java/util/TimeZone.java

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1996, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
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 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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/*
 * (C) Copyright Taligent, Inc. 1996 - All Rights Reserved
 * (C) Copyright IBM Corp. 1996 - All Rights Reserved
 *
 *   The original version of this source code and documentation is copyrighted
 * and owned by Taligent, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of IBM. These
 * materials are provided under terms of a License Agreement between Taligent
 * and Sun. This technology is protected by multiple US and International
 * patents. This notice and attribution to Taligent may not be removed.
 *   Taligent is a registered trademark of Taligent, Inc.
 *
 */

package java.util;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import sun.misc.SharedSecrets;
import sun.misc.JavaAWTAccess;
import sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction;
import sun.util.TimeZoneNameUtility;
import sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo;
import sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfoFile;

/**
 * <code>TimeZone</code> represents a time zone offset, and also figures out daylight
 * savings.
 *
 * <p>
 * Typically, you get a <code>TimeZone</code> using <code>getDefault</code>
 * which creates a <code>TimeZone</code> based on the time zone where the program
 * is running. For example, for a program running in Japan, <code>getDefault</code>
 * creates a <code>TimeZone</code> object based on Japanese Standard Time.
 *
 * <p>
 * You can also get a <code>TimeZone</code> using <code>getTimeZone</code>
 * along with a time zone ID. For instance, the time zone ID for the
 * U.S. Pacific Time zone is "America/Los_Angeles". So, you can get a
 * U.S. Pacific Time <code>TimeZone</code> object with:
 * <blockquote><pre>
 * TimeZone tz = TimeZone.getTimeZone("America/Los_Angeles");
 * </pre></blockquote>
 * You can use the <code>getAvailableIDs</code> method to iterate through
 * all the supported time zone IDs. You can then choose a
 * supported ID to get a <code>TimeZone</code>.
 * If the time zone you want is not represented by one of the
 * supported IDs, then a custom time zone ID can be specified to
 * produce a TimeZone. The syntax of a custom time zone ID is:
 *
 * <blockquote><pre>
 * <a name="CustomID"><i>CustomID:</i></a>
 *         <code>GMT</code> <i>Sign</i> <i>Hours</i> <code>:</code> <i>Minutes</i>
 *         <code>GMT</code> <i>Sign</i> <i>Hours</i> <i>Minutes</i>
 *         <code>GMT</code> <i>Sign</i> <i>Hours</i>
 * <i>Sign:</i> one of
 *         <code>+ -</code>
 * <i>Hours:</i>
 *         <i>Digit</i>
 *         <i>Digit</i> <i>Digit</i>
 * <i>Minutes:</i>
 *         <i>Digit</i> <i>Digit</i>
 * <i>Digit:</i> one of
 *         <code>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9</code>
 * </pre></blockquote>
 *
 * <i>Hours</i> must be between 0 to 23 and <i>Minutes</i> must be
 * between 00 to 59.  For example, "GMT+10" and "GMT+0010" mean ten
 * hours and ten minutes ahead of GMT, respectively.
 * <p>
 * The format is locale independent and digits must be taken from the
 * Basic Latin block of the Unicode standard. No daylight saving time
 * transition schedule can be specified with a custom time zone ID. If
 * the specified string doesn't match the syntax, <code>"GMT"</code>
 * is used.
 * <p>
 * When creating a <code>TimeZone</code>, the specified custom time
 * zone ID is normalized in the following syntax:
 * <blockquote><pre>
 * <a name="NormalizedCustomID"><i>NormalizedCustomID:</i></a>
 *         <code>GMT</code> <i>Sign</i> <i>TwoDigitHours</i> <code>:</code> <i>Minutes</i>
 * <i>Sign:</i> one of
 *         <code>+ -</code>
 * <i>TwoDigitHours:</i>
 *         <i>Digit</i> <i>Digit</i>
 * <i>Minutes:</i>
 *         <i>Digit</i> <i>Digit</i>
 * <i>Digit:</i> one of
 *         <code>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9</code>
 * </pre></blockquote>
 * For example, TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT-8").getID() returns "GMT-08:00".
 *
 * <h4>Three-letter time zone IDs</h4>
 *
 * For compatibility with JDK 1.1.x, some other three-letter time zone IDs
 * (such as "PST", "CTT", "AST") are also supported. However, <strong>their
 * use is deprecated</strong> because the same abbreviation is often used
 * for multiple time zones (for example, "CST" could be U.S. "Central Standard
 * Time" and "China Standard Time"), and the Java platform can then only
 * recognize one of them.
 *
 *
 * @see          Calendar
 * @see          GregorianCalendar
 * @see          SimpleTimeZone
 * @author       Mark Davis, David Goldsmith, Chen-Lieh Huang, Alan Liu
 * @since        JDK1.1
 */
abstract public class TimeZone implements Serializable, Cloneable {
    /**
     * Sole constructor.  (For invocation by subclass constructors, typically
     * implicit.)
     */
    public TimeZone() {
    }

    /**
     * A style specifier for <code>getDisplayName()</code> indicating
     * a short name, such as "PST."
     * @see #LONG
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public static final int SHORT = 0;

    /**
     * A style specifier for <code>getDisplayName()</code> indicating
     * a long name, such as "Pacific Standard Time."
     * @see #SHORT
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public static final int LONG  = 1;

    // Constants used internally; unit is milliseconds
    private static final int ONE_MINUTE = 60*1000;
    private static final int ONE_HOUR   = 60*ONE_MINUTE;
    private static final int ONE_DAY    = 24*ONE_HOUR;

    // Proclaim serialization compatibility with JDK 1.1
    static final long serialVersionUID = 3581463369166924961L;

    /**
     * Gets the time zone offset, for current date, modified in case of
     * daylight savings. This is the offset to add to UTC to get local time.
     * <p>
     * This method returns a historically correct offset if an
     * underlying <code>TimeZone</code> implementation subclass
     * supports historical Daylight Saving Time schedule and GMT
     * offset changes.
     *
     * @param era the era of the given date.
     * @param year the year in the given date.
     * @param month the month in the given date.
     * Month is 0-based. e.g., 0 for January.
     * @param day the day-in-month of the given date.
     * @param dayOfWeek the day-of-week of the given date.
     * @param milliseconds the milliseconds in day in <em>standard</em>
     * local time.
     *
     * @return the offset in milliseconds to add to GMT to get local time.
     *
     * @see Calendar#ZONE_OFFSET
     * @see Calendar#DST_OFFSET
     */
    public abstract int getOffset(int era, int year, int month, int day,
                                  int dayOfWeek, int milliseconds);

    /**
     * Returns the offset of this time zone from UTC at the specified
     * date. If Daylight Saving Time is in effect at the specified
     * date, the offset value is adjusted with the amount of daylight
     * saving.
     * <p>
     * This method returns a historically correct offset value if an
     * underlying TimeZone implementation subclass supports historical
     * Daylight Saving Time schedule and GMT offset changes.
     *
     * @param date the date represented in milliseconds since January 1, 1970 00:00:00 GMT
     * @return the amount of time in milliseconds to add to UTC to get local time.
     *
     * @see Calendar#ZONE_OFFSET
     * @see Calendar#DST_OFFSET
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public int getOffset(long date) {
        if (inDaylightTime(new Date(date))) {
            return getRawOffset() + getDSTSavings();
        }
        return getRawOffset();
    }

    /**
     * Gets the raw GMT offset and the amount of daylight saving of this
     * time zone at the given time.
     * @param date the milliseconds (since January 1, 1970,
     * 00:00:00.000 GMT) at which the time zone offset and daylight
     * saving amount are found
     * @param offset an array of int where the raw GMT offset
     * (offset[0]) and daylight saving amount (offset[1]) are stored,
     * or null if those values are not needed. The method assumes that
     * the length of the given array is two or larger.
     * @return the total amount of the raw GMT offset and daylight
     * saving at the specified date.
     *
     * @see Calendar#ZONE_OFFSET
     * @see Calendar#DST_OFFSET
     */
    int getOffsets(long date, int[] offsets) {
        int rawoffset = getRawOffset();
        int dstoffset = 0;
        if (inDaylightTime(new Date(date))) {
            dstoffset = getDSTSavings();
        }
        if (offsets != null) {
            offsets[0] = rawoffset;
            offsets[1] = dstoffset;
        }
        return rawoffset + dstoffset;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the base time zone offset to GMT.
     * This is the offset to add to UTC to get local time.
     * <p>
     * If an underlying <code>TimeZone</code> implementation subclass
     * supports historical GMT offset changes, the specified GMT
     * offset is set as the latest GMT offset and the difference from
     * the known latest GMT offset value is used to adjust all
     * historical GMT offset values.
     *
     * @param offsetMillis the given base time zone offset to GMT.
     */
    abstract public void setRawOffset(int offsetMillis);

    /**
     * Returns the amount of time in milliseconds to add to UTC to get
     * standard time in this time zone. Because this value is not
     * affected by daylight saving time, it is called <I>raw
     * offset</I>.
     * <p>
     * If an underlying <code>TimeZone</code> implementation subclass
     * supports historical GMT offset changes, the method returns the
     * raw offset value of the current date. In Honolulu, for example,
     * its raw offset changed from GMT-10:30 to GMT-10:00 in 1947, and
     * this method always returns -36000000 milliseconds (i.e., -10
     * hours).
     *
     * @return the amount of raw offset time in milliseconds to add to UTC.
     * @see Calendar#ZONE_OFFSET
     */
    public abstract int getRawOffset();

    /**
     * Gets the ID of this time zone.
     * @return the ID of this time zone.
     */
    public String getID()
    {
        return ID;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the time zone ID. This does not change any other data in
     * the time zone object.
     * @param ID the new time zone ID.
     */
    public void setID(String ID)
    {
        if (ID == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        this.ID = ID;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a long standard time name of this {@code TimeZone} suitable for
     * presentation to the user in the default locale.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to:
     * <pre><blockquote>
     * getDisplayName(false, {@link #LONG},
     *                Locale.getDefault({@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY}))
     * </blockquote></pre>
     *
     * @return the human-readable name of this time zone in the default locale.
     * @since 1.2
     * @see #getDisplayName(boolean, int, Locale)
     * @see Locale#getDefault(Locale.Category)
     * @see Locale.Category
     */
    public final String getDisplayName() {
        return getDisplayName(false, LONG,
                              Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.DISPLAY));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a long standard time name of this {@code TimeZone} suitable for
     * presentation to the user in the specified {@code locale}.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to:
     * <pre><blockquote>
     * getDisplayName(false, {@link #LONG}, locale)
     * </blockquote></pre>
     *
     * @param locale the locale in which to supply the display name.
     * @return the human-readable name of this time zone in the given locale.
     * @exception NullPointerException if {@code locale} is {@code null}.
     * @since 1.2
     * @see #getDisplayName(boolean, int, Locale)
     */
    public final String getDisplayName(Locale locale) {
        return getDisplayName(false, LONG, locale);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a name in the specified {@code style} of this {@code TimeZone}
     * suitable for presentation to the user in the default locale. If the
     * specified {@code daylight} is {@code true}, a Daylight Saving Time name
     * is returned (even if this {@code TimeZone} doesn't observe Daylight Saving
     * Time). Otherwise, a Standard Time name is returned.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to:
     * <pre><blockquote>
     * getDisplayName(daylight, style,
     *                Locale.getDefault({@link Locale.Category#DISPLAY}))
     * </blockquote></pre>
     *
     * @param daylight {@code true} specifying a Daylight Saving Time name, or
     *                 {@code false} specifying a Standard Time name
     * @param style either {@link #LONG} or {@link #SHORT}
     * @return the human-readable name of this time zone in the default locale.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if {@code style} is invalid.
     * @since 1.2
     * @see #getDisplayName(boolean, int, Locale)
     * @see Locale#getDefault(Locale.Category)
     * @see Locale.Category
     * @see java.text.DateFormatSymbols#getZoneStrings()
     */
    public final String getDisplayName(boolean daylight, int style) {
        return getDisplayName(daylight, style,
                              Locale.getDefault(Locale.Category.DISPLAY));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a name in the specified {@code style} of this {@code TimeZone}
     * suitable for presentation to the user in the specified {@code
     * locale}. If the specified {@code daylight} is {@code true}, a Daylight
     * Saving Time name is returned (even if this {@code TimeZone} doesn't
     * observe Daylight Saving Time). Otherwise, a Standard Time name is
     * returned.
     *
     * <p>When looking up a time zone name, the {@linkplain
     * ResourceBundle.Control#getCandidateLocales(String,Locale) default
     * <code>Locale</code> search path of <code>ResourceBundle</code>} derived
     * from the specified {@code locale} is used. (No {@linkplain
     * ResourceBundle.Control#getFallbackLocale(String,Locale) fallback
     * <code>Locale</code>} search is performed.) If a time zone name in any
     * {@code Locale} of the search path, including {@link Locale#ROOT}, is
     * found, the name is returned. Otherwise, a string in the
     * <a href="#NormalizedCustomID">normalized custom ID format</a> is returned.
     *
     * @param daylight {@code true} specifying a Daylight Saving Time name, or
     *                 {@code false} specifying a Standard Time name
     * @param style either {@link #LONG} or {@link #SHORT}
     * @param locale   the locale in which to supply the display name.
     * @return the human-readable name of this time zone in the given locale.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if {@code style} is invalid.
     * @exception NullPointerException if {@code locale} is {@code null}.
     * @since 1.2
     * @see java.text.DateFormatSymbols#getZoneStrings()
     */
    public String getDisplayName(boolean daylight, int style, Locale locale) {
        if (style != SHORT && style != LONG) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal style: " + style);
        }

        String id = getID();
        String[] names = getDisplayNames(id, locale);
        if (names == null) {
            if (id.startsWith("GMT")) {
                char sign = id.charAt(3);
                if (sign == '+' || sign == '-') {
                    return id;
                }
            }
            int offset = getRawOffset();
            if (daylight) {
                offset += getDSTSavings();
            }
            return ZoneInfoFile.toCustomID(offset);
        }

        int index = daylight ? 3 : 1;
        if (style == SHORT) {
            index++;
        }
        return names[index];
    }

    private static class DisplayNames {
        // Cache for managing display names per timezone per locale
        // The structure is:
        //   Map(key=id, value=SoftReference(Map(key=locale, value=displaynames)))
        private static final Map<String, SoftReference<Map<Locale, String[]>>> CACHE =
            new ConcurrentHashMap<String, SoftReference<Map<Locale, String[]>>>();
    }

    private static final String[] getDisplayNames(String id, Locale locale) {
        Map<String, SoftReference<Map<Locale, String[]>>> displayNames = DisplayNames.CACHE;

        SoftReference<Map<Locale, String[]>> ref = displayNames.get(id);
        if (ref != null) {
            Map<Locale, String[]> perLocale = ref.get();
            if (perLocale != null) {
                String[] names = perLocale.get(locale);
                if (names != null) {
                    return names;
                }
                names = TimeZoneNameUtility.retrieveDisplayNames(id, locale);
                if (names != null) {
                    perLocale.put(locale, names);
                }
                return names;
            }
        }

        String[] names = TimeZoneNameUtility.retrieveDisplayNames(id, locale);
        if (names != null) {
            Map<Locale, String[]> perLocale = new ConcurrentHashMap<Locale, String[]>();
            perLocale.put(locale, names);
            ref = new SoftReference<Map<Locale, String[]>>(perLocale);
            displayNames.put(id, ref);
        }
        return names;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the amount of time to be added to local standard time
     * to get local wall clock time.
     *
     * <p>The default implementation returns 3600000 milliseconds
     * (i.e., one hour) if a call to {@link #useDaylightTime()}
     * returns {@code true}. Otherwise, 0 (zero) is returned.
     *
     * <p>If an underlying {@code TimeZone} implementation subclass
     * supports historical and future Daylight Saving Time schedule
     * changes, this method returns the amount of saving time of the
     * last known Daylight Saving Time rule that can be a future
     * prediction.
     *
     * <p>If the amount of saving time at any given time stamp is
     * required, construct a {@link Calendar} with this {@code
     * TimeZone} and the time stamp, and call {@link Calendar#get(int)
     * Calendar.get}{@code (}{@link Calendar#DST_OFFSET}{@code )}.
     *
     * @return the amount of saving time in milliseconds
     * @since 1.4
     * @see #inDaylightTime(Date)
     * @see #getOffset(long)
     * @see #getOffset(int,int,int,int,int,int)
     * @see Calendar#ZONE_OFFSET
     */
    public int getDSTSavings() {
        if (useDaylightTime()) {
            return 3600000;
        }
        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * Queries if this {@code TimeZone} uses Daylight Saving Time.
     *
     * <p>If an underlying {@code TimeZone} implementation subclass
     * supports historical and future Daylight Saving Time schedule
     * changes, this method refers to the last known Daylight Saving Time
     * rule that can be a future prediction and may not be the same as
     * the current rule. Consider calling {@link #observesDaylightTime()}
     * if the current rule should also be taken into account.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this {@code TimeZone} uses Daylight Saving Time,
     *         {@code false}, otherwise.
     * @see #inDaylightTime(Date)
     * @see Calendar#DST_OFFSET
     */
    public abstract boolean useDaylightTime();

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this {@code TimeZone} is currently in
     * Daylight Saving Time, or if a transition from Standard Time to
     * Daylight Saving Time occurs at any future time.
     *
     * <p>The default implementation returns {@code true} if
     * {@code useDaylightTime()} or {@code inDaylightTime(new Date())}
     * returns {@code true}.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this {@code TimeZone} is currently in
     * Daylight Saving Time, or if a transition from Standard Time to
     * Daylight Saving Time occurs at any future time; {@code false}
     * otherwise.
     * @since 1.7
     * @see #useDaylightTime()
     * @see #inDaylightTime(Date)
     * @see Calendar#DST_OFFSET
     */
    public boolean observesDaylightTime() {
        return useDaylightTime() || inDaylightTime(new Date());
    }

    /**
     * Queries if the given {@code date} is in Daylight Saving Time in
     * this time zone.
     *
     * @param date the given Date.
     * @return {@code true} if the given date is in Daylight Saving Time,
     *         {@code false}, otherwise.
     */
    abstract public boolean inDaylightTime(Date date);

    /**
     * Gets the <code>TimeZone</code> for the given ID.
     *
     * @param ID the ID for a <code>TimeZone</code>, either an abbreviation
     * such as "PST", a full name such as "America/Los_Angeles", or a custom
     * ID such as "GMT-8:00". Note that the support of abbreviations is
     * for JDK 1.1.x compatibility only and full names should be used.
     *
     * @return the specified <code>TimeZone</code>, or the GMT zone if the given ID
     * cannot be understood.
     */
    public static synchronized TimeZone getTimeZone(String ID) {
        return getTimeZone(ID, true);
    }

    private static TimeZone getTimeZone(String ID, boolean fallback) {
        TimeZone tz = ZoneInfo.getTimeZone(ID);
        if (tz == null) {
            tz = parseCustomTimeZone(ID);
            if (tz == null && fallback) {
                tz = new ZoneInfo(GMT_ID, 0);
            }
        }
        return tz;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the available IDs according to the given time zone offset in milliseconds.
     *
     * @param rawOffset the given time zone GMT offset in milliseconds.
     * @return an array of IDs, where the time zone for that ID has
     * the specified GMT offset. For example, "America/Phoenix" and "America/Denver"
     * both have GMT-07:00, but differ in daylight saving behavior.
     * @see #getRawOffset()
     */
    public static synchronized String[] getAvailableIDs(int rawOffset) {
        return ZoneInfo.getAvailableIDs(rawOffset);
    }

    /**
     * Gets all the available IDs supported.
     * @return an array of IDs.
     */
    public static synchronized String[] getAvailableIDs() {
        return ZoneInfo.getAvailableIDs();
    }

    /**
     * Gets the platform defined TimeZone ID.
     **/
    private static native String getSystemTimeZoneID(String javaHome,
                                                     String country);

    /**
     * Gets the custom time zone ID based on the GMT offset of the
     * platform. (e.g., "GMT+08:00")
     */
    private static native String getSystemGMTOffsetID();

    /**
     * Gets the default <code>TimeZone</code> for this host.
     * The source of the default <code>TimeZone</code>
     * may vary with implementation.
     * @return a default <code>TimeZone</code>.
     * @see #setDefault
     */
    public static TimeZone getDefault() {
        return (TimeZone) getDefaultRef().clone();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the reference to the default TimeZone object. This
     * method doesn't create a clone.
     */
    static TimeZone getDefaultRef() {
        TimeZone defaultZone = getDefaultInAppContext();
        if (defaultZone == null) {
            defaultZone = defaultTimeZone;
            if (defaultZone == null) {
                // Need to initialize the default time zone.
                defaultZone = setDefaultZone();
                assert defaultZone != null;
            }
        }
        // Don't clone here.
        return defaultZone;
    }

    private static synchronized TimeZone setDefaultZone() {
        TimeZone tz = null;
        // get the time zone ID from the system properties
        String zoneID = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                new GetPropertyAction("user.timezone"));

        // if the time zone ID is not set (yet), perform the
        // platform to Java time zone ID mapping.
        if (zoneID == null || zoneID.equals("")) {
            String country = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                    new GetPropertyAction("user.country"));
            String javaHome = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                    new GetPropertyAction("java.home"));
            try {
                zoneID = getSystemTimeZoneID(javaHome, country);
                if (zoneID == null) {
                    zoneID = GMT_ID;
                }
            } catch (NullPointerException e) {
                zoneID = GMT_ID;
            }
        }

        // Get the time zone for zoneID. But not fall back to
        // "GMT" here.
        tz = getTimeZone(zoneID, false);

        if (tz == null) {
            // If the given zone ID is unknown in Java, try to
            // get the GMT-offset-based time zone ID,
            // a.k.a. custom time zone ID (e.g., "GMT-08:00").
            String gmtOffsetID = getSystemGMTOffsetID();
            if (gmtOffsetID != null) {
                zoneID = gmtOffsetID;
            }
            tz = getTimeZone(zoneID, true);
        }
        assert tz != null;

        final String id = zoneID;
        AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
                public Object run() {
                    System.setProperty("user.timezone", id);
                    return null;
                }
            });

        defaultTimeZone = tz;
        return tz;
    }

    private static boolean hasPermission() {
        boolean hasPermission = true;
        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
        if (sm != null) {
            try {
                sm.checkPermission(new PropertyPermission
                                   ("user.timezone", "write"));
            } catch (SecurityException e) {
                hasPermission = false;
            }
        }
        return hasPermission;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the <code>TimeZone</code> that is
     * returned by the <code>getDefault</code> method.  If <code>zone</code>
     * is null, reset the default to the value it had originally when the
     * VM first started.
     * @param zone the new default time zone
     * @see #getDefault
     */
    public static void setDefault(TimeZone zone)
    {
        if (hasPermission()) {
            synchronized (TimeZone.class) {
                defaultTimeZone = zone;
                setDefaultInAppContext(null);
            }
        } else {
            setDefaultInAppContext(zone);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the default TimeZone in an AppContext if any AppContext
     * has ever used. null is returned if any AppContext hasn't been
     * used or if the AppContext doesn't have the default TimeZone.
     *
     * Note that javaAWTAccess may be null if sun.awt.AppContext class hasn't
     * been loaded. If so, it implies that AWTSecurityManager is not our
     * SecurityManager and we can use a local static variable.
     * This works around a build time issue.
     */
    private static TimeZone getDefaultInAppContext() {
        // JavaAWTAccess provides access implementation-private methods without using reflection.
        JavaAWTAccess javaAWTAccess = SharedSecrets.getJavaAWTAccess();
        if (javaAWTAccess == null) {
            return mainAppContextDefault;
        } else {
            if (!javaAWTAccess.isDisposed()) {
                TimeZone tz = (TimeZone)
                    javaAWTAccess.get(TimeZone.class);
                if (tz == null && javaAWTAccess.isMainAppContext()) {
                    return mainAppContextDefault;
                } else {
                    return tz;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the default TimeZone in the AppContext to the given
     * tz. null is handled special: do nothing if any AppContext
     * hasn't been used, remove the default TimeZone in the
     * AppContext otherwise.
     *
     * Note that javaAWTAccess may be null if sun.awt.AppContext class hasn't
     * been loaded. If so, it implies that AWTSecurityManager is not our
     * SecurityManager and we can use a local static variable.
     * This works around a build time issue.
     */
    private static void setDefaultInAppContext(TimeZone tz) {
        // JavaAWTAccess provides access implementation-private methods without using reflection.
        JavaAWTAccess javaAWTAccess = SharedSecrets.getJavaAWTAccess();
        if (javaAWTAccess == null) {
            mainAppContextDefault = tz;
        } else {
            if (!javaAWTAccess.isDisposed()) {
                javaAWTAccess.put(TimeZone.class, tz);
                if (javaAWTAccess.isMainAppContext()) {
                    mainAppContextDefault = null;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if this zone has the same rule and offset as another zone.
     * That is, if this zone differs only in ID, if at all.  Returns false
     * if the other zone is null.
     * @param other the <code>TimeZone</code> object to be compared with
     * @return true if the other zone is not null and is the same as this one,
     * with the possible exception of the ID
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public boolean hasSameRules(TimeZone other) {
        return other != null && getRawOffset() == other.getRawOffset() &&
            useDaylightTime() == other.useDaylightTime();
    }

    /**
     * Creates a copy of this <code>TimeZone</code>.
     *
     * @return a clone of this <code>TimeZone</code>
     */
    public Object clone()
    {
        try {
            TimeZone other = (TimeZone) super.clone();
            other.ID = ID;
            return other;
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            throw new InternalError();
        }
    }

    /**
     * The null constant as a TimeZone.
     */
    static final TimeZone NO_TIMEZONE = null;

    // =======================privates===============================

    /**
     * The string identifier of this <code>TimeZone</code>.  This is a
     * programmatic identifier used internally to look up <code>TimeZone</code>
     * objects from the system table and also to map them to their localized
     * display names.  <code>ID</code> values are unique in the system
     * table but may not be for dynamically created zones.
     * @serial
     */
    private String           ID;
    private static volatile TimeZone defaultTimeZone;

    static final String         GMT_ID        = "GMT";
    private static final int    GMT_ID_LENGTH = 3;

    // a static TimeZone we can reference if no AppContext is in place
    private static volatile TimeZone mainAppContextDefault;

    /**
     * Parses a custom time zone identifier and returns a corresponding zone.
     * This method doesn't support the RFC 822 time zone format. (e.g., +hhmm)
     *
     * @param id a string of the <a href="#CustomID">custom ID form</a>.
     * @return a newly created TimeZone with the given offset and
     * no daylight saving time, or null if the id cannot be parsed.
     */
    private static final TimeZone parseCustomTimeZone(String id) {
        int length;

        // Error if the length of id isn't long enough or id doesn't
        // start with "GMT".
        if ((length = id.length()) < (GMT_ID_LENGTH + 2) ||
            id.indexOf(GMT_ID) != 0) {
            return null;
        }

        ZoneInfo zi;

        // First, we try to find it in the cache with the given
        // id. Even the id is not normalized, the returned ZoneInfo
        // should have its normalized id.
        zi = ZoneInfoFile.getZoneInfo(id);
        if (zi != null) {
            return zi;
        }

        int index = GMT_ID_LENGTH;
        boolean negative = false;
        char c = id.charAt(index++);
        if (c == '-') {
            negative = true;
        } else if (c != '+') {
            return null;
        }

        int hours = 0;
        int num = 0;
        int countDelim = 0;
        int len = 0;
        while (index < length) {
            c = id.charAt(index++);
            if (c == ':') {
                if (countDelim > 0) {
                    return null;
                }
                if (len > 2) {
                    return null;
                }
                hours = num;
                countDelim++;
                num = 0;
                len = 0;
                continue;
            }
            if (c < '0' || c > '9') {
                return null;
            }
            num = num * 10 + (c - '0');
            len++;
        }
        if (index != length) {
            return null;
        }
        if (countDelim == 0) {
            if (len <= 2) {
                hours = num;
                num = 0;
            } else {
                hours = num / 100;
                num %= 100;
            }
        } else {
            if (len != 2) {
                return null;
            }
        }
        if (hours > 23 || num > 59) {
            return null;
        }
        int gmtOffset =  (hours * 60 + num) * 60 * 1000;

        if (gmtOffset == 0) {
            zi = ZoneInfoFile.getZoneInfo(GMT_ID);
            if (negative) {
                zi.setID("GMT-00:00");
            } else {
                zi.setID("GMT+00:00");
            }
        } else {
            zi = ZoneInfoFile.getCustomTimeZone(id, negative ? -gmtOffset : gmtOffset);
        }
        return zi;
    }
}