wizards</a></span> 768 </div> 769 <div style="clear: both; margin: 0; width: 100%; "></div> 770 <script type="text/javascript"> 771 var _gaq = _gaq || []; 772 _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-17690367-1']); 773 _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); 774 775 (function() { 776 var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; 777 ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 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