xref: /drivers/staging/android/ashmem.c

/* mm/ashmem.c
 *
 * Anonymous Shared Memory Subsystem, ashmem
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2008 Google, Inc.
 *
 * Robert Love <rlove@google.com>
 *
 * This software is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public
 * License version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation, and
 * may be copied, distributed, and modified under those terms.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 */

#define pr_fmt(fmt) "ashmem: " fmt

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/falloc.h>
#include <linux/miscdevice.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/personality.h>
#include <linux/bitops.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
#include "ashmem.h"

#define ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX "dev/ashmem/"
#define ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN (sizeof(ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX) - 1)
#define ASHMEM_FULL_NAME_LEN (ASHMEM_NAME_LEN + ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN)

/**
 * struct ashmem_area - The anonymous shared memory area
 * @name:		The optional name in /proc/pid/maps
 * @unpinned_list:	The list of all ashmem areas
 * @file:		The shmem-based backing file
 * @size:		The size of the mapping, in bytes
 * @prot_masks:		The allowed protection bits, as vm_flags
 *
 * The lifecycle of this structure is from our parent file's open() until
 * its release(). It is also protected by 'ashmem_mutex'
 *
 * Warning: Mappings do NOT pin this structure; It dies on close()
 */
struct ashmem_area {
	char name[ASHMEM_FULL_NAME_LEN];
	struct list_head unpinned_list;
	struct file *file;
	size_t size;
	unsigned long prot_mask;
};

/**
 * struct ashmem_range - A range of unpinned/evictable pages
 * @lru:	         The entry in the LRU list
 * @unpinned:	         The entry in its area's unpinned list
 * @asma:	         The associated anonymous shared memory area.
 * @pgstart:	         The starting page (inclusive)
 * @pgend:	         The ending page (inclusive)
 * @purged:	         The purge status (ASHMEM_NOT or ASHMEM_WAS_PURGED)
 *
 * The lifecycle of this structure is from unpin to pin.
 * It is protected by 'ashmem_mutex'
 */
struct ashmem_range {
	struct list_head lru;
	struct list_head unpinned;
	struct ashmem_area *asma;
	size_t pgstart;
	size_t pgend;
	unsigned int purged;
};

/* LRU list of unpinned pages, protected by ashmem_mutex */
static LIST_HEAD(ashmem_lru_list);

/**
 * long lru_count - The count of pages on our LRU list.
 *
 * This is protected by ashmem_mutex.
 */
static unsigned long lru_count;

/**
 * ashmem_mutex - protects the list of and each individual ashmem_area
 *
 * Lock Ordering: ashmex_mutex -> i_mutex -> i_alloc_sem
 */
static DEFINE_MUTEX(ashmem_mutex);

static struct kmem_cache *ashmem_area_cachep __read_mostly;
static struct kmem_cache *ashmem_range_cachep __read_mostly;

#define range_size(range) \
	((range)->pgend - (range)->pgstart + 1)

#define range_on_lru(range) \
	((range)->purged == ASHMEM_NOT_PURGED)

#define page_range_subsumes_range(range, start, end) \
	(((range)->pgstart >= (start)) && ((range)->pgend <= (end)))

#define page_range_subsumed_by_range(range, start, end) \
	(((range)->pgstart <= (start)) && ((range)->pgend >= (end)))

#define page_in_range(range, page) \
	(((range)->pgstart <= (page)) && ((range)->pgend >= (page)))

#define page_range_in_range(range, start, end) \
	(page_in_range(range, start) || page_in_range(range, end) || \
		page_range_subsumes_range(range, start, end))

#define range_before_page(range, page) \
	((range)->pgend < (page))

#define PROT_MASK		(PROT_EXEC | PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE)

/**
 * lru_add() - Adds a range of memory to the LRU list
 * @range:     The memory range being added.
 *
 * The range is first added to the end (tail) of the LRU list.
 * After this, the size of the range is added to @lru_count
 */
static inline void lru_add(struct ashmem_range *range)
{
	list_add_tail(&range->lru, &ashmem_lru_list);
	lru_count += range_size(range);
}

/**
 * lru_del() - Removes a range of memory from the LRU list
 * @range:     The memory range being removed
 *
 * The range is first deleted from the LRU list.
 * After this, the size of the range is removed from @lru_count
 */
static inline void lru_del(struct ashmem_range *range)
{
	list_del(&range->lru);
	lru_count -= range_size(range);
}

/**
 * range_alloc() - Allocates and initializes a new ashmem_range structure
 * @asma:	   The associated ashmem_area
 * @prev_range:	   The previous ashmem_range in the sorted asma->unpinned list
 * @purged:	   Initial purge status (ASMEM_NOT_PURGED or ASHMEM_WAS_PURGED)
 * @start:	   The starting page (inclusive)
 * @end:	   The ending page (inclusive)
 *
 * This function is protected by ashmem_mutex.
 *
 * Return: 0 if successful, or -ENOMEM if there is an error
 */
static int range_alloc(struct ashmem_area *asma,
		       struct ashmem_range *prev_range, unsigned int purged,
		       size_t start, size_t end)
{
	struct ashmem_range *range;

	range = kmem_cache_zalloc(ashmem_range_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (unlikely(!range))
		return -ENOMEM;

	range->asma = asma;
	range->pgstart = start;
	range->pgend = end;
	range->purged = purged;

	list_add_tail(&range->unpinned, &prev_range->unpinned);

	if (range_on_lru(range))
		lru_add(range);

	return 0;
}

/**
 * range_del() - Deletes and dealloctes an ashmem_range structure
 * @range:	 The associated ashmem_range that has previously been allocated
 */
static void range_del(struct ashmem_range *range)
{
	list_del(&range->unpinned);
	if (range_on_lru(range))
		lru_del(range);
	kmem_cache_free(ashmem_range_cachep, range);
}

/*
 * range_shrink - shrinks a range
 *
 * Caller must hold ashmem_mutex.
 */
static inline void range_shrink(struct ashmem_range *range,
				size_t start, size_t end)
{
	size_t pre = range_size(range);

	range->pgstart = start;
	range->pgend = end;

	if (range_on_lru(range))
		lru_count -= pre - range_size(range);
}

static int ashmem_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
	struct ashmem_area *asma;
	int ret;

	ret = generic_file_open(inode, file);
	if (unlikely(ret))
		return ret;

	asma = kmem_cache_zalloc(ashmem_area_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (unlikely(!asma))
		return -ENOMEM;

	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&asma->unpinned_list);
	memcpy(asma->name, ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX, ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN);
	asma->prot_mask = PROT_MASK;
	file->private_data = asma;

	return 0;
}

static int ashmem_release(struct inode *ignored, struct file *file)
{
	struct ashmem_area *asma = file->private_data;
	struct ashmem_range *range, *next;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);
	list_for_each_entry_safe(range, next, &asma->unpinned_list, unpinned)
		range_del(range);
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);

	if (asma->file)
		fput(asma->file);
	kmem_cache_free(ashmem_area_cachep, asma);

	return 0;
}

static ssize_t ashmem_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf,
			   size_t len, loff_t *pos)
{
	struct ashmem_area *asma = file->private_data;
	int ret = 0;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);

	/* If size is not set, or set to 0, always return EOF. */
	if (asma->size == 0)
		goto out;

	if (!asma->file) {
		ret = -EBADF;
		goto out;
	}

	ret = asma->file->f_op->read(asma->file, buf, len, pos);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto out;

	/** Update backing file pos, since f_ops->read() doesn't */
	asma->file->f_pos = *pos;

out:
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);
	return ret;
}

static loff_t ashmem_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int origin)
{
	struct ashmem_area *asma = file->private_data;
	int ret;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);

	if (asma->size == 0) {
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	if (!asma->file) {
		ret = -EBADF;
		goto out;
	}

	ret = asma->file->f_op->llseek(asma->file, offset, origin);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto out;

	/** Copy f_pos from backing file, since f_ops->llseek() sets it */
	file->f_pos = asma->file->f_pos;

out:
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);
	return ret;
}

static inline vm_flags_t calc_vm_may_flags(unsigned long prot)
{
	return _calc_vm_trans(prot, PROT_READ,  VM_MAYREAD) |
	       _calc_vm_trans(prot, PROT_WRITE, VM_MAYWRITE) |
	       _calc_vm_trans(prot, PROT_EXEC,  VM_MAYEXEC);
}

static int ashmem_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct ashmem_area *asma = file->private_data;
	int ret = 0;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);

	/* user needs to SET_SIZE before mapping */
	if (unlikely(!asma->size)) {
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	/* requested protection bits must match our allowed protection mask */
	if (unlikely((vma->vm_flags & ~calc_vm_prot_bits(asma->prot_mask)) &
		     calc_vm_prot_bits(PROT_MASK))) {
		ret = -EPERM;
		goto out;
	}
	vma->vm_flags &= ~calc_vm_may_flags(~asma->prot_mask);

	if (!asma->file) {
		char *name = ASHMEM_NAME_DEF;
		struct file *vmfile;

		if (asma->name[ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN] != '\0')
			name = asma->name;

		/* ... and allocate the backing shmem file */
		vmfile = shmem_file_setup(name, asma->size, vma->vm_flags);
		if (unlikely(IS_ERR(vmfile))) {
			ret = PTR_ERR(vmfile);
			goto out;
		}
		asma->file = vmfile;
	}
	get_file(asma->file);

	/*
	 * XXX - Reworked to use shmem_zero_setup() instead of
	 * shmem_set_file while we're in staging. -jstultz
	 */
	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED) {
		ret = shmem_zero_setup(vma);
		if (ret) {
			fput(asma->file);
			goto out;
		}
	}

	if (vma->vm_file)
		fput(vma->vm_file);
	vma->vm_file = asma->file;

out:
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * ashmem_shrink - our cache shrinker, called from mm/vmscan.c :: shrink_slab
 *
 * 'nr_to_scan' is the number of objects to scan for freeing.
 *
 * 'gfp_mask' is the mask of the allocation that got us into this mess.
 *
 * Return value is the number of objects freed or -1 if we cannot
 * proceed without risk of deadlock (due to gfp_mask).
 *
 * We approximate LRU via least-recently-unpinned, jettisoning unpinned partial
 * chunks of ashmem regions LRU-wise one-at-a-time until we hit 'nr_to_scan'
 * pages freed.
 */
static unsigned long
ashmem_shrink_scan(struct shrinker *shrink, struct shrink_control *sc)
{
	struct ashmem_range *range, *next;
	unsigned long freed = 0;

	/* We might recurse into filesystem code, so bail out if necessary */
	if (!(sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_FS))
		return SHRINK_STOP;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);
	list_for_each_entry_safe(range, next, &ashmem_lru_list, lru) {
		loff_t start = range->pgstart * PAGE_SIZE;
		loff_t end = (range->pgend + 1) * PAGE_SIZE;

		do_fallocate(range->asma->file,
				FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE | FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE,
				start, end - start);
		range->purged = ASHMEM_WAS_PURGED;
		lru_del(range);

		freed += range_size(range);
		if (--sc->nr_to_scan <= 0)
			break;
	}
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);
	return freed;
}

static unsigned long
ashmem_shrink_count(struct shrinker *shrink, struct shrink_control *sc)
{
	/*
	 * note that lru_count is count of pages on the lru, not a count of
	 * objects on the list. This means the scan function needs to return the
	 * number of pages freed, not the number of objects scanned.
	 */
	return lru_count;
}

static struct shrinker ashmem_shrinker = {
	.count_objects = ashmem_shrink_count,
	.scan_objects = ashmem_shrink_scan,
	/*
	 * XXX (dchinner): I wish people would comment on why they need on
	 * significant changes to the default value here
	 */
	.seeks = DEFAULT_SEEKS * 4,
};

static int set_prot_mask(struct ashmem_area *asma, unsigned long prot)
{
	int ret = 0;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);

	/* the user can only remove, not add, protection bits */
	if (unlikely((asma->prot_mask & prot) != prot)) {
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	/* does the application expect PROT_READ to imply PROT_EXEC? */
	if ((prot & PROT_READ) && (current->personality & READ_IMPLIES_EXEC))
		prot |= PROT_EXEC;

	asma->prot_mask = prot;

out:
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);
	return ret;
}

static int set_name(struct ashmem_area *asma, void __user *name)
{
	int ret = 0;
	char local_name[ASHMEM_NAME_LEN];

	/*
	 * Holding the ashmem_mutex while doing a copy_from_user might cause
	 * an data abort which would try to access mmap_sem. If another
	 * thread has invoked ashmem_mmap then it will be holding the
	 * semaphore and will be waiting for ashmem_mutex, there by leading to
	 * deadlock. We'll release the mutex  and take the name to a local
	 * variable that does not need protection and later copy the local
	 * variable to the structure member with lock held.
	 */
	if (copy_from_user(local_name, name, ASHMEM_NAME_LEN))
		return -EFAULT;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);
	/* cannot change an existing mapping's name */
	if (unlikely(asma->file)) {
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}
	memcpy(asma->name + ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN,
		local_name, ASHMEM_NAME_LEN);
	asma->name[ASHMEM_FULL_NAME_LEN-1] = '\0';
out:
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);

	return ret;
}

static int get_name(struct ashmem_area *asma, void __user *name)
{
	int ret = 0;
	size_t len;
	/*
	 * Have a local variable to which we'll copy the content
	 * from asma with the lock held. Later we can copy this to the user
	 * space safely without holding any locks. So even if we proceed to
	 * wait for mmap_sem, it won't lead to deadlock.
	 */
	char local_name[ASHMEM_NAME_LEN];

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);
	if (asma->name[ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN] != '\0') {

		/*
		 * Copying only `len', instead of ASHMEM_NAME_LEN, bytes
		 * prevents us from revealing one user's stack to another.
		 */
		len = strlen(asma->name + ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN) + 1;
		memcpy(local_name, asma->name + ASHMEM_NAME_PREFIX_LEN, len);
	} else {
		len = sizeof(ASHMEM_NAME_DEF);
		memcpy(local_name, ASHMEM_NAME_DEF, len);
	}
	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);

	/*
	 * Now we are just copying from the stack variable to userland
	 * No lock held
	 */
	if (unlikely(copy_to_user(name, local_name, len)))
		ret = -EFAULT;
	return ret;
}

/*
 * ashmem_pin - pin the given ashmem region, returning whether it was
 * previously purged (ASHMEM_WAS_PURGED) or not (ASHMEM_NOT_PURGED).
 *
 * Caller must hold ashmem_mutex.
 */
static int ashmem_pin(struct ashmem_area *asma, size_t pgstart, size_t pgend)
{
	struct ashmem_range *range, *next;
	int ret = ASHMEM_NOT_PURGED;

	list_for_each_entry_safe(range, next, &asma->unpinned_list, unpinned) {
		/* moved past last applicable page; we can short circuit */
		if (range_before_page(range, pgstart))
			break;

		/*
		 * The user can ask us to pin pages that span multiple ranges,
		 * or to pin pages that aren't even unpinned, so this is messy.
		 *
		 * Four cases:
		 * 1. The requested range subsumes an existing range, so we
		 *    just remove the entire matching range.
		 * 2. The requested range overlaps the start of an existing
		 *    range, so we just update that range.
		 * 3. The requested range overlaps the end of an existing
		 *    range, so we just update that range.
		 * 4. The requested range punches a hole in an existing range,
		 *    so we have to update one side of the range and then
		 *    create a new range for the other side.
		 */
		if (page_range_in_range(range, pgstart, pgend)) {
			ret |= range->purged;

			/* Case #1: Easy. Just nuke the whole thing. */
			if (page_range_subsumes_range(range, pgstart, pgend)) {
				range_del(range);
				continue;
			}

			/* Case #2: We overlap from the start, so adjust it */
			if (range->pgstart >= pgstart) {
				range_shrink(range, pgend + 1, range->pgend);
				continue;
			}

			/* Case #3: We overlap from the rear, so adjust it */
			if (range->pgend <= pgend) {
				range_shrink(range, range->pgstart, pgstart-1);
				continue;
			}

			/*
			 * Case #4: We eat a chunk out of the middle. A bit
			 * more complicated, we allocate a new range for the
			 * second half and adjust the first chunk's endpoint.
			 */
			range_alloc(asma, range, range->purged,
				    pgend + 1, range->pgend);
			range_shrink(range, range->pgstart, pgstart - 1);
			break;
		}
	}

	return ret;
}

/*
 * ashmem_unpin - unpin the given range of pages. Returns zero on success.
 *
 * Caller must hold ashmem_mutex.
 */
static int ashmem_unpin(struct ashmem_area *asma, size_t pgstart, size_t pgend)
{
	struct ashmem_range *range, *next;
	unsigned int purged = ASHMEM_NOT_PURGED;

restart:
	list_for_each_entry_safe(range, next, &asma->unpinned_list, unpinned) {
		/* short circuit: this is our insertion point */
		if (range_before_page(range, pgstart))
			break;

		/*
		 * The user can ask us to unpin pages that are already entirely
		 * or partially pinned. We handle those two cases here.
		 */
		if (page_range_subsumed_by_range(range, pgstart, pgend))
			return 0;
		if (page_range_in_range(range, pgstart, pgend)) {
			pgstart = min_t(size_t, range->pgstart, pgstart),
			pgend = max_t(size_t, range->pgend, pgend);
			purged |= range->purged;
			range_del(range);
			goto restart;
		}
	}

	return range_alloc(asma, range, purged, pgstart, pgend);
}

/*
 * ashmem_get_pin_status - Returns ASHMEM_IS_UNPINNED if _any_ pages in the
 * given interval are unpinned and ASHMEM_IS_PINNED otherwise.
 *
 * Caller must hold ashmem_mutex.
 */
static int ashmem_get_pin_status(struct ashmem_area *asma, size_t pgstart,
				 size_t pgend)
{
	struct ashmem_range *range;
	int ret = ASHMEM_IS_PINNED;

	list_for_each_entry(range, &asma->unpinned_list, unpinned) {
		if (range_before_page(range, pgstart))
			break;
		if (page_range_in_range(range, pgstart, pgend)) {
			ret = ASHMEM_IS_UNPINNED;
			break;
		}
	}

	return ret;
}

static int ashmem_pin_unpin(struct ashmem_area *asma, unsigned long cmd,
			    void __user *p)
{
	struct ashmem_pin pin;
	size_t pgstart, pgend;
	int ret = -EINVAL;

	if (unlikely(!asma->file))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (unlikely(copy_from_user(&pin, p, sizeof(pin))))
		return -EFAULT;

	/* per custom, you can pass zero for len to mean "everything onward" */
	if (!pin.len)
		pin.len = PAGE_ALIGN(asma->size) - pin.offset;

	if (unlikely((pin.offset | pin.len) & ~PAGE_MASK))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (unlikely(((__u32) -1) - pin.offset < pin.len))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (unlikely(PAGE_ALIGN(asma->size) < pin.offset + pin.len))
		return -EINVAL;

	pgstart = pin.offset / PAGE_SIZE;
	pgend = pgstart + (pin.len / PAGE_SIZE) - 1;

	mutex_lock(&ashmem_mutex);

	switch (cmd) {
	case ASHMEM_PIN:
		ret = ashmem_pin(asma, pgstart, pgend);
		break;
	case ASHMEM_UNPIN:
		ret = ashmem_unpin(asma, pgstart, pgend);
		break;
	case ASHMEM_GET_PIN_STATUS:
		ret = ashmem_get_pin_status(asma, pgstart, pgend);
		break;
	}

	mutex_unlock(&ashmem_mutex);

	return ret;
}

static long ashmem_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
	struct ashmem_area *asma = file->private_data;
	long ret = -ENOTTY;

	switch (cmd) {
	case ASHMEM_SET_NAME:
		ret = set_name(asma, (void __user *) arg);
		break;
	case ASHMEM_GET_NAME:
		ret = get_name(asma, (void __user *) arg);
		break;
	case ASHMEM_SET_SIZE:
		ret = -EINVAL;
		if (!asma->file) {
			ret = 0;
			asma->size = (size_t) arg;
		}
		break;
	case ASHMEM_GET_SIZE:
		ret = asma->size;
		break;
	case ASHMEM_SET_PROT_MASK:
		ret = set_prot_mask(asma, arg);
		break;
	case ASHMEM_GET_PROT_MASK:
		ret = asma->prot_mask;
		break;
	case ASHMEM_PIN:
	case ASHMEM_UNPIN:
	case ASHMEM_GET_PIN_STATUS:
		ret = ashmem_pin_unpin(asma, cmd, (void __user *) arg);
		break;
	case ASHMEM_PURGE_ALL_CACHES:
		ret = -EPERM;
		if (capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) {
			struct shrink_control sc = {
				.gfp_mask = GFP_KERNEL,
				.nr_to_scan = LONG_MAX,
			};

			nodes_setall(sc.nodes_to_scan);
			ashmem_shrink_scan(&ashmem_shrinker, &sc);
		}
		break;
	}

	return ret;
}

/* support of 32bit userspace on 64bit platforms */
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
static long compat_ashmem_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd,
				unsigned long arg)
{

	switch (cmd) {
	case COMPAT_ASHMEM_SET_SIZE:
		cmd = ASHMEM_SET_SIZE;
		break;
	case COMPAT_ASHMEM_SET_PROT_MASK:
		cmd = ASHMEM_SET_PROT_MASK;
		break;
	}
	return ashmem_ioctl(file, cmd, arg);
}
#endif

static const struct file_operations ashmem_fops = {
	.owner = THIS_MODULE,
	.open = ashmem_open,
	.release = ashmem_release,
	.read = ashmem_read,
	.llseek = ashmem_llseek,
	.mmap = ashmem_mmap,
	.unlocked_ioctl = ashmem_ioctl,
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
	.compat_ioctl = compat_ashmem_ioctl,
#endif
};

static struct miscdevice ashmem_misc = {
	.minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR,
	.name = "ashmem",
	.fops = &ashmem_fops,
};

static int __init ashmem_init(void)
{
	int ret;

	ashmem_area_cachep = kmem_cache_create("ashmem_area_cache",
					  sizeof(struct ashmem_area),
					  0, 0, NULL);
	if (unlikely(!ashmem_area_cachep)) {
		pr_err("failed to create slab cache\n");
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	ashmem_range_cachep = kmem_cache_create("ashmem_range_cache",
					  sizeof(struct ashmem_range),
					  0, 0, NULL);
	if (unlikely(!ashmem_range_cachep)) {
		pr_err("failed to create slab cache\n");
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	ret = misc_register(&ashmem_misc);
	if (unlikely(ret)) {
		pr_err("failed to register misc device!\n");
		return ret;
	}

	register_shrinker(&ashmem_shrinker);

	pr_info("initialized\n");

	return 0;
}

static void __exit ashmem_exit(void)
{
	int ret;

	unregister_shrinker(&ashmem_shrinker);

	ret = misc_deregister(&ashmem_misc);
	if (unlikely(ret))
		pr_err("failed to unregister misc device!\n");

	kmem_cache_destroy(ashmem_range_cachep);
	kmem_cache_destroy(ashmem_area_cachep);

	pr_info("unloaded\n");
}

module_init(ashmem_init);
module_exit(ashmem_exit);

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");