src/gpu/GrTessellator.cpp

/*
 * Copyright 2015 Google Inc.
 *
 * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
 * found in the LICENSE file.
 */

#include "GrTessellator.h"

#include "GrDefaultGeoProcFactory.h"
#include "GrPathUtils.h"

#include "SkChunkAlloc.h"
#include "SkGeometry.h"
#include "SkPath.h"

#include <stdio.h>

/*
 * There are six stages to the basic algorithm:
 *
 * 1) Linearize the path contours into piecewise linear segments (path_to_contours()).
 * 2) Build a mesh of edges connecting the vertices (build_edges()).
 * 3) Sort the vertices in Y (and secondarily in X) (merge_sort()).
 * 4) Simplify the mesh by inserting new vertices at intersecting edges (simplify()).
 * 5) Tessellate the simplified mesh into monotone polygons (tessellate()).
 * 6) Triangulate the monotone polygons directly into a vertex buffer (polys_to_triangles()).
 *
 * For screenspace antialiasing, the algorithm is modified as follows:
 *
 * Run steps 1-5 above to produce polygons.
 * 5b) Apply fill rules to extract boundary contours from the polygons (extract_boundaries()).
 * 5c) Simplify boundaries to remove "pointy" vertices which cause inversions (simplify_boundary()).
 * 5d) Displace edges by half a pixel inward and outward along their normals. Intersect to find
 *     new vertices, and set zero alpha on the exterior and one alpha on the interior. Build a new
 *     antialiased mesh from those vertices (boundary_to_aa_mesh()).
 * Run steps 3-6 above on the new mesh, and produce antialiased triangles.
 *
 * The vertex sorting in step (3) is a merge sort, since it plays well with the linked list
 * of vertices (and the necessity of inserting new vertices on intersection).
 *
 * Stages (4) and (5) use an active edge list, which a list of all edges for which the
 * sweep line has crossed the top vertex, but not the bottom vertex.  It's sorted
 * left-to-right based on the point where both edges are active (when both top vertices
 * have been seen, so the "lower" top vertex of the two). If the top vertices are equal
 * (shared), it's sorted based on the last point where both edges are active, so the
 * "upper" bottom vertex.
 *
 * The most complex step is the simplification (4). It's based on the Bentley-Ottman
 * line-sweep algorithm, but due to floating point inaccuracy, the intersection points are
 * not exact and may violate the mesh topology or active edge list ordering. We
 * accommodate this by adjusting the topology of the mesh and AEL to match the intersection
 * points. This occurs in three ways:
 *
 * A) Intersections may cause a shortened edge to no longer be ordered with respect to its
 *    neighbouring edges at the top or bottom vertex. This is handled by merging the
 *    edges (merge_collinear_edges()).
 * B) Intersections may cause an edge to violate the left-to-right ordering of the
 *    active edge list. This is handled by splitting the neighbour edge on the
 *    intersected vertex (cleanup_active_edges()).
 * C) Shortening an edge may cause an active edge to become inactive or an inactive edge
 *    to become active. This is handled by removing or inserting the edge in the active
 *    edge list (fix_active_state()).
 *
 * The tessellation steps (5) and (6) are based on "Triangulating Simple Polygons and
 * Equivalent Problems" (Fournier and Montuno); also a line-sweep algorithm. Note that it
 * currently uses a linked list for the active edge list, rather than a 2-3 tree as the
 * paper describes. The 2-3 tree gives O(lg N) lookups, but insertion and removal also
 * become O(lg N). In all the test cases, it was found that the cost of frequent O(lg N)
 * insertions and removals was greater than the cost of infrequent O(N) lookups with the
 * linked list implementation. With the latter, all removals are O(1), and most insertions
 * are O(1), since we know the adjacent edge in the active edge list based on the topology.
 * Only type 2 vertices (see paper) require the O(N) lookups, and these are much less
 * frequent. There may be other data structures worth investigating, however.
 *
 * Note that the orientation of the line sweep algorithms is determined by the aspect ratio of the
 * path bounds. When the path is taller than it is wide, we sort vertices based on increasing Y
 * coordinate, and secondarily by increasing X coordinate. When the path is wider than it is tall,
 * we sort by increasing X coordinate, but secondarily by *decreasing* Y coordinate. This is so
 * that the "left" and "right" orientation in the code remains correct (edges to the left are
 * increasing in Y; edges to the right are decreasing in Y). That is, the setting rotates 90
 * degrees counterclockwise, rather that transposing.
 */

#define LOGGING_ENABLED 0

#if LOGGING_ENABLED
#define LOG printf
#else
#define LOG(...)
#endif

#define ALLOC_NEW(Type, args, alloc) new (alloc.allocThrow(sizeof(Type))) Type args

namespace {

struct Vertex;
struct Edge;
struct Poly;

template <class T, T* T::*Prev, T* T::*Next>
void list_insert(T* t, T* prev, T* next, T** head, T** tail) {
    t->*Prev = prev;
    t->*Next = next;
    if (prev) {
        prev->*Next = t;
    } else if (head) {
        *head = t;
    }
    if (next) {
        next->*Prev = t;
    } else if (tail) {
        *tail = t;
    }
}

template <class T, T* T::*Prev, T* T::*Next>
void list_remove(T* t, T** head, T** tail) {
    if (t->*Prev) {
        t->*Prev->*Next = t->*Next;
    } else if (head) {
        *head = t->*Next;
    }
    if (t->*Next) {
        t->*Next->*Prev = t->*Prev;
    } else if (tail) {
        *tail = t->*Prev;
    }
    t->*Prev = t->*Next = nullptr;
}

/**
 * Vertices are used in three ways: first, the path contours are converted into a
 * circularly-linked list of Vertices for each contour. After edge construction, the same Vertices
 * are re-ordered by the merge sort according to the sweep_lt comparator (usually, increasing
 * in Y) using the same fPrev/fNext pointers that were used for the contours, to avoid
 * reallocation. Finally, MonotonePolys are built containing a circularly-linked list of
 * Vertices. (Currently, those Vertices are newly-allocated for the MonotonePolys, since
 * an individual Vertex from the path mesh may belong to multiple
 * MonotonePolys, so the original Vertices cannot be re-used.
 */

struct Vertex {
  Vertex(const SkPoint& point, uint8_t alpha)
    : fPoint(point), fPrev(nullptr), fNext(nullptr)
    , fFirstEdgeAbove(nullptr), fLastEdgeAbove(nullptr)
    , fFirstEdgeBelow(nullptr), fLastEdgeBelow(nullptr)
    , fProcessed(false)
    , fAlpha(alpha)
#if LOGGING_ENABLED
    , fID (-1.0f)
#endif
    {}
    SkPoint fPoint;           // Vertex position
    Vertex* fPrev;            // Linked list of contours, then Y-sorted vertices.
    Vertex* fNext;            // "
    Edge*   fFirstEdgeAbove;  // Linked list of edges above this vertex.
    Edge*   fLastEdgeAbove;   // "
    Edge*   fFirstEdgeBelow;  // Linked list of edges below this vertex.
    Edge*   fLastEdgeBelow;   // "
    bool    fProcessed;       // Has this vertex been seen in simplify()?
    uint8_t fAlpha;
#if LOGGING_ENABLED
    float   fID;              // Identifier used for logging.
#endif
};

/***************************************************************************************/

struct AAParams {
    bool fTweakAlpha;
    GrColor fColor;
};

typedef bool (*CompareFunc)(const SkPoint& a, const SkPoint& b);

struct Comparator {
    CompareFunc sweep_lt;
    CompareFunc sweep_gt;
};

bool sweep_lt_horiz(const SkPoint& a, const SkPoint& b) {
    return a.fX == b.fX ? a.fY > b.fY : a.fX < b.fX;
}

bool sweep_lt_vert(const SkPoint& a, const SkPoint& b) {
    return a.fY == b.fY ? a.fX < b.fX : a.fY < b.fY;
}

bool sweep_gt_horiz(const SkPoint& a, const SkPoint& b) {
    return a.fX == b.fX ? a.fY < b.fY : a.fX > b.fX;
}

bool sweep_gt_vert(const SkPoint& a, const SkPoint& b) {
    return a.fY == b.fY ? a.fX > b.fX : a.fY > b.fY;
}

inline void* emit_vertex(Vertex* v, const AAParams* aaParams, void* data) {
    if (!aaParams) {
        SkPoint* d = static_cast<SkPoint*>(data);
        *d++ = v->fPoint;
        return d;
    }
    if (aaParams->fTweakAlpha) {
        auto d = static_cast<GrDefaultGeoProcFactory::PositionColorAttr*>(data);
        d->fPosition = v->fPoint;
        d->fColor = SkAlphaMulQ(aaParams->fColor, SkAlpha255To256(v->fAlpha));
        d++;
        return d;
    }
    auto d = static_cast<GrDefaultGeoProcFactory::PositionColorCoverageAttr*>(data);
    d->fPosition = v->fPoint;
    d->fColor = aaParams->fColor;
    d->fCoverage = GrNormalizeByteToFloat(v->fAlpha);
    d++;
    return d;
}

void* emit_triangle(Vertex* v0, Vertex* v1, Vertex* v2, const AAParams* aaParams, void* data) {
#if TESSELLATOR_WIREFRAME
    data = emit_vertex(v0, aaParams, data);
    data = emit_vertex(v1, aaParams, data);
    data = emit_vertex(v1, aaParams, data);
    data = emit_vertex(v2, aaParams, data);
    data = emit_vertex(v2, aaParams, data);
    data = emit_vertex(v0, aaParams, data);
#else
    data = emit_vertex(v0, aaParams, data);
    data = emit_vertex(v1, aaParams, data);
    data = emit_vertex(v2, aaParams, data);
#endif
    return data;
}

struct VertexList {
    VertexList() : fHead(nullptr), fTail(nullptr) {}
    Vertex* fHead;
    Vertex* fTail;
    void insert(Vertex* v, Vertex* prev, Vertex* next) {
        list_insert<Vertex, &Vertex::fPrev, &Vertex::fNext>(v, prev, next, &fHead, &fTail);
    }
    void append(Vertex* v) {
        insert(v, fTail, nullptr);
    }
    void prepend(Vertex* v) {
        insert(v, nullptr, fHead);
    }
    void close() {
        if (fHead && fTail) {
            fTail->fNext = fHead;
            fHead->fPrev = fTail;
        }
    }
};

// Round to nearest quarter-pixel. This is used for screenspace tessellation.

inline void round(SkPoint* p) {
    p->fX = SkScalarRoundToScalar(p->fX * SkFloatToScalar(4.0f)) * SkFloatToScalar(0.25f);
    p->fY = SkScalarRoundToScalar(p->fY * SkFloatToScalar(4.0f)) * SkFloatToScalar(0.25f);
}

// A line equation in implicit form. fA * x + fB * y + fC = 0, for all points (x, y) on the line.
struct Line {
    Line(Vertex* p, Vertex* q) : Line(p->fPoint, q->fPoint) {}
    Line(const SkPoint& p, const SkPoint& q)
        : fA(static_cast<double>(q.fY) - p.fY)      // a = dY
        , fB(static_cast<double>(p.fX) - q.fX)      // b = -dX
        , fC(static_cast<double>(p.fY) * q.fX -     // c = cross(q, p)
             static_cast<double>(p.fX) * q.fY) {}
    double dist(const SkPoint& p) const {
        return fA * p.fX + fB * p.fY + fC;
    }
    double magSq() const {
        return fA * fA + fB * fB;
    }

    // Compute the intersection of two (infinite) Lines.
    bool intersect(const Line& other, SkPoint* point) {
        double denom = fA * other.fB - fB * other.fA;
        if (denom == 0.0) {
            return false;
        }
        double scale = 1.0f / denom;
        point->fX = SkDoubleToScalar((fB * other.fC - other.fB * fC) * scale);
        point->fY = SkDoubleToScalar((other.fA * fC - fA * other.fC) * scale);
        round(point);
        return true;
    }
    double fA, fB, fC;
};

/**
 * An Edge joins a top Vertex to a bottom Vertex. Edge ordering for the list of "edges above" and
 * "edge below" a vertex as well as for the active edge list is handled by isLeftOf()/isRightOf().
 * Note that an Edge will give occasionally dist() != 0 for its own endpoints (because floating
 * point). For speed, that case is only tested by the callers which require it (e.g.,
 * cleanup_active_edges()). Edges also handle checking for intersection with other edges.
 * Currently, this converts the edges to the parametric form, in order to avoid doing a division
 * until an intersection has been confirmed. This is slightly slower in the "found" case, but
 * a lot faster in the "not found" case.
 *
 * The coefficients of the line equation stored in double precision to avoid catastrphic
 * cancellation in the isLeftOf() and isRightOf() checks. Using doubles ensures that the result is
 * correct in float, since it's a polynomial of degree 2. The intersect() function, being
 * degree 5, is still subject to catastrophic cancellation. We deal with that by assuming its
 * output may be incorrect, and adjusting the mesh topology to match (see comment at the top of
 * this file).
 */

struct Edge {
    Edge(Vertex* top, Vertex* bottom, int winding)
        : fWinding(winding)
        , fTop(top)
        , fBottom(bottom)
        , fLeft(nullptr)
        , fRight(nullptr)
        , fPrevEdgeAbove(nullptr)
        , fNextEdgeAbove(nullptr)
        , fPrevEdgeBelow(nullptr)
        , fNextEdgeBelow(nullptr)
        , fLeftPoly(nullptr)
        , fRightPoly(nullptr)
        , fLeftPolyPrev(nullptr)
        , fLeftPolyNext(nullptr)
        , fRightPolyPrev(nullptr)
        , fRightPolyNext(nullptr)
        , fUsedInLeftPoly(false)
        , fUsedInRightPoly(false)
        , fLine(top, bottom) {
        }
    int      fWinding;          // 1 == edge goes downward; -1 = edge goes upward.
    Vertex*  fTop;              // The top vertex in vertex-sort-order (sweep_lt).
    Vertex*  fBottom;           // The bottom vertex in vertex-sort-order.
    Edge*    fLeft;             // The linked list of edges in the active edge list.
    Edge*    fRight;            // "
    Edge*    fPrevEdgeAbove;    // The linked list of edges in the bottom Vertex's "edges above".
    Edge*    fNextEdgeAbove;    // "
    Edge*    fPrevEdgeBelow;    // The linked list of edges in the top Vertex's "edges below".
    Edge*    fNextEdgeBelow;    // "
    Poly*    fLeftPoly;         // The Poly to the left of this edge, if any.
    Poly*    fRightPoly;        // The Poly to the right of this edge, if any.
    Edge*    fLeftPolyPrev;
    Edge*    fLeftPolyNext;
    Edge*    fRightPolyPrev;
    Edge*    fRightPolyNext;
    bool     fUsedInLeftPoly;
    bool     fUsedInRightPoly;
    Line     fLine;
    double dist(const SkPoint& p) const {
        return fLine.dist(p);
    }
    bool isRightOf(Vertex* v) const {
        return fLine.dist(v->fPoint) < 0.0;
    }
    bool isLeftOf(Vertex* v) const {
        return fLine.dist(v->fPoint) > 0.0;
    }
    void recompute() {
        fLine = Line(fTop, fBottom);
    }
    bool intersect(const Edge& other, SkPoint* p) {
        LOG("intersecting %g -> %g with %g -> %g\n",
               fTop->fID, fBottom->fID,
               other.fTop->fID, other.fBottom->fID);
        if (fTop == other.fTop || fBottom == other.fBottom) {
            return false;
        }
        double denom = fLine.fA * other.fLine.fB - fLine.fB * other.fLine.fA;
        if (denom == 0.0) {
            return false;
        }
        double dx = static_cast<double>(fTop->fPoint.fX) - other.fTop->fPoint.fX;
        double dy = static_cast<double>(fTop->fPoint.fY) - other.fTop->fPoint.fY;
        double sNumer = -dy * other.fLine.fB - dx * other.fLine.fA;
        double tNumer = -dy * fLine.fB - dx * fLine.fA;
        // If (sNumer / denom) or (tNumer / denom) is not in [0..1], exit early.
        // This saves us doing the divide below unless absolutely necessary.
        if (denom > 0.0 ? (sNumer < 0.0 || sNumer > denom || tNumer < 0.0 || tNumer > denom)
                        : (sNumer > 0.0 || sNumer < denom || tNumer > 0.0 || tNumer < denom)) {
            return false;
        }
        double s = sNumer / denom;
        SkASSERT(s >= 0.0 && s <= 1.0);
        p->fX = SkDoubleToScalar(fTop->fPoint.fX - s * fLine.fB);
        p->fY = SkDoubleToScalar(fTop->fPoint.fY + s * fLine.fA);
        return true;
    }
};

struct EdgeList {
    EdgeList() : fHead(nullptr), fTail(nullptr), fNext(nullptr), fCount(0) {}
    Edge* fHead;
    Edge* fTail;
    EdgeList* fNext;
    int fCount;
    void insert(Edge* edge, Edge* prev, Edge* next) {
        list_insert<Edge, &Edge::fLeft, &Edge::fRight>(edge, prev, next, &fHead, &fTail);
        fCount++;
    }
    void append(Edge* e) {
        insert(e, fTail, nullptr);
    }
    void remove(Edge* edge) {
        list_remove<Edge, &Edge::fLeft, &Edge::fRight>(edge, &fHead, &fTail);
        fCount--;
    }
    void close() {
        if (fHead && fTail) {
            fTail->fRight = fHead;
            fHead->fLeft = fTail;
        }
    }
    bool contains(Edge* edge) const {
        return edge->fLeft || edge->fRight || fHead == edge;
    }
};

/***************************************************************************************/

struct Poly {
    Poly(Vertex* v, int winding)
        : fFirstVertex(v)
        , fWinding(winding)
        , fHead(nullptr)
        , fTail(nullptr)
        , fNext(nullptr)
        , fPartner(nullptr)
        , fCount(0)
    {
#if LOGGING_ENABLED
        static int gID = 0;
        fID = gID++;
        LOG("*** created Poly %d\n", fID);
#endif
    }
    typedef enum { kLeft_Side, kRight_Side } Side;
    struct MonotonePoly {
        MonotonePoly(Edge* edge, Side side)
            : fSide(side)
            , fFirstEdge(nullptr)
            , fLastEdge(nullptr)
            , fPrev(nullptr)
            , fNext(nullptr) {
            this->addEdge(edge);
        }
        Side          fSide;
        Edge*         fFirstEdge;
        Edge*         fLastEdge;
        MonotonePoly* fPrev;
        MonotonePoly* fNext;
        void addEdge(Edge* edge) {
            if (fSide == kRight_Side) {
                SkASSERT(!edge->fUsedInRightPoly);
                list_insert<Edge, &Edge::fRightPolyPrev, &Edge::fRightPolyNext>(
                    edge, fLastEdge, nullptr, &fFirstEdge, &fLastEdge);
                edge->fUsedInRightPoly = true;
            } else {
                SkASSERT(!edge->fUsedInLeftPoly);
                list_insert<Edge, &Edge::fLeftPolyPrev, &Edge::fLeftPolyNext>(
                    edge, fLastEdge, nullptr, &fFirstEdge, &fLastEdge);
                edge->fUsedInLeftPoly = true;
            }
        }

        void* emit(const AAParams* aaParams, void* data) {
            Edge* e = fFirstEdge;
            e->fTop->fPrev = e->fTop->fNext = nullptr;
            VertexList vertices;
            vertices.append(e->fTop);
            while (e != nullptr) {
                e->fBottom->fPrev = e->fBottom->fNext = nullptr;
                if (kRight_Side == fSide) {
                    vertices.append(e->fBottom);
                    e = e->fRightPolyNext;
                } else {
                    vertices.prepend(e->fBottom);
                    e = e->fLeftPolyNext;
                }
            }
            Vertex* first = vertices.fHead;
            Vertex* v = first->fNext;
            while (v != vertices.fTail) {
                SkASSERT(v && v->fPrev && v->fNext);
                Vertex* prev = v->fPrev;
                Vertex* curr = v;
                Vertex* next = v->fNext;
                double ax = static_cast<double>(curr->fPoint.fX) - prev->fPoint.fX;
                double ay = static_cast<double>(curr->fPoint.fY) - prev->fPoint.fY;
                double bx = static_cast<double>(next->fPoint.fX) - curr->fPoint.fX;
                double by = static_cast<double>(next->fPoint.fY) - curr->fPoint.fY;
                if (ax * by - ay * bx >= 0.0) {
                    data = emit_triangle(prev, curr, next, aaParams, data);
                    v->fPrev->fNext = v->fNext;
                    v->fNext->fPrev = v->fPrev;
                    if (v->fPrev == first) {
                        v = v->fNext;
                    } else {
                        v = v->fPrev;
                    }
                } else {
                    v = v->fNext;
                }
            }
            return data;
        }
    };
    Poly* addEdge(Edge* e, Side side, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
        LOG("addEdge (%g -> %g) to poly %d, %s side\n",
               e->fTop->fID, e->fBottom->fID, fID, side == kLeft_Side ? "left" : "right");
        Poly* partner = fPartner;
        Poly* poly = this;
        if (side == kRight_Side) {
            if (e->fUsedInRightPoly) {
                return this;
            }
        } else {
            if (e->fUsedInLeftPoly) {
                return this;
            }
        }
        if (partner) {
            fPartner = partner->fPartner = nullptr;
        }
        if (!fTail) {
            fHead = fTail = ALLOC_NEW(MonotonePoly, (e, side), alloc);
            fCount += 2;
        } else if (e->fBottom == fTail->fLastEdge->fBottom) {
            return poly;
        } else if (side == fTail->fSide) {
            fTail->addEdge(e);
            fCount++;
        } else {
            e = ALLOC_NEW(Edge, (fTail->fLastEdge->fBottom, e->fBottom, 1), alloc);
            fTail->addEdge(e);
            fCount++;
            if (partner) {
                partner->addEdge(e, side, alloc);
                poly = partner;
            } else {
                MonotonePoly* m = ALLOC_NEW(MonotonePoly, (e, side), alloc);
                m->fPrev = fTail;
                fTail->fNext = m;
                fTail = m;
            }
        }
        return poly;
    }
    void* emit(const AAParams* aaParams, void *data) {
        if (fCount < 3) {
            return data;
        }
        LOG("emit() %d, size %d\n", fID, fCount);
        for (MonotonePoly* m = fHead; m != nullptr; m = m->fNext) {
            data = m->emit(aaParams, data);
        }
        return data;
    }
    Vertex* lastVertex() const { return fTail ? fTail->fLastEdge->fBottom : fFirstVertex; }
    Vertex* fFirstVertex;
    int fWinding;
    MonotonePoly* fHead;
    MonotonePoly* fTail;
    Poly* fNext;
    Poly* fPartner;
    int fCount;
#if LOGGING_ENABLED
    int fID;
#endif
};

/***************************************************************************************/

bool coincident(const SkPoint& a, const SkPoint& b) {
    return a == b;
}

Poly* new_poly(Poly** head, Vertex* v, int winding, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    Poly* poly = ALLOC_NEW(Poly, (v, winding), alloc);
    poly->fNext = *head;
    *head = poly;
    return poly;
}

EdgeList* new_contour(EdgeList** head, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    EdgeList* contour = ALLOC_NEW(EdgeList, (), alloc);
    contour->fNext = *head;
    *head = contour;
    return contour;
}

Vertex* append_point_to_contour(const SkPoint& p, Vertex* prev, Vertex** head,
                                SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    Vertex* v = ALLOC_NEW(Vertex, (p, 255), alloc);
#if LOGGING_ENABLED
    static float gID = 0.0f;
    v->fID = gID++;
#endif
    if (prev) {
        prev->fNext = v;
        v->fPrev = prev;
    } else {
        *head = v;
    }
    return v;
}

Vertex* generate_quadratic_points(const SkPoint& p0,
                                  const SkPoint& p1,
                                  const SkPoint& p2,
                                  SkScalar tolSqd,
                                  Vertex* prev,
                                  Vertex** head,
                                  int pointsLeft,
                                  SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    SkScalar d = p1.distanceToLineSegmentBetweenSqd(p0, p2);
    if (pointsLeft < 2 || d < tolSqd || !SkScalarIsFinite(d)) {
        return append_point_to_contour(p2, prev, head, alloc);
    }

    const SkPoint q[] = {
        { SkScalarAve(p0.fX, p1.fX), SkScalarAve(p0.fY, p1.fY) },
        { SkScalarAve(p1.fX, p2.fX), SkScalarAve(p1.fY, p2.fY) },
    };
    const SkPoint r = { SkScalarAve(q[0].fX, q[1].fX), SkScalarAve(q[0].fY, q[1].fY) };

    pointsLeft >>= 1;
    prev = generate_quadratic_points(p0, q[0], r, tolSqd, prev, head, pointsLeft, alloc);
    prev = generate_quadratic_points(r, q[1], p2, tolSqd, prev, head, pointsLeft, alloc);
    return prev;
}

Vertex* generate_cubic_points(const SkPoint& p0,
                              const SkPoint& p1,
                              const SkPoint& p2,
                              const SkPoint& p3,
                              SkScalar tolSqd,
                              Vertex* prev,
                              Vertex** head,
                              int pointsLeft,
                              SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    SkScalar d1 = p1.distanceToLineSegmentBetweenSqd(p0, p3);
    SkScalar d2 = p2.distanceToLineSegmentBetweenSqd(p0, p3);
    if (pointsLeft < 2 || (d1 < tolSqd && d2 < tolSqd) ||
        !SkScalarIsFinite(d1) || !SkScalarIsFinite(d2)) {
        return append_point_to_contour(p3, prev, head, alloc);
    }
    const SkPoint q[] = {
        { SkScalarAve(p0.fX, p1.fX), SkScalarAve(p0.fY, p1.fY) },
        { SkScalarAve(p1.fX, p2.fX), SkScalarAve(p1.fY, p2.fY) },
        { SkScalarAve(p2.fX, p3.fX), SkScalarAve(p2.fY, p3.fY) }
    };
    const SkPoint r[] = {
        { SkScalarAve(q[0].fX, q[1].fX), SkScalarAve(q[0].fY, q[1].fY) },
        { SkScalarAve(q[1].fX, q[2].fX), SkScalarAve(q[1].fY, q[2].fY) }
    };
    const SkPoint s = { SkScalarAve(r[0].fX, r[1].fX), SkScalarAve(r[0].fY, r[1].fY) };
    pointsLeft >>= 1;
    prev = generate_cubic_points(p0, q[0], r[0], s, tolSqd, prev, head, pointsLeft, alloc);
    prev = generate_cubic_points(s, r[1], q[2], p3, tolSqd, prev, head, pointsLeft, alloc);
    return prev;
}

// Stage 1: convert the input path to a set of linear contours (linked list of Vertices).

void path_to_contours(const SkPath& path, SkScalar tolerance, const SkRect& clipBounds,
                      Vertex** contours, SkChunkAlloc& alloc, bool *isLinear) {
    SkScalar toleranceSqd = tolerance * tolerance;

    SkPoint pts[4];
    bool done = false;
    *isLinear = true;
    SkPath::Iter iter(path, false);
    Vertex* prev = nullptr;
    Vertex* head = nullptr;
    if (path.isInverseFillType()) {
        SkPoint quad[4];
        clipBounds.toQuad(quad);
        for (int i = 3; i >= 0; i--) {
            prev = append_point_to_contour(quad[i], prev, &head, alloc);
        }
        head->fPrev = prev;
        prev->fNext = head;
        *contours++ = head;
        head = prev = nullptr;
    }
    SkAutoConicToQuads converter;
    while (!done) {
        SkPath::Verb verb = iter.next(pts);
        switch (verb) {
            case SkPath::kConic_Verb: {
                SkScalar weight = iter.conicWeight();
                const SkPoint* quadPts = converter.computeQuads(pts, weight, toleranceSqd);
                for (int i = 0; i < converter.countQuads(); ++i) {
                    int pointsLeft = GrPathUtils::quadraticPointCount(quadPts, tolerance);
                    prev = generate_quadratic_points(quadPts[0], quadPts[1], quadPts[2],
                                                     toleranceSqd, prev, &head, pointsLeft, alloc);
                    quadPts += 2;
                }
                *isLinear = false;
                break;
            }
            case SkPath::kMove_Verb:
                if (head) {
                    head->fPrev = prev;
                    prev->fNext = head;
                    *contours++ = head;
                }
                head = prev = nullptr;
                prev = append_point_to_contour(pts[0], prev, &head, alloc);
                break;
            case SkPath::kLine_Verb: {
                prev = append_point_to_contour(pts[1], prev, &head, alloc);
                break;
            }
            case SkPath::kQuad_Verb: {
                int pointsLeft = GrPathUtils::quadraticPointCount(pts, tolerance);
                prev = generate_quadratic_points(pts[0], pts[1], pts[2], toleranceSqd, prev,
                                                 &head, pointsLeft, alloc);
                *isLinear = false;
                break;
            }
            case SkPath::kCubic_Verb: {
                int pointsLeft = GrPathUtils::cubicPointCount(pts, tolerance);
                prev = generate_cubic_points(pts[0], pts[1], pts[2], pts[3],
                                toleranceSqd, prev, &head, pointsLeft, alloc);
                *isLinear = false;
                break;
            }
            case SkPath::kClose_Verb:
                if (head) {
                    head->fPrev = prev;
                    prev->fNext = head;
                    *contours++ = head;
                }
                head = prev = nullptr;
                break;
            case SkPath::kDone_Verb:
                if (head) {
                    head->fPrev = prev;
                    prev->fNext = head;
                    *contours++ = head;
                }
                done = true;
                break;
        }
    }
}

inline bool apply_fill_type(SkPath::FillType fillType, Poly* poly) {
    if (!poly) {
        return false;
    }
    int winding = poly->fWinding;
    switch (fillType) {
        case SkPath::kWinding_FillType:
            return winding != 0;
        case SkPath::kEvenOdd_FillType:
            return (winding & 1) != 0;
        case SkPath::kInverseWinding_FillType:
            return winding == 1;
        case SkPath::kInverseEvenOdd_FillType:
            return (winding & 1) == 1;
        default:
            SkASSERT(false);
            return false;
    }
}

Edge* new_edge(Vertex* prev, Vertex* next, SkChunkAlloc& alloc, Comparator& c,
               int winding_scale = 1) {
    int winding = c.sweep_lt(prev->fPoint, next->fPoint) ? winding_scale : -winding_scale;
    Vertex* top = winding < 0 ? next : prev;
    Vertex* bottom = winding < 0 ? prev : next;
    return ALLOC_NEW(Edge, (top, bottom, winding), alloc);
}

void remove_edge(Edge* edge, EdgeList* edges) {
    LOG("removing edge %g -> %g\n", edge->fTop->fID, edge->fBottom->fID);
    SkASSERT(edges->contains(edge));
    edges->remove(edge);
}

void insert_edge(Edge* edge, Edge* prev, EdgeList* edges) {
    LOG("inserting edge %g -> %g\n", edge->fTop->fID, edge->fBottom->fID);
    SkASSERT(!edges->contains(edge));
    Edge* next = prev ? prev->fRight : edges->fHead;
    edges->insert(edge, prev, next);
}

void find_enclosing_edges(Vertex* v, EdgeList* edges, Edge** left, Edge** right) {
    if (v->fFirstEdgeAbove) {
        *left = v->fFirstEdgeAbove->fLeft;
        *right = v->fLastEdgeAbove->fRight;
        return;
    }
    Edge* next = nullptr;
    Edge* prev;
    for (prev = edges->fTail; prev != nullptr; prev = prev->fLeft) {
        if (prev->isLeftOf(v)) {
            break;
        }
        next = prev;
    }
    *left = prev;
    *right = next;
}

void find_enclosing_edges(Edge* edge, EdgeList* edges, Comparator& c, Edge** left, Edge** right) {
    Edge* prev = nullptr;
    Edge* next;
    for (next = edges->fHead; next != nullptr; next = next->fRight) {
        if ((c.sweep_gt(edge->fTop->fPoint, next->fTop->fPoint) && next->isRightOf(edge->fTop)) ||
            (c.sweep_gt(next->fTop->fPoint, edge->fTop->fPoint) && edge->isLeftOf(next->fTop)) ||
            (c.sweep_lt(edge->fBottom->fPoint, next->fBottom->fPoint) &&
             next->isRightOf(edge->fBottom)) ||
            (c.sweep_lt(next->fBottom->fPoint, edge->fBottom->fPoint) &&
             edge->isLeftOf(next->fBottom))) {
            break;
        }
        prev = next;
    }
    *left = prev;
    *right = next;
}

void fix_active_state(Edge* edge, EdgeList* activeEdges, Comparator& c) {
    if (activeEdges && activeEdges->contains(edge)) {
        if (edge->fBottom->fProcessed || !edge->fTop->fProcessed) {
            remove_edge(edge, activeEdges);
        }
    } else if (edge->fTop->fProcessed && !edge->fBottom->fProcessed) {
        Edge* left;
        Edge* right;
        find_enclosing_edges(edge, activeEdges, c, &left, &right);
        insert_edge(edge, left, activeEdges);
    }
}

void insert_edge_above(Edge* edge, Vertex* v, Comparator& c) {
    if (edge->fTop->fPoint == edge->fBottom->fPoint ||
        c.sweep_gt(edge->fTop->fPoint, edge->fBottom->fPoint)) {
        return;
    }
    LOG("insert edge (%g -> %g) above vertex %g\n", edge->fTop->fID, edge->fBottom->fID, v->fID);
    Edge* prev = nullptr;
    Edge* next;
    for (next = v->fFirstEdgeAbove; next; next = next->fNextEdgeAbove) {
        if (next->isRightOf(edge->fTop)) {
            break;
        }
        prev = next;
    }
    list_insert<Edge, &Edge::fPrevEdgeAbove, &Edge::fNextEdgeAbove>(
        edge, prev, next, &v->fFirstEdgeAbove, &v->fLastEdgeAbove);
}

void insert_edge_below(Edge* edge, Vertex* v, Comparator& c) {
    if (edge->fTop->fPoint == edge->fBottom->fPoint ||
        c.sweep_gt(edge->fTop->fPoint, edge->fBottom->fPoint)) {
        return;
    }
    LOG("insert edge (%g -> %g) below vertex %g\n", edge->fTop->fID, edge->fBottom->fID, v->fID);
    Edge* prev = nullptr;
    Edge* next;
    for (next = v->fFirstEdgeBelow; next; next = next->fNextEdgeBelow) {
        if (next->isRightOf(edge->fBottom)) {
            break;
        }
        prev = next;
    }
    list_insert<Edge, &Edge::fPrevEdgeBelow, &Edge::fNextEdgeBelow>(
        edge, prev, next, &v->fFirstEdgeBelow, &v->fLastEdgeBelow);
}

void remove_edge_above(Edge* edge) {
    LOG("removing edge (%g -> %g) above vertex %g\n", edge->fTop->fID, edge->fBottom->fID,
        edge->fBottom->fID);
    list_remove<Edge, &Edge::fPrevEdgeAbove, &Edge::fNextEdgeAbove>(
        edge, &edge->fBottom->fFirstEdgeAbove, &edge->fBottom->fLastEdgeAbove);
}

void remove_edge_below(Edge* edge) {
    LOG("removing edge (%g -> %g) below vertex %g\n", edge->fTop->fID, edge->fBottom->fID,
        edge->fTop->fID);
    list_remove<Edge, &Edge::fPrevEdgeBelow, &Edge::fNextEdgeBelow>(
        edge, &edge->fTop->fFirstEdgeBelow, &edge->fTop->fLastEdgeBelow);
}

void erase_edge_if_zero_winding(Edge* edge, EdgeList* edges) {
    if (edge->fWinding != 0) {
        return;
    }
    LOG("erasing edge (%g -> %g)\n", edge->fTop->fID, edge->fBottom->fID);
    remove_edge_above(edge);
    remove_edge_below(edge);
    if (edges && edges->contains(edge)) {
        remove_edge(edge, edges);
    }
}

void merge_collinear_edges(Edge* edge, EdgeList* activeEdges, Comparator& c);

void set_top(Edge* edge, Vertex* v, EdgeList* activeEdges, Comparator& c) {
    remove_edge_below(edge);
    edge->fTop = v;
    edge->recompute();
    insert_edge_below(edge, v, c);
    fix_active_state(edge, activeEdges, c);
    merge_collinear_edges(edge, activeEdges, c);
}

void set_bottom(Edge* edge, Vertex* v, EdgeList* activeEdges, Comparator& c) {
    remove_edge_above(edge);
    edge->fBottom = v;
    edge->recompute();
    insert_edge_above(edge, v, c);
    fix_active_state(edge, activeEdges, c);
    merge_collinear_edges(edge, activeEdges, c);
}

void merge_edges_above(Edge* edge, Edge* other, EdgeList* activeEdges, Comparator& c) {
    if (coincident(edge->fTop->fPoint, other->fTop->fPoint)) {
        LOG("merging coincident above edges (%g, %g) -> (%g, %g)\n",
            edge->fTop->fPoint.fX, edge->fTop->fPoint.fY,
            edge->fBottom->fPoint.fX, edge->fBottom->fPoint.fY);
        other->fWinding += edge->fWinding;
        erase_edge_if_zero_winding(other, activeEdges);
        edge->fWinding = 0;
        erase_edge_if_zero_winding(edge, activeEdges);
    } else if (c.sweep_lt(edge->fTop->fPoint, other->fTop->fPoint)) {
        other->fWinding += edge->fWinding;
        erase_edge_if_zero_winding(other, activeEdges);
        set_bottom(edge, other->fTop, activeEdges, c);
    } else {
        edge->fWinding += other->fWinding;
        erase_edge_if_zero_winding(edge, activeEdges);
        set_bottom(other, edge->fTop, activeEdges, c);
    }
}

void merge_edges_below(Edge* edge, Edge* other, EdgeList* activeEdges, Comparator& c) {
    if (coincident(edge->fBottom->fPoint, other->fBottom->fPoint)) {
        LOG("merging coincident below edges (%g, %g) -> (%g, %g)\n",
            edge->fTop->fPoint.fX, edge->fTop->fPoint.fY,
            edge->fBottom->fPoint.fX, edge->fBottom->fPoint.fY);
        other->fWinding += edge->fWinding;
        erase_edge_if_zero_winding(other, activeEdges);
        edge->fWinding = 0;
        erase_edge_if_zero_winding(edge, activeEdges);
    } else if (c.sweep_lt(edge->fBottom->fPoint, other->fBottom->fPoint)) {
        edge->fWinding += other->fWinding;
        erase_edge_if_zero_winding(edge, activeEdges);
        set_top(other, edge->fBottom, activeEdges, c);
    } else {
        other->fWinding += edge->fWinding;
        erase_edge_if_zero_winding(other, activeEdges);
        set_top(edge, other->fBottom, activeEdges, c);
    }
}

void merge_collinear_edges(Edge* edge, EdgeList* activeEdges, Comparator& c) {
    if (edge->fPrevEdgeAbove && (edge->fTop == edge->fPrevEdgeAbove->fTop ||
                                 !edge->fPrevEdgeAbove->isLeftOf(edge->fTop))) {
        merge_edges_above(edge, edge->fPrevEdgeAbove, activeEdges, c);
    } else if (edge->fNextEdgeAbove && (edge->fTop == edge->fNextEdgeAbove->fTop ||
                                        !edge->isLeftOf(edge->fNextEdgeAbove->fTop))) {
        merge_edges_above(edge, edge->fNextEdgeAbove, activeEdges, c);
    }
    if (edge->fPrevEdgeBelow && (edge->fBottom == edge->fPrevEdgeBelow->fBottom ||
                                 !edge->fPrevEdgeBelow->isLeftOf(edge->fBottom))) {
        merge_edges_below(edge, edge->fPrevEdgeBelow, activeEdges, c);
    } else if (edge->fNextEdgeBelow && (edge->fBottom == edge->fNextEdgeBelow->fBottom ||
                                        !edge->isLeftOf(edge->fNextEdgeBelow->fBottom))) {
        merge_edges_below(edge, edge->fNextEdgeBelow, activeEdges, c);
    }
}

void split_edge(Edge* edge, Vertex* v, EdgeList* activeEdges, Comparator& c, SkChunkAlloc& alloc);

void cleanup_active_edges(Edge* edge, EdgeList* activeEdges, Comparator& c, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    Vertex* top = edge->fTop;
    Vertex* bottom = edge->fBottom;
    if (edge->fLeft) {
        Vertex* leftTop = edge->fLeft->fTop;
        Vertex* leftBottom = edge->fLeft->fBottom;
        if (c.sweep_gt(top->fPoint, leftTop->fPoint) && !edge->fLeft->isLeftOf(top)) {
            split_edge(edge->fLeft, edge->fTop, activeEdges, c, alloc);
        } else if (c.sweep_gt(leftTop->fPoint, top->fPoint) && !edge->isRightOf(leftTop)) {
            split_edge(edge, leftTop, activeEdges, c, alloc);
        } else if (c.sweep_lt(bottom->fPoint, leftBottom->fPoint) &&
                   !edge->fLeft->isLeftOf(bottom)) {
            split_edge(edge->fLeft, bottom, activeEdges, c, alloc);
        } else if (c.sweep_lt(leftBottom->fPoint, bottom->fPoint) && !edge->isRightOf(leftBottom)) {
            split_edge(edge, leftBottom, activeEdges, c, alloc);
        }
    }
    if (edge->fRight) {
        Vertex* rightTop = edge->fRight->fTop;
        Vertex* rightBottom = edge->fRight->fBottom;
        if (c.sweep_gt(top->fPoint, rightTop->fPoint) && !edge->fRight->isRightOf(top)) {
            split_edge(edge->fRight, top, activeEdges, c, alloc);
        } else if (c.sweep_gt(rightTop->fPoint, top->fPoint) && !edge->isLeftOf(rightTop)) {
            split_edge(edge, rightTop, activeEdges, c, alloc);
        } else if (c.sweep_lt(bottom->fPoint, rightBottom->fPoint) &&
                   !edge->fRight->isRightOf(bottom)) {
            split_edge(edge->fRight, bottom, activeEdges, c, alloc);
        } else if (c.sweep_lt(rightBottom->fPoint, bottom->fPoint) &&
                   !edge->isLeftOf(rightBottom)) {
            split_edge(edge, rightBottom, activeEdges, c, alloc);
        }
    }
}

void split_edge(Edge* edge, Vertex* v, EdgeList* activeEdges, Comparator& c, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    LOG("splitting edge (%g -> %g) at vertex %g (%g, %g)\n",
        edge->fTop->fID, edge->fBottom->fID,
        v->fID, v->fPoint.fX, v->fPoint.fY);
    if (c.sweep_lt(v->fPoint, edge->fTop->fPoint)) {
        set_top(edge, v, activeEdges, c);
    } else if (c.sweep_gt(v->fPoint, edge->fBottom->fPoint)) {
        set_bottom(edge, v, activeEdges, c);
    } else {
        Edge* newEdge = ALLOC_NEW(Edge, (v, edge->fBottom, edge->fWinding), alloc);
        insert_edge_below(newEdge, v, c);
        insert_edge_above(newEdge, edge->fBottom, c);
        set_bottom(edge, v, activeEdges, c);
        cleanup_active_edges(edge, activeEdges, c, alloc);
        fix_active_state(newEdge, activeEdges, c);
        merge_collinear_edges(newEdge, activeEdges, c);
    }
}

Edge* connect(Vertex* prev, Vertex* next, SkChunkAlloc& alloc, Comparator c,
              int winding_scale = 1) {
    Edge* edge = new_edge(prev, next, alloc, c, winding_scale);
    if (edge->fWinding > 0) {
        insert_edge_below(edge, prev, c);
        insert_edge_above(edge, next, c);
    } else {
        insert_edge_below(edge, next, c);
        insert_edge_above(edge, prev, c);
    }
    merge_collinear_edges(edge, nullptr, c);
    return edge;
}

void merge_vertices(Vertex* src, Vertex* dst, Vertex** head, Comparator& c, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    LOG("found coincident verts at %g, %g; merging %g into %g\n", src->fPoint.fX, src->fPoint.fY,
        src->fID, dst->fID);
    dst->fAlpha = SkTMax(src->fAlpha, dst->fAlpha);
    for (Edge* edge = src->fFirstEdgeAbove; edge;) {
        Edge* next = edge->fNextEdgeAbove;
        set_bottom(edge, dst, nullptr, c);
        edge = next;
    }
    for (Edge* edge = src->fFirstEdgeBelow; edge;) {
        Edge* next = edge->fNextEdgeBelow;
        set_top(edge, dst, nullptr, c);
        edge = next;
    }
    list_remove<Vertex, &Vertex::fPrev, &Vertex::fNext>(src, head, nullptr);
}

uint8_t max_edge_alpha(Edge* a, Edge* b) {
    return SkTMax(SkTMax(a->fTop->fAlpha, a->fBottom->fAlpha),
                  SkTMax(b->fTop->fAlpha, b->fBottom->fAlpha));
}

Vertex* check_for_intersection(Edge* edge, Edge* other, EdgeList* activeEdges, Comparator& c,
                               SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    SkPoint p;
    if (!edge || !other) {
        return nullptr;
    }
    if (edge->intersect(*other, &p)) {
        Vertex* v;
        LOG("found intersection, pt is %g, %g\n", p.fX, p.fY);
        if (p == edge->fTop->fPoint || c.sweep_lt(p, edge->fTop->fPoint)) {
            split_edge(other, edge->fTop, activeEdges, c, alloc);
            v = edge->fTop;
        } else if (p == edge->fBottom->fPoint || c.sweep_gt(p, edge->fBottom->fPoint)) {
            split_edge(other, edge->fBottom, activeEdges, c, alloc);
            v = edge->fBottom;
        } else if (p == other->fTop->fPoint || c.sweep_lt(p, other->fTop->fPoint)) {
            split_edge(edge, other->fTop, activeEdges, c, alloc);
            v = other->fTop;
        } else if (p == other->fBottom->fPoint || c.sweep_gt(p, other->fBottom->fPoint)) {
            split_edge(edge, other->fBottom, activeEdges, c, alloc);
            v = other->fBottom;
        } else {
            Vertex* nextV = edge->fTop;
            while (c.sweep_lt(p, nextV->fPoint)) {
                nextV = nextV->fPrev;
            }
            while (c.sweep_lt(nextV->fPoint, p)) {
                nextV = nextV->fNext;
            }
            Vertex* prevV = nextV->fPrev;
            if (coincident(prevV->fPoint, p)) {
                v = prevV;
            } else if (coincident(nextV->fPoint, p)) {
                v = nextV;
            } else {
                uint8_t alpha = max_edge_alpha(edge, other);
                v = ALLOC_NEW(Vertex, (p, alpha), alloc);
                LOG("inserting between %g (%g, %g) and %g (%g, %g)\n",
                    prevV->fID, prevV->fPoint.fX, prevV->fPoint.fY,
                    nextV->fID, nextV->fPoint.fX, nextV->fPoint.fY);
#if LOGGING_ENABLED
                v->fID = (nextV->fID + prevV->fID) * 0.5f;
#endif
                v->fPrev = prevV;
                v->fNext = nextV;
                prevV->fNext = v;
                nextV->fPrev = v;
            }
            split_edge(edge, v, activeEdges, c, alloc);
            split_edge(other, v, activeEdges, c, alloc);
        }
        return v;
    }
    return nullptr;
}

void sanitize_contours(Vertex** contours, int contourCnt, bool approximate) {
    for (int i = 0; i < contourCnt; ++i) {
        SkASSERT(contours[i]);
        for (Vertex* v = contours[i];;) {
            if (approximate) {
                round(&v->fPoint);
            }
            if (coincident(v->fPrev->fPoint, v->fPoint)) {
                LOG("vertex %g,%g coincident; removing\n", v->fPoint.fX, v->fPoint.fY);
                if (v->fPrev == v) {
                    contours[i] = nullptr;
                    break;
                }
                v->fPrev->fNext = v->fNext;
                v->fNext->fPrev = v->fPrev;
                if (contours[i] == v) {
                    contours[i] = v->fNext;
                }
                v = v->fPrev;
            } else {
                v = v->fNext;
                if (v == contours[i]) break;
            }
        }
    }
}

void merge_coincident_vertices(Vertex** vertices, Comparator& c, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    for (Vertex* v = (*vertices)->fNext; v != nullptr; v = v->fNext) {
        if (c.sweep_lt(v->fPoint, v->fPrev->fPoint)) {
            v->fPoint = v->fPrev->fPoint;
        }
        if (coincident(v->fPrev->fPoint, v->fPoint)) {
            merge_vertices(v->fPrev, v, vertices, c, alloc);
        }
    }
}

// Stage 2: convert the contours to a mesh of edges connecting the vertices.

Vertex* build_edges(Vertex** contours, int contourCnt, Comparator& c, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    Vertex* vertices = nullptr;
    Vertex* prev = nullptr;
    for (int i = 0; i < contourCnt; ++i) {
        for (Vertex* v = contours[i]; v != nullptr;) {
            Vertex* vNext = v->fNext;
            connect(v->fPrev, v, alloc, c);
            if (prev) {
                prev->fNext = v;
                v->fPrev = prev;
            } else {
                vertices = v;
            }
            prev = v;
            v = vNext;
            if (v == contours[i]) break;
        }
    }
    if (prev) {
        prev->fNext = vertices->fPrev = nullptr;
    }
    return vertices;
}

// Stage 3: sort the vertices by increasing sweep direction.

Vertex* sorted_merge(Vertex* a, Vertex* b, Comparator& c);

void front_back_split(Vertex* v, Vertex** pFront, Vertex** pBack) {
    Vertex* fast;
    Vertex* slow;
    if (!v || !v->fNext) {
        *pFront = v;
        *pBack = nullptr;
    } else {
        slow = v;
        fast = v->fNext;

        while (fast != nullptr) {
            fast = fast->fNext;
            if (fast != nullptr) {
                slow = slow->fNext;
                fast = fast->fNext;
            }
        }

        *pFront = v;
        *pBack = slow->fNext;
        slow->fNext->fPrev = nullptr;
        slow->fNext = nullptr;
    }
}

void merge_sort(Vertex** head, Comparator& c) {
    if (!*head || !(*head)->fNext) {
        return;
    }

    Vertex* a;
    Vertex* b;
    front_back_split(*head, &a, &b);

    merge_sort(&a, c);
    merge_sort(&b, c);

    *head = sorted_merge(a, b, c);
}

Vertex* sorted_merge(Vertex* a, Vertex* b, Comparator& c) {
    VertexList vertices;

    while (a && b) {
        if (c.sweep_lt(a->fPoint, b->fPoint)) {
            Vertex* next = a->fNext;
            vertices.append(a);
            a = next;
        } else {
            Vertex* next = b->fNext;
            vertices.append(b);
            b = next;
        }
    }
    if (a) {
        vertices.insert(a, vertices.fTail, a->fNext);
    }
    if (b) {
        vertices.insert(b, vertices.fTail, b->fNext);
    }
    return vertices.fHead;
}

// Stage 4: Simplify the mesh by inserting new vertices at intersecting edges.

void simplify(Vertex* vertices, Comparator& c, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    LOG("simplifying complex polygons\n");
    EdgeList activeEdges;
    for (Vertex* v = vertices; v != nullptr; v = v->fNext) {
        if (!v->fFirstEdgeAbove && !v->fFirstEdgeBelow) {
            continue;
        }
#if LOGGING_ENABLED
        LOG("\nvertex %g: (%g,%g), alpha %d\n", v->fID, v->fPoint.fX, v->fPoint.fY, v->fAlpha);
#endif
        Edge* leftEnclosingEdge = nullptr;
        Edge* rightEnclosingEdge = nullptr;
        bool restartChecks;
        do {
            restartChecks = false;
            find_enclosing_edges(v, &activeEdges, &leftEnclosingEdge, &rightEnclosingEdge);
            if (v->fFirstEdgeBelow) {
                for (Edge* edge = v->fFirstEdgeBelow; edge != nullptr; edge = edge->fNextEdgeBelow) {
                    if (check_for_intersection(edge, leftEnclosingEdge, &activeEdges, c, alloc)) {
                        restartChecks = true;
                        break;
                    }
                    if (check_for_intersection(edge, rightEnclosingEdge, &activeEdges, c, alloc)) {
                        restartChecks = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                if (Vertex* pv = check_for_intersection(leftEnclosingEdge, rightEnclosingEdge,
                                                        &activeEdges, c, alloc)) {
                    if (c.sweep_lt(pv->fPoint, v->fPoint)) {
                        v = pv;
                    }
                    restartChecks = true;
                }

            }
        } while (restartChecks);
        if (v->fAlpha == 0) {
            if ((leftEnclosingEdge && leftEnclosingEdge->fWinding < 0) &&
                (rightEnclosingEdge && rightEnclosingEdge->fWinding > 0)) {
                v->fAlpha = max_edge_alpha(leftEnclosingEdge, rightEnclosingEdge);
            }
        }
        for (Edge* e = v->fFirstEdgeAbove; e; e = e->fNextEdgeAbove) {
            remove_edge(e, &activeEdges);
        }
        Edge* leftEdge = leftEnclosingEdge;
        for (Edge* e = v->fFirstEdgeBelow; e; e = e->fNextEdgeBelow) {
            insert_edge(e, leftEdge, &activeEdges);
            leftEdge = e;
        }
        v->fProcessed = true;
    }
}

// Stage 5: Tessellate the simplified mesh into monotone polygons.

Poly* tessellate(Vertex* vertices, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    LOG("tessellating simple polygons\n");
    EdgeList activeEdges;
    Poly* polys = nullptr;
    for (Vertex* v = vertices; v != nullptr; v = v->fNext) {
        if (!v->fFirstEdgeAbove && !v->fFirstEdgeBelow) {
            continue;
        }
#if LOGGING_ENABLED
        LOG("\nvertex %g: (%g,%g), alpha %d\n", v->fID, v->fPoint.fX, v->fPoint.fY, v->fAlpha);
#endif
        Edge* leftEnclosingEdge = nullptr;
        Edge* rightEnclosingEdge = nullptr;
        find_enclosing_edges(v, &activeEdges, &leftEnclosingEdge, &rightEnclosingEdge);
        Poly* leftPoly = nullptr;
        Poly* rightPoly = nullptr;
        if (v->fFirstEdgeAbove) {
            leftPoly = v->fFirstEdgeAbove->fLeftPoly;
            rightPoly = v->fLastEdgeAbove->fRightPoly;
        } else {
            leftPoly = leftEnclosingEdge ? leftEnclosingEdge->fRightPoly : nullptr;
            rightPoly = rightEnclosingEdge ? rightEnclosingEdge->fLeftPoly : nullptr;
        }
#if LOGGING_ENABLED
        LOG("edges above:\n");
        for (Edge* e = v->fFirstEdgeAbove; e; e = e->fNextEdgeAbove) {
            LOG("%g -> %g, lpoly %d, rpoly %d\n", e->fTop->fID, e->fBottom->fID,
                e->fLeftPoly ? e->fLeftPoly->fID : -1, e->fRightPoly ? e->fRightPoly->fID : -1);
        }
        LOG("edges below:\n");
        for (Edge* e = v->fFirstEdgeBelow; e; e = e->fNextEdgeBelow) {
            LOG("%g -> %g, lpoly %d, rpoly %d\n", e->fTop->fID, e->fBottom->fID,
                e->fLeftPoly ? e->fLeftPoly->fID : -1, e->fRightPoly ? e->fRightPoly->fID : -1);
        }
#endif
        if (v->fFirstEdgeAbove) {
            if (leftPoly) {
                leftPoly = leftPoly->addEdge(v->fFirstEdgeAbove, Poly::kRight_Side, alloc);
            }
            if (rightPoly) {
                rightPoly = rightPoly->addEdge(v->fLastEdgeAbove, Poly::kLeft_Side, alloc);
            }
            for (Edge* e = v->fFirstEdgeAbove; e != v->fLastEdgeAbove; e = e->fNextEdgeAbove) {
                Edge* leftEdge = e;
                Edge* rightEdge = e->fNextEdgeAbove;
                SkASSERT(rightEdge->isRightOf(leftEdge->fTop));
                remove_edge(leftEdge, &activeEdges);
                if (leftEdge->fRightPoly) {
                    leftEdge->fRightPoly->addEdge(e, Poly::kLeft_Side, alloc);
                }
                if (rightEdge->fLeftPoly) {
                    rightEdge->fLeftPoly->addEdge(e, Poly::kRight_Side, alloc);
                }
            }
            remove_edge(v->fLastEdgeAbove, &activeEdges);
            if (!v->fFirstEdgeBelow) {
                if (leftPoly && rightPoly && leftPoly != rightPoly) {
                    SkASSERT(leftPoly->fPartner == nullptr && rightPoly->fPartner == nullptr);
                    rightPoly->fPartner = leftPoly;
                    leftPoly->fPartner = rightPoly;
                }
            }
        }
        if (v->fFirstEdgeBelow) {
            if (!v->fFirstEdgeAbove) {
                if (leftPoly && rightPoly) {
                    if (leftPoly == rightPoly) {
                        if (leftPoly->fTail && leftPoly->fTail->fSide == Poly::kLeft_Side) {
                            leftPoly = new_poly(&polys, leftPoly->lastVertex(),
                                                 leftPoly->fWinding, alloc);
                            leftEnclosingEdge->fRightPoly = leftPoly;
                        } else {
                            rightPoly = new_poly(&polys, rightPoly->lastVertex(),
                                                 rightPoly->fWinding, alloc);
                            rightEnclosingEdge->fLeftPoly = rightPoly;
                        }
                    }
                    Edge* join = ALLOC_NEW(Edge, (leftPoly->lastVertex(), v, 1), alloc);
                    leftPoly = leftPoly->addEdge(join, Poly::kRight_Side, alloc);
                    rightPoly = rightPoly->addEdge(join, Poly::kLeft_Side, alloc);
                }
            }
            Edge* leftEdge = v->fFirstEdgeBelow;
            leftEdge->fLeftPoly = leftPoly;
            insert_edge(leftEdge, leftEnclosingEdge, &activeEdges);
            for (Edge* rightEdge = leftEdge->fNextEdgeBelow; rightEdge;
                 rightEdge = rightEdge->fNextEdgeBelow) {
                insert_edge(rightEdge, leftEdge, &activeEdges);
                int winding = leftEdge->fLeftPoly ? leftEdge->fLeftPoly->fWinding : 0;
                winding += leftEdge->fWinding;
                if (winding != 0) {
                    Poly* poly = new_poly(&polys, v, winding, alloc);
                    leftEdge->fRightPoly = rightEdge->fLeftPoly = poly;
                }
                leftEdge = rightEdge;
            }
            v->fLastEdgeBelow->fRightPoly = rightPoly;
        }
#if LOGGING_ENABLED
        LOG("\nactive edges:\n");
        for (Edge* e = activeEdges.fHead; e != nullptr; e = e->fRight) {
            LOG("%g -> %g, lpoly %d, rpoly %d\n", e->fTop->fID, e->fBottom->fID,
                e->fLeftPoly ? e->fLeftPoly->fID : -1, e->fRightPoly ? e->fRightPoly->fID : -1);
        }
#endif
    }
    return polys;
}

bool is_boundary_edge(Edge* edge, SkPath::FillType fillType) {
    return apply_fill_type(fillType, edge->fLeftPoly) !=
           apply_fill_type(fillType, edge->fRightPoly);
}

bool is_boundary_start(Edge* edge, SkPath::FillType fillType) {
    return !apply_fill_type(fillType, edge->fLeftPoly) &&
            apply_fill_type(fillType, edge->fRightPoly);
}

Vertex* remove_non_boundary_edges(Vertex* vertices, SkPath::FillType fillType,
                                  SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    for (Vertex* v = vertices; v != nullptr; v = v->fNext) {
        for (Edge* e = v->fFirstEdgeBelow; e != nullptr;) {
            Edge* next = e->fNextEdgeBelow;
            if (!is_boundary_edge(e, fillType)) {
                remove_edge_above(e);
                remove_edge_below(e);
            }
            e = next;
        }
    }
    return vertices;
}

void get_edge_normal(const Edge* e, SkVector* normal) {
    normal->setNormalize(SkDoubleToScalar(-e->fLine.fB) * e->fWinding,
                         SkDoubleToScalar(e->fLine.fA) * e->fWinding);
}

// Stage 5c: detect and remove "pointy" vertices whose edge normals point in opposite directions
// and whose adjacent vertices are less than a quarter pixel from an edge. These are guaranteed to
// invert on stroking.

void simplify_boundary(EdgeList* boundary, Comparator& c, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    Edge* prevEdge = boundary->fTail;
    SkVector prevNormal;
    get_edge_normal(prevEdge, &prevNormal);
    for (Edge* e = boundary->fHead; e != nullptr;) {
        Vertex* prev = prevEdge->fWinding == 1 ? prevEdge->fTop : prevEdge->fBottom;
        Vertex* next = e->fWinding == 1 ? e->fBottom : e->fTop;
        double dist = e->dist(prev->fPoint);
        SkVector normal;
        get_edge_normal(e, &normal);
        float denom = 0.25f * static_cast<float>(e->fLine.magSq());
        if (prevNormal.dot(normal) < 0.0 && (dist * dist) <= denom) {
            Edge* join = new_edge(prev, next, alloc, c);
            insert_edge(join, e, boundary);
            remove_edge(prevEdge, boundary);
            remove_edge(e, boundary);
            if (join->fLeft && join->fRight) {
                prevEdge = join->fLeft;
                e = join;
            } else {
                prevEdge = boundary->fTail;
                e = boundary->fHead; // join->fLeft ? join->fLeft : join;
            }
            get_edge_normal(prevEdge, &prevNormal);
        } else {
            prevEdge = e;
            prevNormal = normal;
            e = e->fRight;
        }
    }
}

// Stage 5d: Displace edges by half a pixel inward and outward along their normals. Intersect to
// find new vertices, and set zero alpha on the exterior and one alpha on the interior. Build a
// new antialiased mesh from those vertices.

void boundary_to_aa_mesh(EdgeList* boundary, VertexList* mesh, Comparator& c, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    EdgeList outerContour;
    Edge* prevEdge = boundary->fTail;
    float radius = 0.5f;
    double offset = radius * sqrt(prevEdge->fLine.magSq()) * prevEdge->fWinding;
    Line prevInner(prevEdge->fTop, prevEdge->fBottom);
    prevInner.fC -= offset;
    Line prevOuter(prevEdge->fTop, prevEdge->fBottom);
    prevOuter.fC += offset;
    VertexList innerVertices;
    VertexList outerVertices;
    SkScalar innerCount = SK_Scalar1, outerCount = SK_Scalar1;
    for (Edge* e = boundary->fHead; e != nullptr; e = e->fRight) {
        double offset = radius * sqrt(e->fLine.magSq()) * e->fWinding;
        Line inner(e->fTop, e->fBottom);
        inner.fC -= offset;
        Line outer(e->fTop, e->fBottom);
        outer.fC += offset;
        SkPoint innerPoint, outerPoint;
        if (prevInner.intersect(inner, &innerPoint) &&
            prevOuter.intersect(outer, &outerPoint)) {
            Vertex* innerVertex = ALLOC_NEW(Vertex, (innerPoint, 255), alloc);
            Vertex* outerVertex = ALLOC_NEW(Vertex, (outerPoint, 0), alloc);
            if (innerVertices.fTail && outerVertices.fTail) {
                Edge innerEdge(innerVertices.fTail, innerVertex, 1);
                Edge outerEdge(outerVertices.fTail, outerVertex, 1);
                SkVector innerNormal;
                get_edge_normal(&innerEdge, &innerNormal);
                SkVector outerNormal;
                get_edge_normal(&outerEdge, &outerNormal);
                SkVector normal;
                get_edge_normal(prevEdge, &normal);
                if (normal.dot(innerNormal) < 0) {
                    innerPoint += innerVertices.fTail->fPoint * innerCount;
                    innerCount++;
                    innerPoint *= SkScalarInvert(innerCount);
                    innerVertices.fTail->fPoint = innerVertex->fPoint = innerPoint;
                } else {
                    innerCount = SK_Scalar1;
                }
                if (normal.dot(outerNormal) < 0) {
                    outerPoint += outerVertices.fTail->fPoint * outerCount;
                    outerCount++;
                    outerPoint *= SkScalarInvert(outerCount);
                    outerVertices.fTail->fPoint = outerVertex->fPoint = outerPoint;
                } else {
                    outerCount = SK_Scalar1;
                }
            }
            innerVertices.append(innerVertex);
            outerVertices.append(outerVertex);
            prevEdge = e;
        }
        prevInner = inner;
        prevOuter = outer;
    }
    innerVertices.close();
    outerVertices.close();

    Vertex* innerVertex = innerVertices.fHead;
    Vertex* outerVertex = outerVertices.fHead;
    // Alternate clockwise and counterclockwise polys, so the tesselator
    // doesn't cancel out the interior edges.
    if (!innerVertex || !outerVertex) {
        return;
    }
    do {
        connect(outerVertex->fNext, outerVertex, alloc, c);
        connect(innerVertex->fNext, innerVertex, alloc, c, 2);
        connect(innerVertex, outerVertex->fNext, alloc, c, 2);
        connect(outerVertex, innerVertex, alloc, c, 2);
        Vertex* innerNext = innerVertex->fNext;
        Vertex* outerNext = outerVertex->fNext;
        mesh->append(innerVertex);
        mesh->append(outerVertex);
        innerVertex = innerNext;
        outerVertex = outerNext;
    } while (innerVertex != innerVertices.fHead && outerVertex != outerVertices.fHead);
}

void extract_boundary(EdgeList* boundary, Edge* e, SkPath::FillType fillType, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    bool down = is_boundary_start(e, fillType);
    while (e) {
        e->fWinding = down ? 1 : -1;
        Edge* next;
        boundary->append(e);
        if (down) {
            // Find outgoing edge, in clockwise order.
            if ((next = e->fNextEdgeAbove)) {
                down = false;
            } else if ((next = e->fBottom->fLastEdgeBelow)) {
                down = true;
            } else if ((next = e->fPrevEdgeAbove)) {
                down = false;
            }
        } else {
            // Find outgoing edge, in counter-clockwise order.
            if ((next = e->fPrevEdgeBelow)) {
                down = true;
            } else if ((next = e->fTop->fFirstEdgeAbove)) {
                down = false;
            } else if ((next = e->fNextEdgeBelow)) {
                down = true;
            }
        }
        remove_edge_above(e);
        remove_edge_below(e);
        e = next;
    }
}

// Stage 5b: Extract boundary edges.

EdgeList* extract_boundaries(Vertex* vertices, SkPath::FillType fillType, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    LOG("extracting boundaries\n");
    vertices = remove_non_boundary_edges(vertices, fillType, alloc);
    EdgeList* boundaries = nullptr;
    for (Vertex* v = vertices; v != nullptr; v = v->fNext) {
        while (v->fFirstEdgeBelow) {
            EdgeList* boundary = new_contour(&boundaries, alloc);
            extract_boundary(boundary, v->fFirstEdgeBelow, fillType, alloc);
        }
    }
    return boundaries;
}

// This is a driver function which calls stages 2-5 in turn.

Vertex* contours_to_mesh(Vertex** contours, int contourCnt, bool antialias,
                         Comparator& c, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
#if LOGGING_ENABLED
    for (int i = 0; i < contourCnt; ++i) {
        Vertex* v = contours[i];
        SkASSERT(v);
        LOG("path.moveTo(%20.20g, %20.20g);\n", v->fPoint.fX, v->fPoint.fY);
        for (v = v->fNext; v != contours[i]; v = v->fNext) {
            LOG("path.lineTo(%20.20g, %20.20g);\n", v->fPoint.fX, v->fPoint.fY);
        }
    }
#endif
    sanitize_contours(contours, contourCnt, antialias);
    return build_edges(contours, contourCnt, c, alloc);
}

Poly* mesh_to_polys(Vertex** vertices, Comparator& c, SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    if (!vertices || !*vertices) {
        return nullptr;
    }

    // Sort vertices in Y (secondarily in X).
    merge_sort(vertices, c);
    merge_coincident_vertices(vertices, c, alloc);
#if LOGGING_ENABLED
    for (Vertex* v = *vertices; v != nullptr; v = v->fNext) {
        static float gID = 0.0f;
        v->fID = gID++;
    }
#endif
    simplify(*vertices, c, alloc);
    return tessellate(*vertices, alloc);
}

Poly* contours_to_polys(Vertex** contours, int contourCnt, SkPath::FillType fillType,
                        const SkRect& pathBounds, bool antialias,
                        SkChunkAlloc& alloc) {
    Comparator c;
    if (pathBounds.width() > pathBounds.height()) {
        c.sweep_lt = sweep_lt_horiz;
        c.sweep_gt = sweep_gt_horiz;
    } else {
        c.sweep_lt = sweep_lt_vert;
        c.sweep_gt = sweep_gt_vert;
    }
    Vertex* mesh = contours_to_mesh(contours, contourCnt, antialias, c, alloc);
    Poly* polys = mesh_to_polys(&mesh, c, alloc);
    if (antialias) {
        EdgeList* boundaries = extract_boundaries(mesh, fillType, alloc);
        VertexList aaMesh;
        for (EdgeList* boundary = boundaries; boundary != nullptr; boundary = boundary->fNext) {
            simplify_boundary(boundary, c, alloc);
            if (boundary->fCount > 2) {
                boundary_to_aa_mesh(boundary, &aaMesh, c, alloc);
            }
        }
        return mesh_to_polys(&aaMesh.fHead, c, alloc);
    }
    return polys;
}

// Stage 6: Triangulate the monotone polygons into a vertex buffer.
void* polys_to_triangles(Poly* polys, SkPath::FillType fillType, const AAParams* aaParams,
                         void* data) {
    for (Poly* poly = polys; poly; poly = poly->fNext) {
        if (apply_fill_type(fillType, poly)) {
            data = poly->emit(aaParams, data);
        }
    }
    return data;
}

Poly* path_to_polys(const SkPath& path, SkScalar tolerance, const SkRect& clipBounds,
                    int contourCnt, SkChunkAlloc& alloc, bool antialias, bool* isLinear) {
    SkPath::FillType fillType = path.getFillType();
    if (SkPath::IsInverseFillType(fillType)) {
        contourCnt++;
    }
    std::unique_ptr<Vertex*[]> contours(new Vertex* [contourCnt]);

    path_to_contours(path, tolerance, clipBounds, contours.get(), alloc, isLinear);
    return contours_to_polys(contours.get(), contourCnt, path.getFillType(), path.getBounds(),
                             antialias, alloc);
}

void get_contour_count_and_size_estimate(const SkPath& path, SkScalar tolerance, int* contourCnt,
                                         int* sizeEstimate) {
    int maxPts = GrPathUtils::worstCasePointCount(path, contourCnt, tolerance);
    if (maxPts <= 0) {
        *contourCnt = 0;
        return;
    }
    if (maxPts > ((int)SK_MaxU16 + 1)) {
        SkDebugf("Path not rendered, too many verts (%d)\n", maxPts);
        *contourCnt = 0;
        return;
    }
    // For the initial size of the chunk allocator, estimate based on the point count:
    // one vertex per point for the initial passes, plus two for the vertices in the
    // resulting Polys, since the same point may end up in two Polys.  Assume minimal
    // connectivity of one Edge per Vertex (will grow for intersections).
    *sizeEstimate = maxPts * (3 * sizeof(Vertex) + sizeof(Edge));
}

int count_points(Poly* polys, SkPath::FillType fillType) {
    int count = 0;
    for (Poly* poly = polys; poly; poly = poly->fNext) {
        if (apply_fill_type(fillType, poly) && poly->fCount >= 3) {
            count += (poly->fCount - 2) * (TESSELLATOR_WIREFRAME ? 6 : 3);
        }
    }
    return count;
}

} // namespace

namespace GrTessellator {

// Stage 6: Triangulate the monotone polygons into a vertex buffer.

int PathToTriangles(const SkPath& path, SkScalar tolerance, const SkRect& clipBounds,
                    VertexAllocator* vertexAllocator, bool antialias, const GrColor& color,
                    bool canTweakAlphaForCoverage, bool* isLinear) {
    int contourCnt;
    int sizeEstimate;
    get_contour_count_and_size_estimate(path, tolerance, &contourCnt, &sizeEstimate);
    if (contourCnt <= 0) {
        *isLinear = true;
        return 0;
    }
    SkChunkAlloc alloc(sizeEstimate);
    Poly* polys = path_to_polys(path, tolerance, clipBounds, contourCnt, alloc, antialias,
                                isLinear);
    SkPath::FillType fillType = antialias ? SkPath::kWinding_FillType : path.getFillType();
    int count = count_points(polys, fillType);
    if (0 == count) {
        return 0;
    }

    void* verts = vertexAllocator->lock(count);
    if (!verts) {
        SkDebugf("Could not allocate vertices\n");
        return 0;
    }

    LOG("emitting %d verts\n", count);
    AAParams aaParams;
    aaParams.fTweakAlpha = canTweakAlphaForCoverage;
    aaParams.fColor = color;

    void* end = polys_to_triangles(polys, fillType, antialias ? &aaParams : nullptr, verts);
    int actualCount = static_cast<int>((static_cast<uint8_t*>(end) - static_cast<uint8_t*>(verts))
                                       / vertexAllocator->stride());
    SkASSERT(actualCount <= count);
    vertexAllocator->unlock(actualCount);
    return actualCount;
}

int PathToVertices(const SkPath& path, SkScalar tolerance, const SkRect& clipBounds,
                   GrTessellator::WindingVertex** verts) {
    int contourCnt;
    int sizeEstimate;
    get_contour_count_and_size_estimate(path, tolerance, &contourCnt, &sizeEstimate);
    if (contourCnt <= 0) {
        return 0;
    }
    SkChunkAlloc alloc(sizeEstimate);
    bool isLinear;
    Poly* polys = path_to_polys(path, tolerance, clipBounds, contourCnt, alloc, false, &isLinear);
    SkPath::FillType fillType = path.getFillType();
    int count = count_points(polys, fillType);
    if (0 == count) {
        *verts = nullptr;
        return 0;
    }

    *verts = new GrTessellator::WindingVertex[count];
    GrTessellator::WindingVertex* vertsEnd = *verts;
    SkPoint* points = new SkPoint[count];
    SkPoint* pointsEnd = points;
    for (Poly* poly = polys; poly; poly = poly->fNext) {
        if (apply_fill_type(fillType, poly)) {
            SkPoint* start = pointsEnd;
            pointsEnd = static_cast<SkPoint*>(poly->emit(nullptr, pointsEnd));
            while (start != pointsEnd) {
                vertsEnd->fPos = *start;
                vertsEnd->fWinding = poly->fWinding;
                ++start;
                ++vertsEnd;
            }
        }
    }
    int actualCount = static_cast<int>(vertsEnd - *verts);
    SkASSERT(actualCount <= count);
    SkASSERT(pointsEnd - points == actualCount);
    delete[] points;
    return actualCount;
}

} // namespace