java/util/Hashtable.java

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
 * Copyright (c) 1994, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

package java.util;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
import java.util.function.BiFunction;
import java.util.function.Function;

/**
 * This class implements a hash table, which maps keys to values. Any
 * non-<code>null</code> object can be used as a key or as a value. <p>
 *
 * To successfully store and retrieve objects from a hashtable, the
 * objects used as keys must implement the <code>hashCode</code>
 * method and the <code>equals</code> method. <p>
 *
 * An instance of <code>Hashtable</code> has two parameters that affect its
 * performance: <i>initial capacity</i> and <i>load factor</i>.  The
 * <i>capacity</i> is the number of <i>buckets</i> in the hash table, and the
 * <i>initial capacity</i> is simply the capacity at the time the hash table
 * is created.  Note that the hash table is <i>open</i>: in the case of a "hash
 * collision", a single bucket stores multiple entries, which must be searched
 * sequentially.  The <i>load factor</i> is a measure of how full the hash
 * table is allowed to get before its capacity is automatically increased.
 * The initial capacity and load factor parameters are merely hints to
 * the implementation.  The exact details as to when and whether the rehash
 * method is invoked are implementation-dependent.<p>
 *
 * Generally, the default load factor (.75) offers a good tradeoff between
 * time and space costs.  Higher values decrease the space overhead but
 * increase the time cost to look up an entry (which is reflected in most
 * <tt>Hashtable</tt> operations, including <tt>get</tt> and <tt>put</tt>).<p>
 *
 * The initial capacity controls a tradeoff between wasted space and the
 * need for <code>rehash</code> operations, which are time-consuming.
 * No <code>rehash</code> operations will <i>ever</i> occur if the initial
 * capacity is greater than the maximum number of entries the
 * <tt>Hashtable</tt> will contain divided by its load factor.  However,
 * setting the initial capacity too high can waste space.<p>
 *
 * If many entries are to be made into a <code>Hashtable</code>,
 * creating it with a sufficiently large capacity may allow the
 * entries to be inserted more efficiently than letting it perform
 * automatic rehashing as needed to grow the table. <p>
 *
 * This example creates a hashtable of numbers. It uses the names of
 * the numbers as keys:
 * <pre>   {@code
 *   Hashtable<String, Integer> numbers
 *     = new Hashtable<String, Integer>();
 *   numbers.put("one", 1);
 *   numbers.put("two", 2);
 *   numbers.put("three", 3);}</pre>
 *
 * <p>To retrieve a number, use the following code:
 * <pre>   {@code
 *   Integer n = numbers.get("two");
 *   if (n != null) {
 *     System.out.println("two = " + n);
 *   }}</pre>
 *
 * <p>The iterators returned by the <tt>iterator</tt> method of the collections
 * returned by all of this class's "collection view methods" are
 * <em>fail-fast</em>: if the Hashtable is structurally modified at any time
 * after the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own
 * <tt>remove</tt> method, the iterator will throw a {@link
 * ConcurrentModificationException}.  Thus, in the face of concurrent
 * modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking
 * arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future.
 * The Enumerations returned by Hashtable's keys and elements methods are
 * <em>not</em> fail-fast.
 *
 * <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
 * as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
 * presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification.  Fail-fast iterators
 * throw <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt> on a best-effort basis.
 * Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
 * exception for its correctness: <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
 * should be used only to detect bugs.</i>
 *
 * <p>As of the Java 2 platform v1.2, this class was retrofitted to
 * implement the {@link Map} interface, making it a member of the
 * <a href="{@docRoot}openjdk-redirect.html?v=8&path=/technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
 *
 * Java Collections Framework</a>.  Unlike the new collection
 * implementations, {@code Hashtable} is synchronized.  If a
 * thread-safe implementation is not needed, it is recommended to use
 * {@link HashMap} in place of {@code Hashtable}.  If a thread-safe
 * highly-concurrent implementation is desired, then it is recommended
 * to use {@link java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap} in place of
 * {@code Hashtable}.
 *
 * @author  Arthur van Hoff
 * @author  Josh Bloch
 * @author  Neal Gafter
 * @see     Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
 * @see     Object#hashCode()
 * @see     Hashtable#rehash()
 * @see     Collection
 * @see     Map
 * @see     HashMap
 * @see     TreeMap
 * @since JDK1.0
 */
public class Hashtable<K,V>
    extends Dictionary<K,V>
    implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {

    /**
     * The hash table data.
     */
    private transient HashtableEntry<K,V>[] table;

    /**
     * The total number of entries in the hash table.
     */
    private transient int count;

    /**
     * The table is rehashed when its size exceeds this threshold.  (The
     * value of this field is (int)(capacity * loadFactor).)
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private int threshold;

    /**
     * The load factor for the hashtable.
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private float loadFactor;

    /**
     * The number of times this Hashtable has been structurally modified
     * Structural modifications are those that change the number of entries in
     * the Hashtable or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
     * rehash).  This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
     * the Hashtable fail-fast.  (See ConcurrentModificationException).
     */
    private transient int modCount = 0;

    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1421746759512286392L;

    private static int hash(Object k) {
        return k.hashCode();
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty hashtable with the specified initial
     * capacity and the specified load factor.
     *
     * @param      initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the hashtable.
     * @param      loadFactor        the load factor of the hashtable.
     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException  if the initial capacity is less
     *             than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive.
     */
    public Hashtable(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Load: "+loadFactor);

        if (initialCapacity==0)
            initialCapacity = 1;
        this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
        table = new HashtableEntry[initialCapacity];
        threshold = (initialCapacity <= MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1) ? initialCapacity : MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty hashtable with the specified initial capacity
     * and default load factor (0.75).
     *
     * @param     initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the hashtable.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
     *              than zero.
     */
    public Hashtable(int initialCapacity) {
        this(initialCapacity, 0.75f);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new, empty hashtable with a default initial capacity (11)
     * and load factor (0.75).
     */
    public Hashtable() {
        this(11, 0.75f);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a new hashtable with the same mappings as the given
     * Map.  The hashtable is created with an initial capacity sufficient to
     * hold the mappings in the given Map and a default load factor (0.75).
     *
     * @param t the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map.
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null.
     * @since   1.2
     */
    public Hashtable(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> t) {
        this(Math.max(2*t.size(), 11), 0.75f);
        putAll(t);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of keys in this hashtable.
     *
     * @return  the number of keys in this hashtable.
     */
    public synchronized int size() {
        return count;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if this hashtable maps no keys to values.
     *
     * @return  <code>true</code> if this hashtable maps no keys to values;
     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
     */
    public synchronized boolean isEmpty() {
        return count == 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an enumeration of the keys in this hashtable.
     *
     * @return  an enumeration of the keys in this hashtable.
     * @see     Enumeration
     * @see     #elements()
     * @see     #keySet()
     * @see     Map
     */
    public synchronized Enumeration<K> keys() {
        return this.<K>getEnumeration(KEYS);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an enumeration of the values in this hashtable.
     * Use the Enumeration methods on the returned object to fetch the elements
     * sequentially.
     *
     * @return  an enumeration of the values in this hashtable.
     * @see     java.util.Enumeration
     * @see     #keys()
     * @see     #values()
     * @see     Map
     */
    public synchronized Enumeration<V> elements() {
        return this.<V>getEnumeration(VALUES);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if some key maps into the specified value in this hashtable.
     * This operation is more expensive than the {@link #containsKey
     * containsKey} method.
     *
     * <p>Note that this method is identical in functionality to
     * {@link #containsValue containsValue}, (which is part of the
     * {@link Map} interface in the collections framework).
     *
     * @param      value   a value to search for
     * @return     <code>true</code> if and only if some key maps to the
     *             <code>value</code> argument in this hashtable as
     *             determined by the <tt>equals</tt> method;
     *             <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @exception  NullPointerException  if the value is <code>null</code>
     */
    public synchronized boolean contains(Object value) {
        if (value == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }

        HashtableEntry tab[] = table;
        for (int i = tab.length ; i-- > 0 ;) {
            for (HashtableEntry<K,V> e = tab[i] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
                if (e.value.equals(value)) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if this hashtable maps one or more keys to this value.
     *
     * <p>Note that this method is identical in functionality to {@link
     * #contains contains} (which predates the {@link Map} interface).
     *
     * @param value value whose presence in this hashtable is to be tested
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
     *         specified value
     * @throws NullPointerException  if the value is <code>null</code>
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
        return contains(value);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the specified object is a key in this hashtable.
     *
     * @param   key   possible key
     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the specified object
     *          is a key in this hashtable, as determined by the
     *          <tt>equals</tt> method; <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @throws  NullPointerException  if the key is <code>null</code>
     * @see     #contains(Object)
     */
    public synchronized boolean containsKey(Object key) {
        HashtableEntry tab[] = table;
        int hash = hash(key);
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        for (HashtableEntry<K,V> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
     * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
     *
     * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
     * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key.equals(k))},
     * then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise it returns
     * {@code null}.  (There can be at most one such mapping.)
     *
     * @param key the key whose associated value is to be returned
     * @return the value to which the specified key is mapped, or
     *         {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
     * @see     #put(Object, Object)
     */
    public synchronized V get(Object key) {
        HashtableEntry tab[] = table;
        int hash = hash(key);
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        for (HashtableEntry<K,V> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                return e.value;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * The maximum size of array to allocate.
     * Some VMs reserve some header words in an array.
     * Attempts to allocate larger arrays may result in
     * OutOfMemoryError: Requested array size exceeds VM limit
     */
    private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;

    /**
     * Increases the capacity of and internally reorganizes this
     * hashtable, in order to accommodate and access its entries more
     * efficiently.  This method is called automatically when the
     * number of keys in the hashtable exceeds this hashtable's capacity
     * and load factor.
     */
    protected void rehash() {
        int oldCapacity = table.length;
        HashtableEntry<K,V>[] oldMap = table;

        // overflow-conscious code
        int newCapacity = (oldCapacity << 1) + 1;
        if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0) {
            if (oldCapacity == MAX_ARRAY_SIZE)
                // Keep running with MAX_ARRAY_SIZE buckets
                return;
            newCapacity = MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
        }
        HashtableEntry<K,V>[] newMap = new HashtableEntry[newCapacity];

        modCount++;
        threshold = (int)Math.min(newCapacity * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1);

        table = newMap;

        for (int i = oldCapacity ; i-- > 0 ;) {
            for (HashtableEntry<K,V> old = oldMap[i] ; old != null ; ) {
                HashtableEntry<K,V> e = old;
                old = old.next;

                int index = (e.hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % newCapacity;
                e.next = newMap[index];
                newMap[index] = e;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Maps the specified <code>key</code> to the specified
     * <code>value</code> in this hashtable. Neither the key nor the
     * value can be <code>null</code>. <p>
     *
     * The value can be retrieved by calling the <code>get</code> method
     * with a key that is equal to the original key.
     *
     * @param      key     the hashtable key
     * @param      value   the value
     * @return     the previous value of the specified key in this hashtable,
     *             or <code>null</code> if it did not have one
     * @exception  NullPointerException  if the key or value is
     *               <code>null</code>
     * @see     Object#equals(Object)
     * @see     #get(Object)
     */
    public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {
        // Make sure the value is not null
        if (value == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }

        // Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
        HashtableEntry tab[] = table;
        int hash = hash(key);
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        for (HashtableEntry<K,V> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                V old = e.value;
                e.value = value;
                return old;
            }
        }

        modCount++;
        if (count >= threshold) {
            // Rehash the table if the threshold is exceeded
            rehash();

            tab = table;
            hash = hash(key);
            index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        }

        // Creates the new entry.
        HashtableEntry<K,V> e = tab[index];
        tab[index] = new HashtableEntry<>(hash, key, value, e);
        count++;
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this
     * hashtable. This method does nothing if the key is not in the hashtable.
     *
     * @param   key   the key that needs to be removed
     * @return  the value to which the key had been mapped in this hashtable,
     *          or <code>null</code> if the key did not have a mapping
     * @throws  NullPointerException  if the key is <code>null</code>
     */
    public synchronized V remove(Object key) {
        HashtableEntry tab[] = table;
        int hash = hash(key);
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        for (HashtableEntry<K,V> e = tab[index], prev = null ; e != null ; prev = e, e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                modCount++;
                if (prev != null) {
                    prev.next = e.next;
                } else {
                    tab[index] = e.next;
                }
                count--;
                V oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = null;
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this hashtable.
     * These mappings will replace any mappings that this hashtable had for any
     * of the keys currently in the specified map.
     *
     * @param t mappings to be stored in this map
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> t) {
        for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : t.entrySet())
            put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
    }

    /**
     * Clears this hashtable so that it contains no keys.
     */
    public synchronized void clear() {
        HashtableEntry tab[] = table;
        modCount++;
        for (int index = tab.length; --index >= 0; )
            tab[index] = null;
        count = 0;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a shallow copy of this hashtable. All the structure of the
     * hashtable itself is copied, but the keys and values are not cloned.
     * This is a relatively expensive operation.
     *
     * @return  a clone of the hashtable
     */
    public synchronized Object clone() {
        try {
            Hashtable<K,V> t = (Hashtable<K,V>) super.clone();
            t.table = new HashtableEntry[table.length];
            for (int i = table.length ; i-- > 0 ; ) {
                t.table[i] = (table[i] != null)
                    ? (HashtableEntry<K,V>) table[i].clone() : null;
            }
            t.keySet = null;
            t.entrySet = null;
            t.values = null;
            t.modCount = 0;
            return t;
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            // this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
            throw new InternalError();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string representation of this <tt>Hashtable</tt> object
     * in the form of a set of entries, enclosed in braces and separated
     * by the ASCII characters "<tt>,&nbsp;</tt>" (comma and space). Each
     * entry is rendered as the key, an equals sign <tt>=</tt>, and the
     * associated element, where the <tt>toString</tt> method is used to
     * convert the key and element to strings.
     *
     * @return  a string representation of this hashtable
     */
    public synchronized String toString() {
        int max = size() - 1;
        if (max == -1)
            return "{}";

        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> it = entrySet().iterator();

        sb.append('{');
        for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
            Map.Entry<K,V> e = it.next();
            K key = e.getKey();
            V value = e.getValue();
            sb.append(key   == this ? "(this Map)" : key.toString());
            sb.append('=');
            sb.append(value == this ? "(this Map)" : value.toString());

            if (i == max)
                return sb.append('}').toString();
            sb.append(", ");
        }
    }


    private <T> Enumeration<T> getEnumeration(int type) {
        if (count == 0) {
            return Collections.emptyEnumeration();
        } else {
            return new Enumerator<>(type, false);
        }
    }

    private <T> Iterator<T> getIterator(int type) {
        if (count == 0) {
            return Collections.emptyIterator();
        } else {
            return new Enumerator<>(type, true);
        }
    }

    // Views

    /**
     * Each of these fields are initialized to contain an instance of the
     * appropriate view the first time this view is requested.  The views are
     * stateless, so there's no reason to create more than one of each.
     */
    private transient volatile Set<K> keySet = null;
    private transient volatile Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet = null;
    private transient volatile Collection<V> values = null;

    /**
     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the keys contained in this map.
     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
     * reflected in the set, and vice-versa.  If the map is modified
     * while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through
     * the iterator's own <tt>remove</tt> operation), the results of
     * the iteration are undefined.  The set supports element removal,
     * which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the
     * <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>, <tt>Set.remove</tt>,
     * <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt>, and <tt>clear</tt>
     * operations.  It does not support the <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt>
     * operations.
     *
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public Set<K> keySet() {
        if (keySet == null)
            keySet = Collections.synchronizedSet(new KeySet(), this);
        return keySet;
    }

    private class KeySet extends AbstractSet<K> {
        public Iterator<K> iterator() {
            return getIterator(KEYS);
        }
        public int size() {
            return count;
        }
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return containsKey(o);
        }
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            return Hashtable.this.remove(o) != null;
        }
        public void clear() {
            Hashtable.this.clear();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link Set} view of the mappings contained in this map.
     * The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
     * reflected in the set, and vice-versa.  If the map is modified
     * while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through
     * the iterator's own <tt>remove</tt> operation, or through the
     * <tt>setValue</tt> operation on a map entry returned by the
     * iterator) the results of the iteration are undefined.  The set
     * supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
     * mapping from the map, via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>,
     * <tt>Set.remove</tt>, <tt>removeAll</tt>, <tt>retainAll</tt> and
     * <tt>clear</tt> operations.  It does not support the
     * <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt> operations.
     *
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
        if (entrySet==null)
            entrySet = Collections.synchronizedSet(new EntrySet(), this);
        return entrySet;
    }

    private class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
        public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
            return getIterator(ENTRIES);
        }

        public boolean add(Map.Entry<K,V> o) {
            return super.add(o);
        }

        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)o;
            Object key = entry.getKey();
            HashtableEntry[] tab = table;
            int hash = hash(key);
            int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;

            for (HashtableEntry e = tab[index]; e != null; e = e.next)
                if (e.hash==hash && e.equals(entry))
                    return true;
            return false;
        }

        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry<K,V> entry = (Map.Entry<K,V>) o;
            K key = entry.getKey();
            HashtableEntry[] tab = table;
            int hash = hash(key);
            int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;

            for (HashtableEntry<K,V> e = tab[index], prev = null; e != null;
                 prev = e, e = e.next) {
                if (e.hash==hash && e.equals(entry)) {
                    modCount++;
                    if (prev != null)
                        prev.next = e.next;
                    else
                        tab[index] = e.next;

                    count--;
                    e.value = null;
                    return true;
                }
            }
            return false;
        }

        public int size() {
            return count;
        }

        public void clear() {
            Hashtable.this.clear();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link Collection} view of the values contained in this map.
     * The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
     * reflected in the collection, and vice-versa.  If the map is
     * modified while an iteration over the collection is in progress
     * (except through the iterator's own <tt>remove</tt> operation),
     * the results of the iteration are undefined.  The collection
     * supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
     * mapping from the map, via the <tt>Iterator.remove</tt>,
     * <tt>Collection.remove</tt>, <tt>removeAll</tt>,
     * <tt>retainAll</tt> and <tt>clear</tt> operations.  It does not
     * support the <tt>add</tt> or <tt>addAll</tt> operations.
     *
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public Collection<V> values() {
        if (values==null)
            values = Collections.synchronizedCollection(new ValueCollection(),
                                                        this);
        return values;
    }

    private class ValueCollection extends AbstractCollection<V> {
        public Iterator<V> iterator() {
            return getIterator(VALUES);
        }
        public int size() {
            return count;
        }
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return containsValue(o);
        }
        public void clear() {
            Hashtable.this.clear();
        }
    }

    // Comparison and hashing

    /**
     * Compares the specified Object with this Map for equality,
     * as per the definition in the Map interface.
     *
     * @param  o object to be compared for equality with this hashtable
     * @return true if the specified Object is equal to this Map
     * @see Map#equals(Object)
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (o == this)
            return true;

        if (!(o instanceof Map))
            return false;
        Map<K,V> t = (Map<K,V>) o;
        if (t.size() != size())
            return false;

        try {
            Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> i = entrySet().iterator();
            while (i.hasNext()) {
                Map.Entry<K,V> e = i.next();
                K key = e.getKey();
                V value = e.getValue();
                if (value == null) {
                    if (!(t.get(key)==null && t.containsKey(key)))
                        return false;
                } else {
                    if (!value.equals(t.get(key)))
                        return false;
                }
            }
        } catch (ClassCastException unused)   {
            return false;
        } catch (NullPointerException unused) {
            return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the hash code value for this Map as per the definition in the
     * Map interface.
     *
     * @see Map#hashCode()
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public synchronized int hashCode() {
        /*
         * This code detects the recursion caused by computing the hash code
         * of a self-referential hash table and prevents the stack overflow
         * that would otherwise result.  This allows certain 1.1-era
         * applets with self-referential hash tables to work.  This code
         * abuses the loadFactor field to do double-duty as a hashCode
         * in progress flag, so as not to worsen the space performance.
         * A negative load factor indicates that hash code computation is
         * in progress.
         */
        int h = 0;
        if (count == 0 || loadFactor < 0)
            return h;  // Returns zero

        loadFactor = -loadFactor;  // Mark hashCode computation in progress
        HashtableEntry[] tab = table;
        for (HashtableEntry<K,V> entry : tab)
            while (entry != null) {
                h += entry.hashCode();
                entry = entry.next;
            }
        loadFactor = -loadFactor;  // Mark hashCode computation complete

        return h;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    public synchronized void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K, ? super V> action) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(action);     // explicit check required in case
                                            // table is empty.
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;

        HashtableEntry<?, ?>[] tab = table;
        for (HashtableEntry<?, ?> entry : tab) {
            while (entry != null) {
                action.accept((K)entry.key, (V)entry.value);
                entry = entry.next;

                if (expectedModCount != modCount) {
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                }
            }
        }
    }
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    public synchronized void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> function) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(function);     // explicit check required in case
        // table is empty.
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;

        HashtableEntry<K, V>[] tab = table;
        for (HashtableEntry<K, V> entry : tab) {
            while (entry != null) {
                entry.value = Objects.requireNonNull(
                        function.apply(entry.key, entry.value));
                entry = entry.next;

                if (expectedModCount != modCount) {
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                }
            }
        }
    }


    // Overrides Java8 default methods(added method synchronization)

    @Override
    public synchronized V getOrDefault(Object key, V defaultValue) {
        return Map.super.getOrDefault(key, defaultValue);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
        return Map.super.putIfAbsent(key, value);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
       return Map.super.remove(key, value);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
        return Map.super.replace(key, oldValue, newValue);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized V replace(K key, V value) {
        return Map.super.replace(key, value);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K,
            ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
        return Map.super.computeIfAbsent(key, mappingFunction);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized V computeIfPresent(K key, BiFunction<? super K,
            ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
        return Map.super.computeIfPresent(key, remappingFunction);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized V compute(K key, BiFunction<? super K, ? super V,
            ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
        return Map.super.compute(key, remappingFunction);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized V merge(K key, V value, BiFunction<? super V, ? super V,
            ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
        return Map.super.merge(key, value, remappingFunction);
    }


    /**
     * Save the state of the Hashtable to a stream (i.e., serialize it).
     *
     * @serialData The <i>capacity</i> of the Hashtable (the length of the
     *             bucket array) is emitted (int), followed by the
     *             <i>size</i> of the Hashtable (the number of key-value
     *             mappings), followed by the key (Object) and value (Object)
     *             for each key-value mapping represented by the Hashtable
     *             The key-value mappings are emitted in no particular order.
     */
    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
            throws IOException {
        HashtableEntry<K, V> entryStack = null;

        synchronized (this) {
            // Write out the length, threshold, loadfactor
            s.defaultWriteObject();

            // Write out length, count of elements
            s.writeInt(table.length);
            s.writeInt(count);

            // Stack copies of the entries in the table
            for (int index = 0; index < table.length; index++) {
                HashtableEntry<K,V> entry = table[index];

                while (entry != null) {
                    entryStack =
                        new HashtableEntry<>(0, entry.key, entry.value, entryStack);
                    entry = entry.next;
                }
            }
        }

        // Write out the key/value objects from the stacked entries
        while (entryStack != null) {
            s.writeObject(entryStack.key);
            s.writeObject(entryStack.value);
            entryStack = entryStack.next;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Reconstitute the Hashtable from a stream (i.e., deserialize it).
     */
    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
         throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException
    {
        // Read in the length, threshold, and loadfactor
        s.defaultReadObject();

        // Read the original length of the array and number of elements
        int origlength = s.readInt();
        int elements = s.readInt();

        // Compute new size with a bit of room 5% to grow but
        // no larger than the original size.  Make the length
        // odd if it's large enough, this helps distribute the entries.
        // Guard against the length ending up zero, that's not valid.
        int length = (int)(elements * loadFactor) + (elements / 20) + 3;
        if (length > elements && (length & 1) == 0)
            length--;
        if (origlength > 0 && length > origlength)
            length = origlength;

        HashtableEntry<K,V>[] newTable = new HashtableEntry[length];
        threshold = (int) Math.min(length * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1);
        count = 0;

        // Read the number of elements and then all the key/value objects
        for (; elements > 0; elements--) {
            K key = (K)s.readObject();
            V value = (V)s.readObject();
            // synch could be eliminated for performance
            reconstitutionPut(newTable, key, value);
        }
        this.table = newTable;
    }

    /**
     * The put method used by readObject. This is provided because put
     * is overridable and should not be called in readObject since the
     * subclass will not yet be initialized.
     *
     * <p>This differs from the regular put method in several ways. No
     * checking for rehashing is necessary since the number of elements
     * initially in the table is known. The modCount is not incremented
     * because we are creating a new instance. Also, no return value
     * is needed.
     */
    private void reconstitutionPut(HashtableEntry<K,V>[] tab, K key, V value)
        throws StreamCorruptedException
    {
        if (value == null) {
            throw new java.io.StreamCorruptedException();
        }
        // Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
        // This should not happen in deserialized version.
        int hash = hash(key);
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        for (HashtableEntry<K,V> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                throw new java.io.StreamCorruptedException();
            }
        }
        // Creates the new entry.
        HashtableEntry<K,V> e = tab[index];
        tab[index] = new HashtableEntry<>(hash, key, value, e);
        count++;
    }

    /**
     * Hashtable bucket collision list entry
     */
    static class HashtableEntry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
        int hash;
        final K key;
        V value;
        HashtableEntry<K,V> next;

        protected HashtableEntry(int hash, K key, V value, HashtableEntry<K,V> next) {
            this.hash = hash;
            this.key =  key;
            this.value = value;
            this.next = next;
        }

        protected Object clone() {
            return new HashtableEntry<>(hash, key, value,
                                  (next==null ? null : (HashtableEntry<K,V>) next.clone()));
        }

        // Map.Entry Ops

        public K getKey() {
            return key;
        }

        public V getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public V setValue(V value) {
            if (value == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();

            V oldValue = this.value;
            this.value = value;
            return oldValue;
        }

        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry)o;

            return key.equals(e.getKey()) && value.equals(e.getValue());
        }

        public int hashCode() {
            return (Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value));
        }

        public String toString() {
            return key.toString()+"="+value.toString();
        }
    }

    // Types of Enumerations/Iterations
    private static final int KEYS = 0;
    private static final int VALUES = 1;
    private static final int ENTRIES = 2;

    /**
     * A hashtable enumerator class.  This class implements both the
     * Enumeration and Iterator interfaces, but individual instances
     * can be created with the Iterator methods disabled.  This is necessary
     * to avoid unintentionally increasing the capabilities granted a user
     * by passing an Enumeration.
     */
    private class Enumerator<T> implements Enumeration<T>, Iterator<T> {
        HashtableEntry[] table = Hashtable.this.table;
        int index = table.length;
        HashtableEntry<K,V> entry = null;
        HashtableEntry<K,V> lastReturned = null;
        int type;

        /**
         * Indicates whether this Enumerator is serving as an Iterator
         * or an Enumeration.  (true -> Iterator).
         */
        boolean iterator;

        /**
         * The modCount value that the iterator believes that the backing
         * Hashtable should have.  If this expectation is violated, the iterator
         * has detected concurrent modification.
         */
        protected int expectedModCount = modCount;

        Enumerator(int type, boolean iterator) {
            this.type = type;
            this.iterator = iterator;
        }

        public boolean hasMoreElements() {
            HashtableEntry<K,V> e = entry;
            int i = index;
            HashtableEntry[] t = table;
            /* Use locals for faster loop iteration */
            while (e == null && i > 0) {
                e = t[--i];
            }
            entry = e;
            index = i;
            return e != null;
        }

        public T nextElement() {
            HashtableEntry<K,V> et = entry;
            int i = index;
            HashtableEntry[] t = table;
            /* Use locals for faster loop iteration */
            while (et == null && i > 0) {
                et = t[--i];
            }
            entry = et;
            index = i;
            if (et != null) {
                HashtableEntry<K,V> e = lastReturned = entry;
                entry = e.next;
                return type == KEYS ? (T)e.key : (type == VALUES ? (T)e.value : (T)e);
            }
            throw new NoSuchElementException("Hashtable Enumerator");
        }

        // Iterator methods
        public boolean hasNext() {
            return hasMoreElements();
        }

        public T next() {
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            return nextElement();
        }

        public void remove() {
            if (!iterator)
                throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
            if (lastReturned == null)
                throw new IllegalStateException("Hashtable Enumerator");
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();

            synchronized(Hashtable.this) {
                HashtableEntry[] tab = Hashtable.this.table;
                int index = (lastReturned.hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;

                for (HashtableEntry<K,V> e = tab[index], prev = null; e != null;
                     prev = e, e = e.next) {
                    if (e == lastReturned) {
                        modCount++;
                        expectedModCount++;
                        if (prev == null)
                            tab[index] = e.next;
                        else
                            prev.next = e.next;
                        count--;
                        lastReturned = null;
                        return;
                    }
                }
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }
    }
}