app/usage/UsageStatsManager.java

/**
 * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
 * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy
 * of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
 * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 */

package android.app.usage;

import android.annotation.IntDef;
import android.annotation.NonNull;
import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
import android.annotation.SystemApi;
import android.annotation.SystemService;
import android.app.PendingIntent;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.pm.ParceledListSlice;
import android.os.RemoteException;
import android.os.UserHandle;
import android.util.ArrayMap;

import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

/**
 * Provides access to device usage history and statistics. Usage data is aggregated into
 * time intervals: days, weeks, months, and years.
 * <p />
 * When requesting usage data since a particular time, the request might look something like this:
 * <pre>
 * PAST                   REQUEST_TIME                    TODAY                   FUTURE
 * ————————————————————————————||———————————————————————————¦-----------------------|
 *                        YEAR ||                           ¦                       |
 * ————————————————————————————||———————————————————————————¦-----------------------|
 *  MONTH            |         ||                MONTH      ¦                       |
 * ——————————————————|—————————||———————————————————————————¦-----------------------|
 *   |      WEEK     |     WEEK||    |     WEEK     |     WE¦EK     |      WEEK     |
 * ————————————————————————————||———————————————————|———————¦-----------------------|
 *                             ||           |DAY|DAY|DAY|DAY¦DAY|DAY|DAY|DAY|DAY|DAY|
 * ————————————————————————————||———————————————————————————¦-----------------------|
 * </pre>
 * A request for data in the middle of a time interval will include that interval.
 * <p/>
 * <b>NOTE:</b> Most methods on this API require the permission
 * android.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS. However, declaring the permission implies intention to
 * use the API and the user of the device still needs to grant permission through the Settings
 * application.
 * See {@link android.provider.Settings#ACTION_USAGE_ACCESS_SETTINGS}.
 * Methods which only return the information for the calling package do not require this permission.
 * E.g. {@link #getAppStandbyBucket()} and {@link #queryEventsForSelf(long, long)}.
 */
@SystemService(Context.USAGE_STATS_SERVICE)
public final class UsageStatsManager {

    /**
     * An interval type that spans a day. See {@link #queryUsageStats(int, long, long)}.
     */
    public static final int INTERVAL_DAILY = 0;

    /**
     * An interval type that spans a week. See {@link #queryUsageStats(int, long, long)}.
     */
    public static final int INTERVAL_WEEKLY = 1;

    /**
     * An interval type that spans a month. See {@link #queryUsageStats(int, long, long)}.
     */
    public static final int INTERVAL_MONTHLY = 2;

    /**
     * An interval type that spans a year. See {@link #queryUsageStats(int, long, long)}.
     */
    public static final int INTERVAL_YEARLY = 3;

    /**
     * An interval type that will use the best fit interval for the given time range.
     * See {@link #queryUsageStats(int, long, long)}.
     */
    public static final int INTERVAL_BEST = 4;

    /**
     * The number of available intervals. Does not include {@link #INTERVAL_BEST}, since it
     * is a pseudo interval (it actually selects a real interval).
     * {@hide}
     */
    public static final int INTERVAL_COUNT = 4;


    /**
     * The app is whitelisted for some reason and the bucket cannot be changed.
     * {@hide}
     */
    @SystemApi
    public static final int STANDBY_BUCKET_EXEMPTED = 5;

    /**
     * The app was used very recently, currently in use or likely to be used very soon. Standby
     * bucket values that are &le; {@link #STANDBY_BUCKET_ACTIVE} will not be throttled by the
     * system while they are in this bucket. Buckets &gt; {@link #STANDBY_BUCKET_ACTIVE} will most
     * likely be restricted in some way. For instance, jobs and alarms may be deferred.
     * @see #getAppStandbyBucket()
     */
    public static final int STANDBY_BUCKET_ACTIVE = 10;

    /**
     * The app was used recently and/or likely to be used in the next few hours. Restrictions will
     * apply to these apps, such as deferral of jobs and alarms.
     * @see #getAppStandbyBucket()
     */
    public static final int STANDBY_BUCKET_WORKING_SET = 20;

    /**
     * The app was used in the last few days and/or likely to be used in the next few days.
     * Restrictions will apply to these apps, such as deferral of jobs and alarms. The delays may be
     * greater than for apps in higher buckets (lower bucket value). Bucket values &gt;
     * {@link #STANDBY_BUCKET_FREQUENT} may additionally have network access limited.
     * @see #getAppStandbyBucket()
     */
    public static final int STANDBY_BUCKET_FREQUENT = 30;

    /**
     * The app has not be used for several days and/or is unlikely to be used for several days.
     * Apps in this bucket will have the most restrictions, including network restrictions, except
     * during certain short periods (at a minimum, once a day) when they are allowed to execute
     * jobs, access the network, etc.
     * @see #getAppStandbyBucket()
     */
    public static final int STANDBY_BUCKET_RARE = 40;

    /**
     * The app has never been used.
     * {@hide}
     */
    @SystemApi
    public static final int STANDBY_BUCKET_NEVER = 50;

    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_MAIN_MASK = 0xFF00;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_MAIN_DEFAULT =   0x0100;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_MAIN_TIMEOUT =   0x0200;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_MAIN_USAGE =     0x0300;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_MAIN_FORCED =    0x0400;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_MAIN_PREDICTED = 0x0500;

    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_SUB_MASK = 0x00FF;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_SUB_USAGE_SYSTEM_INTERACTION = 0x0001;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_SUB_USAGE_NOTIFICATION_SEEN  = 0x0002;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_SUB_USAGE_USER_INTERACTION   = 0x0003;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_SUB_USAGE_MOVE_TO_FOREGROUND = 0x0004;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_SUB_USAGE_MOVE_TO_BACKGROUND = 0x0005;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_SUB_USAGE_SYSTEM_UPDATE      = 0x0006;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_SUB_USAGE_ACTIVE_TIMEOUT     = 0x0007;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_SUB_USAGE_SYNC_ADAPTER       = 0x0008;

    /** @hide */
    public static final int REASON_SUB_PREDICTED_RESTORED       = 0x0001;

    /** @hide */
    @IntDef(flag = false, prefix = { "STANDBY_BUCKET_" }, value = {
            STANDBY_BUCKET_EXEMPTED,
            STANDBY_BUCKET_ACTIVE,
            STANDBY_BUCKET_WORKING_SET,
            STANDBY_BUCKET_FREQUENT,
            STANDBY_BUCKET_RARE,
            STANDBY_BUCKET_NEVER,
    })
    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
    public @interface StandbyBuckets {}

    /**
     * Observer id of the registered observer for the group of packages that reached the usage
     * time limit. Included as an extra in the PendingIntent that was registered.
     * @hide
     */
    @SystemApi
    public static final String EXTRA_OBSERVER_ID = "android.app.usage.extra.OBSERVER_ID";

    /**
     * Original time limit in milliseconds specified by the registered observer for the group of
     * packages that reached the usage time limit. Included as an extra in the PendingIntent that
     * was registered.
     * @hide
     */
    @SystemApi
    public static final String EXTRA_TIME_LIMIT = "android.app.usage.extra.TIME_LIMIT";

    /**
     * Actual usage time in milliseconds for the group of packages that reached the specified time
     * limit. Included as an extra in the PendingIntent that was registered.
     * @hide
     */
    @SystemApi
    public static final String EXTRA_TIME_USED = "android.app.usage.extra.TIME_USED";

    private static final UsageEvents sEmptyResults = new UsageEvents();

    private final Context mContext;
    private final IUsageStatsManager mService;

    /**
     * {@hide}
     */
    public UsageStatsManager(Context context, IUsageStatsManager service) {
        mContext = context;
        mService = service;
    }

    /**
     * Gets application usage stats for the given time range, aggregated by the specified interval.
     * <p>The returned list will contain a {@link UsageStats} object for each package that
     * has data for an interval that is a subset of the time range given. To illustrate:</p>
     * <pre>
     * intervalType = INTERVAL_YEARLY
     * beginTime = 2013
     * endTime = 2015 (exclusive)
     *
     * Results:
     * 2013 - com.example.alpha
     * 2013 - com.example.beta
     * 2014 - com.example.alpha
     * 2014 - com.example.beta
     * 2014 - com.example.charlie
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p> The caller must have {@link android.Manifest.permission#PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS} </p>
     *
     * @param intervalType The time interval by which the stats are aggregated.
     * @param beginTime The inclusive beginning of the range of stats to include in the results.
     * @param endTime The exclusive end of the range of stats to include in the results.
     * @return A list of {@link UsageStats}
     *
     * @see #INTERVAL_DAILY
     * @see #INTERVAL_WEEKLY
     * @see #INTERVAL_MONTHLY
     * @see #INTERVAL_YEARLY
     * @see #INTERVAL_BEST
     */
    public List<UsageStats> queryUsageStats(int intervalType, long beginTime, long endTime) {
        try {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            ParceledListSlice<UsageStats> slice = mService.queryUsageStats(intervalType, beginTime,
                    endTime, mContext.getOpPackageName());
            if (slice != null) {
                return slice.getList();
            }
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // fallthrough and return the empty list.
        }
        return Collections.emptyList();
    }

    /**
     * Gets the hardware configurations the device was in for the given time range, aggregated by
     * the specified interval. The results are ordered as in
     * {@link #queryUsageStats(int, long, long)}.
     * <p> The caller must have {@link android.Manifest.permission#PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS} </p>
     *
     * @param intervalType The time interval by which the stats are aggregated.
     * @param beginTime The inclusive beginning of the range of stats to include in the results.
     * @param endTime The exclusive end of the range of stats to include in the results.
     * @return A list of {@link ConfigurationStats}
     */
    public List<ConfigurationStats> queryConfigurations(int intervalType, long beginTime,
            long endTime) {
        try {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            ParceledListSlice<ConfigurationStats> slice = mService.queryConfigurationStats(
                    intervalType, beginTime, endTime, mContext.getOpPackageName());
            if (slice != null) {
                return slice.getList();
            }
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // fallthrough and return the empty list.
        }
        return Collections.emptyList();
    }

    /**
     * Gets aggregated event stats for the given time range, aggregated by the specified interval.
     * <p>The returned list will contain a {@link EventStats} object for each event type that
     * is being aggregated and has data for an interval that is a subset of the time range given.
     *
     * <p>The current event types that will be aggregated here are:</p>
     * <ul>
     *     <li>{@link UsageEvents.Event#SCREEN_INTERACTIVE}</li>
     *     <li>{@link UsageEvents.Event#SCREEN_NON_INTERACTIVE}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p> The caller must have {@link android.Manifest.permission#PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS} </p>
     *
     * @param intervalType The time interval by which the stats are aggregated.
     * @param beginTime The inclusive beginning of the range of stats to include in the results.
     * @param endTime The exclusive end of the range of stats to include in the results.
     * @return A list of {@link EventStats}
     *
     * @see #INTERVAL_DAILY
     * @see #INTERVAL_WEEKLY
     * @see #INTERVAL_MONTHLY
     * @see #INTERVAL_YEARLY
     * @see #INTERVAL_BEST
     */
    public List<EventStats> queryEventStats(int intervalType, long beginTime, long endTime) {
        try {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            ParceledListSlice<EventStats> slice = mService.queryEventStats(intervalType, beginTime,
                    endTime, mContext.getOpPackageName());
            if (slice != null) {
                return slice.getList();
            }
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // fallthrough and return the empty list.
        }
        return Collections.emptyList();
    }

    /**
     * Query for events in the given time range. Events are only kept by the system for a few
     * days.
     * <p> The caller must have {@link android.Manifest.permission#PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS} </p>
     *
     * @param beginTime The inclusive beginning of the range of events to include in the results.
     * @param endTime The exclusive end of the range of events to include in the results.
     * @return A {@link UsageEvents}.
     */
    public UsageEvents queryEvents(long beginTime, long endTime) {
        try {
            UsageEvents iter = mService.queryEvents(beginTime, endTime,
                    mContext.getOpPackageName());
            if (iter != null) {
                return iter;
            }
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // fallthrough and return empty result.
        }
        return sEmptyResults;
    }

    /**
     * Like {@link #queryEvents(long, long)}, but only returns events for the calling package.
     *
     * @param beginTime The inclusive beginning of the range of events to include in the results.
     * @param endTime The exclusive end of the range of events to include in the results.
     * @return A {@link UsageEvents} object.
     *
     * @see #queryEvents(long, long)
     */
    public UsageEvents queryEventsForSelf(long beginTime, long endTime) {
        try {
            final UsageEvents events = mService.queryEventsForPackage(beginTime, endTime,
                    mContext.getOpPackageName());
            if (events != null) {
                return events;
            }
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // fallthrough
        }
        return sEmptyResults;
    }

    /**
     * A convenience method that queries for all stats in the given range (using the best interval
     * for that range), merges the resulting data, and keys it by package name.
     * See {@link #queryUsageStats(int, long, long)}.
     * <p> The caller must have {@link android.Manifest.permission#PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS} </p>
     *
     * @param beginTime The inclusive beginning of the range of stats to include in the results.
     * @param endTime The exclusive end of the range of stats to include in the results.
     * @return A {@link java.util.Map} keyed by package name
     */
    public Map<String, UsageStats> queryAndAggregateUsageStats(long beginTime, long endTime) {
        List<UsageStats> stats = queryUsageStats(INTERVAL_BEST, beginTime, endTime);
        if (stats.isEmpty()) {
            return Collections.emptyMap();
        }

        ArrayMap<String, UsageStats> aggregatedStats = new ArrayMap<>();
        final int statCount = stats.size();
        for (int i = 0; i < statCount; i++) {
            UsageStats newStat = stats.get(i);
            UsageStats existingStat = aggregatedStats.get(newStat.getPackageName());
            if (existingStat == null) {
                aggregatedStats.put(newStat.mPackageName, newStat);
            } else {
                existingStat.add(newStat);
            }
        }
        return aggregatedStats;
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether the specified app is currently considered inactive. This will be true if the
     * app hasn't been used directly or indirectly for a period of time defined by the system. This
     * could be of the order of several hours or days.
     * @param packageName The package name of the app to query
     * @return whether the app is currently considered inactive
     */
    public boolean isAppInactive(String packageName) {
        try {
            return mService.isAppInactive(packageName, mContext.getUserId());
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // fall through and return default
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * {@hide}
     */
    public void setAppInactive(String packageName, boolean inactive) {
        try {
            mService.setAppInactive(packageName, inactive, mContext.getUserId());
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // fall through
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the current standby bucket of the calling app. The system determines the standby
     * state of the app based on app usage patterns. Standby buckets determine how much an app will
     * be restricted from running background tasks such as jobs and alarms.
     * <p>Restrictions increase progressively from {@link #STANDBY_BUCKET_ACTIVE} to
     * {@link #STANDBY_BUCKET_RARE}, with {@link #STANDBY_BUCKET_ACTIVE} being the least
     * restrictive. The battery level of the device might also affect the restrictions.
     * <p>Apps in buckets &le; {@link #STANDBY_BUCKET_ACTIVE} have no standby restrictions imposed.
     * Apps in buckets &gt; {@link #STANDBY_BUCKET_FREQUENT} may have network access restricted when
     * running in the background.
     * <p>The standby state of an app can change at any time either due to a user interaction or a
     * system interaction or some algorithm determining that the app can be restricted for a period
     * of time before the user has a need for it.
     * <p>You can also query the recent history of standby bucket changes by calling
     * {@link #queryEventsForSelf(long, long)} and searching for
     * {@link UsageEvents.Event#STANDBY_BUCKET_CHANGED}.
     *
     * @return the current standby bucket of the calling app. One of STANDBY_BUCKET_* constants.
     */
    public @StandbyBuckets int getAppStandbyBucket() {
        try {
            return mService.getAppStandbyBucket(mContext.getOpPackageName(),
                    mContext.getOpPackageName(),
                    mContext.getUserId());
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
        }
        return STANDBY_BUCKET_ACTIVE;
    }

    /**
     * {@hide}
     * Returns the current standby bucket of the specified app. The caller must hold the permission
     * android.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS.
     * @param packageName the package for which to fetch the current standby bucket.
     */
    @SystemApi
    @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS)
    public @StandbyBuckets int getAppStandbyBucket(String packageName) {
        try {
            return mService.getAppStandbyBucket(packageName, mContext.getOpPackageName(),
                    mContext.getUserId());
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
        }
        return STANDBY_BUCKET_ACTIVE;
    }

    /**
     * {@hide}
     * Changes an app's standby bucket to the provided value. The caller can only set the standby
     * bucket for a different app than itself.
     * @param packageName the package name of the app to set the bucket for. A SecurityException
     *                    will be thrown if the package name is that of the caller.
     * @param bucket the standby bucket to set it to, which should be one of STANDBY_BUCKET_*.
     *               Setting a standby bucket outside of the range of STANDBY_BUCKET_ACTIVE to
     *               STANDBY_BUCKET_NEVER will result in a SecurityException.
     */
    @SystemApi
    @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.CHANGE_APP_IDLE_STATE)
    public void setAppStandbyBucket(String packageName, @StandbyBuckets int bucket) {
        try {
            mService.setAppStandbyBucket(packageName, bucket, mContext.getUserId());
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // Nothing to do
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@hide}
     * Returns the current standby bucket of every app that has a bucket assigned to it.
     * The caller must hold the permission android.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS. The key of the
     * returned Map is the package name and the value is the bucket assigned to the package.
     * @see #getAppStandbyBucket()
     */
    @SystemApi
    @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS)
    public Map<String, Integer> getAppStandbyBuckets() {
        try {
            final ParceledListSlice<AppStandbyInfo> slice = mService.getAppStandbyBuckets(
                    mContext.getOpPackageName(), mContext.getUserId());
            final List<AppStandbyInfo> bucketList = slice.getList();
            final ArrayMap<String, Integer> bucketMap = new ArrayMap<>();
            final int n = bucketList.size();
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                final AppStandbyInfo bucketInfo = bucketList.get(i);
                bucketMap.put(bucketInfo.mPackageName, bucketInfo.mStandbyBucket);
            }
            return bucketMap;
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
        }
        return Collections.EMPTY_MAP;
    }

    /**
     * {@hide}
     * Changes the app standby bucket for multiple apps at once. The Map is keyed by the package
     * name and the value is one of STANDBY_BUCKET_*.
     * @param appBuckets a map of package name to bucket value.
     */
    @SystemApi
    @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.CHANGE_APP_IDLE_STATE)
    public void setAppStandbyBuckets(Map<String, Integer> appBuckets) {
        if (appBuckets == null) {
            return;
        }
        final List<AppStandbyInfo> bucketInfoList = new ArrayList<>(appBuckets.size());
        for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> bucketEntry : appBuckets.entrySet()) {
            bucketInfoList.add(new AppStandbyInfo(bucketEntry.getKey(), bucketEntry.getValue()));
        }
        final ParceledListSlice<AppStandbyInfo> slice = new ParceledListSlice<>(bucketInfoList);
        try {
            mService.setAppStandbyBuckets(slice, mContext.getUserId());
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
        }
    }

    /**
     * @hide
     * Register an app usage limit observer that receives a callback on the provided intent when
     * the sum of usages of apps in the packages array exceeds the {@code timeLimit} specified. The
     * observer will automatically be unregistered when the time limit is reached and the intent
     * is delivered. Registering an {@code observerId} that was already registered will override
     * the previous one.
     * @param observerId A unique id associated with the group of apps to be monitored. There can
     *                  be multiple groups with common packages and different time limits.
     * @param packages The list of packages to observe for foreground activity time. Cannot be null
     *                 and must include at least one package.
     * @param timeLimit The total time the set of apps can be in the foreground before the
     *                  callbackIntent is delivered. Must be greater than 0.
     * @param timeUnit The unit for time specified in {@code timeLimit}. Cannot be null.
     * @param callbackIntent The PendingIntent that will be dispatched when the time limit is
     *                       exceeded by the group of apps. The delivered Intent will also contain
     *                       the extras {@link #EXTRA_OBSERVER_ID}, {@link #EXTRA_TIME_LIMIT} and
     *                       {@link #EXTRA_TIME_USED}. Cannot be null.
     * @throws SecurityException if the caller doesn't have the OBSERVE_APP_USAGE permission or
     *                           is not the profile owner of this user.
     */
    @SystemApi
    @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.OBSERVE_APP_USAGE)
    public void registerAppUsageObserver(int observerId, @NonNull String[] packages, long timeLimit,
            @NonNull TimeUnit timeUnit, @NonNull PendingIntent callbackIntent) {
        try {
            mService.registerAppUsageObserver(observerId, packages, timeUnit.toMillis(timeLimit),
                    callbackIntent, mContext.getOpPackageName());
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
        }
    }

    /**
     * @hide
     * Unregister the app usage observer specified by the {@code observerId}. This will only apply
     * to any observer registered by this application. Unregistering an observer that was already
     * unregistered or never registered will have no effect.
     * @param observerId The id of the observer that was previously registered.
     * @throws SecurityException if the caller doesn't have the OBSERVE_APP_USAGE permission or is
     *                           not the profile owner of this user.
     */
    @SystemApi
    @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.OBSERVE_APP_USAGE)
    public void unregisterAppUsageObserver(int observerId) {
        try {
            mService.unregisterAppUsageObserver(observerId, mContext.getOpPackageName());
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
        }
    }

    /** @hide */
    public static String reasonToString(int standbyReason) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        switch (standbyReason & REASON_MAIN_MASK) {
            case REASON_MAIN_DEFAULT:
                sb.append("d");
                break;
            case REASON_MAIN_FORCED:
                sb.append("f");
                break;
            case REASON_MAIN_PREDICTED:
                sb.append("p");
                switch (standbyReason & REASON_SUB_MASK) {
                    case REASON_SUB_PREDICTED_RESTORED:
                        sb.append("-r");
                        break;
                }
                break;
            case REASON_MAIN_TIMEOUT:
                sb.append("t");
                break;
            case REASON_MAIN_USAGE:
                sb.append("u");
                switch (standbyReason & REASON_SUB_MASK) {
                    case REASON_SUB_USAGE_SYSTEM_INTERACTION:
                        sb.append("-si");
                        break;
                    case REASON_SUB_USAGE_NOTIFICATION_SEEN:
                        sb.append("-ns");
                        break;
                    case REASON_SUB_USAGE_USER_INTERACTION:
                        sb.append("-ui");
                        break;
                    case REASON_SUB_USAGE_MOVE_TO_FOREGROUND:
                        sb.append("-mf");
                        break;
                    case REASON_SUB_USAGE_MOVE_TO_BACKGROUND:
                        sb.append("-mb");
                        break;
                    case REASON_SUB_USAGE_SYSTEM_UPDATE:
                        sb.append("-su");
                        break;
                    case REASON_SUB_USAGE_ACTIVE_TIMEOUT:
                        sb.append("-at");
                        break;
                    case REASON_SUB_USAGE_SYNC_ADAPTER:
                        sb.append("-sa");
                        break;
                }
                break;
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }

    /**
     * {@hide}
     * Temporarily whitelist the specified app for a short duration. This is to allow an app
     * receiving a high priority message to be able to access the network and acquire wakelocks
     * even if the device is in power-save mode or the app is currently considered inactive.
     * @param packageName The package name of the app to whitelist.
     * @param duration Duration to whitelist the app for, in milliseconds. It is recommended that
     * this be limited to 10s of seconds. Requested duration will be clamped to a few minutes.
     * @param user The user for whom the package should be whitelisted. Passing in a user that is
     * not the same as the caller's process will require the INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS permission.
     * @see #isAppInactive(String)
     */
    @SystemApi
    @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.CHANGE_DEVICE_IDLE_TEMP_WHITELIST)
    public void whitelistAppTemporarily(String packageName, long duration, UserHandle user) {
        try {
            mService.whitelistAppTemporarily(packageName, duration, user.getIdentifier());
        } catch (RemoteException re) {
        }
    }

    /**
     * Inform usage stats that the carrier privileged apps access rules have changed.
     * @hide
     */
    public void onCarrierPrivilegedAppsChanged() {
        try {
            mService.onCarrierPrivilegedAppsChanged();
        } catch (RemoteException re) {
        }
    }

    /**
     * Reports a Chooser action to the UsageStatsManager.
     *
     * @param packageName The package name of the app that is selected.
     * @param userId The user id of who makes the selection.
     * @param contentType The type of the content, e.g., Image, Video, App.
     * @param annotations The annotations of the content, e.g., Game, Selfie.
     * @param action The action type of Intent that invokes ChooserActivity.
     * {@link UsageEvents}
     * @hide
     */
    public void reportChooserSelection(String packageName, int userId, String contentType,
                                       String[] annotations, String action) {
        try {
            mService.reportChooserSelection(packageName, userId, contentType, annotations, action);
        } catch (RemoteException re) {
        }
    }
}