chromedriver.py revision 0b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3
1c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi# Copyright (c) 2013 The Chromium OS Authors. All rights reserved. 2c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be 3c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi# found in the LICENSE file. 4c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 5c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shiimport atexit 6c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shiimport logging 7c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shiimport os 8c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shiimport urllib2 90b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnageimport urlparse 10c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 1196c77cba384edd7befc85530ab6f809cef429625Dan Shitry: 1296c77cba384edd7befc85530ab6f809cef429625Dan Shi from selenium import webdriver 1396c77cba384edd7befc85530ab6f809cef429625Dan Shiexcept ImportError: 1496c77cba384edd7befc85530ab6f809cef429625Dan Shi # Ignore import error, as this can happen when builder tries to call the 1596c77cba384edd7befc85530ab6f809cef429625Dan Shi # setup method of test that imports chromedriver. 1696c77cba384edd7befc85530ab6f809cef429625Dan Shi logging.error('selenium module failed to be imported.') 1796c77cba384edd7befc85530ab6f809cef429625Dan Shi pass 18c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 19c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shifrom autotest_lib.client.bin import utils 20c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shifrom autotest_lib.client.common_lib.cros import chrome 21c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 22c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan ShiCHROMEDRIVER_EXE_PATH = '/usr/local/chromedriver/chromedriver' 2347a5129545db2ad42740968b8c20e93cb04bf5aebeepsX_SERVER_DISPLAY = ':0' 2447a5129545db2ad42740968b8c20e93cb04bf5aebeepsX_AUTHORITY = '/home/chronos/.Xauthority' 2547a5129545db2ad42740968b8c20e93cb04bf5aebeeps 26c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 27c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shiclass chromedriver(object): 28c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi """Wrapper class, a context manager type, for tests to use Chrome Driver.""" 29c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 30c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi def __init__(self, extra_chrome_flags=[], subtract_extra_chrome_flags=[], 31ab583045d1e3e21da15eeb5152c2f808f4aea8ffNathan Stoddard extension_paths=[], is_component=True, username=None, 320b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage password=None, server_port=None, skip_cleanup=False, 330b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage url_base=None, extra_chromedriver_args=None, *args, **kwargs): 34c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi """Initialize. 35c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 36c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi @param extra_chrome_flags: Extra chrome flags to pass to chrome, if any. 37c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi @param subtract_extra_chrome_flags: Remove default flags passed to 38c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi chrome by chromedriver, if any. 3947a5129545db2ad42740968b8c20e93cb04bf5aebeeps @param extension_paths: A list of paths to unzipped extensions. Note 4047a5129545db2ad42740968b8c20e93cb04bf5aebeeps that paths to crx files won't work. 4147a5129545db2ad42740968b8c20e93cb04bf5aebeeps @param is_component: True if the manifest.json has a key. 42ab583045d1e3e21da15eeb5152c2f808f4aea8ffNathan Stoddard @param username: Log in using this username instead of the default. 4398a0f7d6e5599a2b76310443a0b069189dfebda4Resetswitch @param password: Log in using this password instead of the default. 4498a0f7d6e5599a2b76310443a0b069189dfebda4Resetswitch @param server_port: Port number for the chromedriver server. If None, 4598a0f7d6e5599a2b76310443a0b069189dfebda4Resetswitch an available port is chosen at random. 46d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch @param skip_cleanup: If True, leave the server and browser running 47d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch so that remote tests can run after this script 48d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch ends. Default is False. 490b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage @param url_base: Optional base url for chromedriver. 500b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage @param extra_chromedriver_args: List of extra arguments to forward to 510b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage the chromedriver binary, if any. 52c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi """ 53d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch self._cleanup = not skip_cleanup 54c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi assert os.geteuid() == 0, 'Need superuser privileges' 55c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 56c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi # Log in with telemetry 57bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps self._chrome = chrome.Chrome(extension_paths=extension_paths, 58bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps is_component=is_component, 59ab583045d1e3e21da15eeb5152c2f808f4aea8ffNathan Stoddard username=username, 60ab583045d1e3e21da15eeb5152c2f808f4aea8ffNathan Stoddard password=password, 61bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps extra_browser_args=extra_chrome_flags) 62bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps self._browser = self._chrome.browser 632bff39b1c4212ab37787e529bd934614606dd948Dan Shi # Close all tabs owned and opened by Telemetry, as these cannot be 642bff39b1c4212ab37787e529bd934614606dd948Dan Shi # transferred to ChromeDriver. 652bff39b1c4212ab37787e529bd934614606dd948Dan Shi self._browser.tabs[0].Close() 66c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 67c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi # Start ChromeDriver server 6898a0f7d6e5599a2b76310443a0b069189dfebda4Resetswitch self._server = chromedriver_server(CHROMEDRIVER_EXE_PATH, 69d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch port=server_port, 700b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage skip_cleanup=skip_cleanup, 710b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage url_base=url_base, 720b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage extra_args=extra_chromedriver_args) 73c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 742bff39b1c4212ab37787e529bd934614606dd948Dan Shi # Open a new tab using Chrome remote debugging. ChromeDriver expects 752bff39b1c4212ab37787e529bd934614606dd948Dan Shi # a tab opened for remote to work. Tabs opened using Telemetry will be 762bff39b1c4212ab37787e529bd934614606dd948Dan Shi # owned by Telemetry, and will be inaccessible to ChromeDriver. 772bff39b1c4212ab37787e529bd934614606dd948Dan Shi urllib2.urlopen('http://localhost:%i/json/new' % 782bff39b1c4212ab37787e529bd934614606dd948Dan Shi utils.get_chrome_remote_debugging_port()) 792bff39b1c4212ab37787e529bd934614606dd948Dan Shi 80c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi chromeOptions = {'debuggerAddress': 81c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi ('localhost:%d' % 82c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi utils.get_chrome_remote_debugging_port())} 83c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi capabilities = {'chromeOptions':chromeOptions} 84c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi # Handle to chromedriver, for chrome automation. 8596c77cba384edd7befc85530ab6f809cef429625Dan Shi try: 8696c77cba384edd7befc85530ab6f809cef429625Dan Shi self.driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=self._server.url, 8796c77cba384edd7befc85530ab6f809cef429625Dan Shi desired_capabilities=capabilities) 8896c77cba384edd7befc85530ab6f809cef429625Dan Shi except NameError: 8996c77cba384edd7befc85530ab6f809cef429625Dan Shi logging.error('selenium module failed to be imported.') 9096c77cba384edd7befc85530ab6f809cef429625Dan Shi raise 91c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 92c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 93c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi def __enter__(self): 94c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi return self 95c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 96c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 97c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi def __exit__(self, *args): 98c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi """Clean up after running the test. 99c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 100c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi """ 101c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi if hasattr(self, 'driver') and self.driver: 102c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi self.driver.close() 103c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi del self.driver 104c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 105d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch if not hasattr(self, '_cleanup') or self._cleanup: 106d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch if hasattr(self, '_server') and self._server: 107d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch self._server.close() 108d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch del self._server 109c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 110d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch if hasattr(self, '_browser') and self._browser: 111d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch self._browser.Close() 112d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch del self._browser 113c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 114c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 115bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps def get_extension(self, extension_path): 116bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps """Gets an extension by proxying to the browser. 117bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps 118bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps @param extension_path: Path to the extension loaded in the browser. 119bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps 120bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps @return: A telemetry extension object representing the extension. 121bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps """ 122bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps return self._chrome.get_extension(extension_path) 123bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps 124bff9f9d0c4bf77f09a41262061d1a9310d94db2fbeeps 125c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shiclass chromedriver_server(object): 126c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi """A running ChromeDriver server. 127c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 128c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi This code is migrated from chrome: 129c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi src/chrome/test/chromedriver/server/server.py 130c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi """ 131c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 1320b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage def __init__(self, exe_path, port=None, skip_cleanup=False, 1330b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage url_base=None, extra_args=None): 134c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi """Starts the ChromeDriver server and waits for it to be ready. 135c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 136c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi Args: 137c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi exe_path: path to the ChromeDriver executable 13898a0f7d6e5599a2b76310443a0b069189dfebda4Resetswitch port: server port. If None, an available port is chosen at random. 139d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch skip_cleanup: If True, leave the server running so that remote 140d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch tests can run after this script ends. Default is 141d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch False. 1420b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage url_base: Optional base url for chromedriver. 1430b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage extra_args: List of extra arguments to forward to the chromedriver 1440b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage binary, if any. 145c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi Raises: 146c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi RuntimeError if ChromeDriver fails to start 147c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi """ 148c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi if not os.path.exists(exe_path): 149c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi raise RuntimeError('ChromeDriver exe not found at: ' + exe_path) 150c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 151d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch chromedriver_args = [exe_path] 152d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch if port: 153d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch # Allow remote connections if a port was specified 154d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch chromedriver_args.append('--whitelisted-ips') 155d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch else: 15698a0f7d6e5599a2b76310443a0b069189dfebda4Resetswitch port = utils.get_unused_port() 157d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch chromedriver_args.append('--port=%d' % port) 15847a5129545db2ad42740968b8c20e93cb04bf5aebeeps 1590b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage self.url = 'http://localhost:%d' % port 1600b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage if url_base: 1610b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage chromedriver_args.append('--url-base=%s' % url_base) 1620b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage self.url = urlparse.urljoin(self.url, url_base) 1630b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage 1640b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage if extra_args: 1650b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage chromedriver_args.extend(extra_args) 1660b2becccaa6a25b59fa686f6ab72817e9bb4fac3Payton Turnage 167a624576542ae9b524100eac4584d36f20aba4d7aIlja H. Friedel # TODO(ihf): Remove references to X after M45. 16847a5129545db2ad42740968b8c20e93cb04bf5aebeeps # Chromedriver will look for an X server running on the display 16947a5129545db2ad42740968b8c20e93cb04bf5aebeeps # specified through the DISPLAY environment variable. 17047a5129545db2ad42740968b8c20e93cb04bf5aebeeps os.environ['DISPLAY'] = X_SERVER_DISPLAY 17147a5129545db2ad42740968b8c20e93cb04bf5aebeeps os.environ['XAUTHORITY'] = X_AUTHORITY 17247a5129545db2ad42740968b8c20e93cb04bf5aebeeps 173c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi self.bg_job = utils.BgJob(chromedriver_args, stderr_level=logging.DEBUG) 174c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi if self.bg_job is None: 175c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi raise RuntimeError('ChromeDriver server cannot be started') 176c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 177c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi try: 178c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi timeout_msg = 'Timeout on waiting for ChromeDriver to start.' 179c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi utils.poll_for_condition(self.is_running, 180c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi exception=utils.TimeoutError(timeout_msg), 181c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi timeout=10, 182c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi sleep_interval=.1) 183c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi except utils.TimeoutError: 184c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi self.close_bgjob() 185c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi raise RuntimeError('ChromeDriver server did not start') 186c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 187c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi logging.debug('Chrome Driver server is up and listening at port %d.', 188c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi port) 189d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch if not skip_cleanup: 190d1df3d5d21a9abff7028677ec2626c572f7a627eResetswitch atexit.register(self.close) 191c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 192c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 193c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi def is_running(self): 194c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi """Returns whether the server is up and running.""" 195c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi try: 196c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi urllib2.urlopen(self.url + '/status') 197c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi return True 198c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi except urllib2.URLError as e: 199c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi return False 200c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 201c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 202c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi def close_bgjob(self): 203c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi """Close background job and log stdout and stderr.""" 204c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi utils.nuke_subprocess(self.bg_job.sp) 205c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi utils.join_bg_jobs([self.bg_job], timeout=1) 206c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi result = self.bg_job.result 207c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi if result.stdout or result.stderr: 208c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi logging.info('stdout of Chrome Driver:\n%s', result.stdout) 209c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi logging.error('stderr of Chrome Driver:\n%s', result.stderr) 210c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 211c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 212c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi def close(self): 213c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi """Kills the ChromeDriver server, if it is running.""" 214c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi if self.bg_job is None: 215c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi return 216c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 217c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi try: 218c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi urllib2.urlopen(self.url + '/shutdown', timeout=10).close() 219c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi except: 220c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi pass 221c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi 222c1d263b436976b7516f77e84386ec0fbe2b3cfbeDan Shi self.close_bgjob() 223