1import sqlite3 2 3con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") 4cur = con.cursor() 5 6AUSTRIA = "\xd6sterreich" 7 8# by default, rows are returned as Unicode 9cur.execute("select ?", (AUSTRIA,)) 10row = cur.fetchone() 11assert row[0] == AUSTRIA 12 13# but we can make sqlite3 always return bytestrings ... 14con.text_factory = bytes 15cur.execute("select ?", (AUSTRIA,)) 16row = cur.fetchone() 17assert type(row[0]) is bytes 18# the bytestrings will be encoded in UTF-8, unless you stored garbage in the 19# database ... 20assert row[0] == AUSTRIA.encode("utf-8") 21 22# we can also implement a custom text_factory ... 23# here we implement one that appends "foo" to all strings 24con.text_factory = lambda x: x.decode("utf-8") + "foo" 25cur.execute("select ?", ("bar",)) 26row = cur.fetchone() 27assert row[0] == "barfoo" 28